EAPP Lecture no.
Lesson 1: Argument
An argument is a statement or set of statements designed to convince someone of something. It is not a quarrel or
disagreement, but rather a structured way to present an opinion or point of view in a convincing manner. An argument
consists of three key parts:
Claim: This is the main idea or assertion that the writer or speaker wants to prove. It's the point they are trying to
convince others to accept.
Evidence: These are the facts, data, or examples that support the claim. They provide the proof or support needed to
make the claim more convincing.
Reasoning: This explains why the evidence supports the claim. It connects the dots between the claim and the
evidence, helping to show why the argument makes sense.
Lesson 2: Claims
1. Claim of fact
- asserts that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist. It presents the argument that the claim is true or
specifies a specific term.
Examples:
Studying for a test is one of the ways to get a good score.
Reading newspapers gives a debater an advantage in supporting a claim on current events.
2. Claim of policy
-is a claim that suggests a course of action that ought to be followed in order to address a specific issue. It
suggests a precise course of action that should be taken.
Examples:
The government should create an effective plan to address the traffic.
To address the problem in the country, the government should support education further.
3. Claim of Value
-This type of claim assesses, appraises, or judges a concept. It is claiming whether something is good or bad or
a particular thing is better than the other.
Examples:
Studying abroad is better than studying at a local university.
Abortion is a mortal sin.
Lesson 3: Writing Claims
Guidelines in writing each type of claim.
Claim of fact:
A claim of fact should be based on objective information rather than personal opinions or feelings. There should be
data, statistics, and credible sources to support your claim.
Claim of Policy:
Key components:
1. Problem: What issue needs to be addressed?
2. Proposed Action: What should be done?
3. Justification: Why is this action necessary?
Claim of Value:
Key Characteristics to Highlight:
Involves subjective criteria (personal beliefs, morals, or cultural standards).
Requires supporting reasons based on shared values or ethical principles.
Often comparative (e.g., "better than," "more valuable than").
Lesson 4: Different types of evidences used in an argument
1. Statistical Evidence: Data, surveys, or statistics.
Examples:
"70% of students prefer later school start times"
Statistics from the Philippine Statistics Authority indicate that the dropout rate among high school students is
highest in schools that start classes before 7:30 AM.
2. Anecdotal Evidence: Personal stories or experiences
Examples:
"I stayed up late studying and struggled in class the next day”
"After switching to a later school start time, one student reported, 'I feel more alert and readier to learn when I
wake up.'"
3. Expert Testimony: Quotes or statements from authorities in a field
Examples:
"According to Dr. Smith, sleep is crucial for students’ health"
“Educational researcher Dr. Juan de la Cruz states, 'Schools that implemented later start times saw not only
improved grades but also better attendance rates.'"
4. Historical Evidence: References to past events or facts
Examples:
"Countries that implemented later start times saw improved student performance"
"In 2017, the province of Rizal implemented later start times for public schools, which resulted in a 15%
decrease in student absenteeism."
