Electromagnetic Interference and

Electromagnetic Compatibility
IIT Bombay - EE 785

Lecture-2
Types of EMI/ EMC Tests
Kushal R. Tuckley
kushal@ee.iitb.ac.in (Cell: +91 9869069155)
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 Rationale Behind the Compliance Tests
• Except natural phenomenon like lightening, thunder,
meteor showers all the EMI is man-made!
• For smooth functioning of all EM equipment, a
conscious standardizationis necessary
• The standard must quantify the ‘acceptable
disturbance (EMI)’
Standards must quantitatively specify the ‘necessary
EM tolerance’ ➔ Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
• The standards must also quantify the extent of EMI
due to natural disturbance
• The standards must be different for different
applications / working environments

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 Broad Categories of EMC Tests
CE- Conducted Emission
RE- Radiated Emission
EMS- EM Susceptibility
CM- Common Mode
DM – Differential Mode
CS –Conducted Susceptibility
RS – Radiated Susceptibility

EFT ESD EMP

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 Types and Purpose of the EMC Tests
Emission Testing Immunity/ Susceptibility Tests
• Radiated Emission • Electro Static Discharge (ESD)
• Conducted Emission on Mains Port • Radiated Susceptibility
Harmonics Current Emission
• Power Frequency Magnetic Field
Voltage Flicker and Fluctuations
• Pulse Magnetic Field
• Conducted Emission on Telecom Port
• Harmonics Current Emission • Electrical fast transient (EFT)
• Surge Immunity Testing
Emission Tests Require • Conducted RF
Noise free environment
Quiet Open area or Anechoic Chamber • Disturbance Power
• Clicks / Discontinuous Disturbance
For above aspects, • Voltage dip and short interruptions
Different standards have specific tests
e.g. Harmonics Current Emission For above aspects,
(EN 61000-3-2) Different standards have specific tests
Voltage flicker and fluctuations hence e.g. Pulse Magnetic Field
IEC 61000-3-3 / EN 61000-3-3) (IEC 61000-4-9)
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 Popular EMC standards
1. CISPR:- ➔“Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques”.
A committee of the IEC (International Electro-technical Commission)
➢ CISPR Numbers like 11, 12, 14-1, 14-2,.....22,24,25, 32,35.
➢ Each for different equipment (e.g. CISPR 11 for ISM equipment)
2. IEC: Generic standards 61XXX series for EMC compliance, ( e.g. 51 XXX for safety)
3. ISO-7637 and other numbers like 11452, 13766, 14982 are for road equipment
4. SAE (Society for automotive Equipment)
EMC standards for all on-board transport vehicle equipment.
They are numbered as “J11XX, 17XX, 25XX, 55 XX etc.
5. European standards are numbered EN-50 XX and EN 55XXX.
6. FCC standards: American standards - Federal Communications Commission
... FCC Part-11, Part 15 etc.
7. MIL-STD-461 and MIL-STD-464 Started for electronics, in 1967, revised every 8 years,
current version ‘G MIL-STD-469 is being used for interface systems.
 JSS 55555 (JSS Penta 5)
Standards formed by the Directorate of Standardization, Govt. India.
for standardization of all the attributes of strategic equipment
https://ddpdos.gov.in/documents/jss?title=&field_nomenclature_of_jspr_value=&field_extra_field_value=&combine=&page=3

Standards formed for environmental ruggedness and interoperability of different units

Standards addressing other aspects are also published (e.g. JSG, JSPR, JSRL, AN)

marking
It is ‘self certification marking’ by the manufacturer/ importer of commercial product
to be sold in European Union (EU). CE stands for “Conformité Européenne"

• In many cases, the compliance procedure need to be vetted by a ‘notified

body’ registered in the European union.
• Electromagnetic compliance forms the major well defined criterion.
• Additionally it covers many other aspects like production control, quality
assurance, verification and so on.
• However the procedure and specification on these aspects are product
specific and subjective
Numbering Scheme of MIL-STD 461

Conducted
Emission

Conducted Susceptibility

Radiated
Emission

Radiated
Susceptibility
Applicability Matrix
 Modes of EMI
An EM source may couple EM energy to the receiving/
affected/ victim system by any of the following mechanisms
causing interference (EMI)

Radiated Interference
EM energy reception
as Antenna or as
electrostatic induction

Conducted Interference
Inductive coupling
Capacitive coupling
7/31/2024 Resistive conduction 9
 Intra- system EMI

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 Measurement of EM Quantities V/s Frequency
(Unacceptable Emission levels: CISPR-25)
Emissions
Ambient
Emission Limit
Ambient Limit
Failure points
Voltage Magnitude (dBμV)

Test Name

Frequency ( MHz)

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Source: https://incompliancemag.com/article/conducted-emissions-measurements-voltage-method/
 Measurement of EM Quantities V/s Frequency
(After Corrective Action: CISPR-25)

12
Source: https://incompliancemag.com/article/conducted-emissions-measurements-voltage-method/
 Pages of a Typical EMC Report

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 Logarithmic Representation of Quantities
dB measurement (wrt Qref)➔ dBQmeas= 10 log (Qmeas/ Qref)

 SPL( Pa)   Current(A) 

SPL(dB) = 20log   Current(dBA) = 20log  
 20 Pa   1A 

 Current(W)   E(  Vm −1 ) 
Power(dBW ) = 10 log   E (dBVm ) = 20 log 
−1

 1Watt   1Vm
−1


Allowable Tolerances : MIL-STD-161 G(2015)

• Distance: ±5%
• Frequency: ±2%
• Amplitude, measurement receiver: ±2 dB
• Amplitude, measurement system: ±3 dB
• Time (waveforms): ±5%
• Resistors: ±5%
7/31/2024 • Capacitors: ±20% 14
 Frequency Bands in EMI/EMC Standards

• Audio disturbance ➔ 16 Hz to 20 kHz (NOT EMI/EMC!)scope of this course.

• Conducted disturbance ➔ Switching (MoSFETs & IGBTs), Power variation
… Observed band → 130 kHz to 30 MHz … with fast devices ➔300 MHz.
• Radiated disturbances are created when component dimension ≈λ
➔ VHF bands and above (30 MHz to 10s of GHz)
The EMC compliance tests are conducted in specialized environment
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 Anechoic/ Shielded Chamber-1

Frequency Minimum Absorption (at normal

incidence)
80 MHz- 250 MHz 6 dB
7/31/2024 Above 250 MHz 10 dB 16
 Anechoic/ Shielded Chamber-2

Inside Anechoic Chamber Test Set up Arrangement

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 Radiated Susceptibility Test Set-up

Synthesizer
PC based EMC
Application

Test Cell

Power
Amplifier

https://www.nutwooduk.co.uk/archive/keitharmstr http://www.reliantemc.com/Laplace-Instruments-
ong/emc_testing4.html Systems-RF-Immunity-Cell-Chamber-IEC61000-4-3.html
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 Radiated Emission Test Set-up

https://www.e-labsinc.com/emi-emc-testing.shtml

Radiated Emission Current probe

trouble shooting Internal construction
using ‘H-field’
Sniffer probe

7/31/2024 https://incompliancemag.com/article/troubleshoo 19
ting-radiated-emissions-three-case-studies/
 Line Impedance Stabilizing Network
(LISN)

Model 11967D of Keysight

Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISNs) are used for all measurement procedures
(unless otherwise stated in a particular test procedure). It is a Low pass filter and plays
similar role for conducted signals as the shielded chambers for the radiated signals.
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Representative graph of LISN Impedance

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Source: MIL-STD-461G DRAFT DATED 2 MARCH 2015
 Measurement Set for Table-Top Ground
System Units

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Source: MIL-STD-461G DRAFT DATED 2 MARCH 2015
 Measurement Set for Table-Top Systems
with Isolated Ground

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Source: MIL-STD-461G DRAFT DATED 2 MARCH 2015
 Measurement Set-up for a Free-standing
System With Shielded Enclosure

7/31/2024 Source: MIL-STD-461G DRAFT DATED 2 MARCH 2015 24

 Measurement Set-up for
Free-standing Systems

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Source: MIL-STD-461G DRAFT DATED 2 MARCH 2015
 Questions?

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