AQUA CULTURE

A Community Service Project Report Submitted in partial

fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted by
K SUNDARESWAR VARMA N SATISH KUMAR
(206N1A0585) (206N1A05A1)

P MAHESH CHANDRA R SRINADHA VAMSI

(206N1A05A8) (206N1A05B5)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. M.RAMAKRISHNA RAJU, M.Tech.

Associate Professor

SRINIVASA
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(UGC – Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
NH-216, Amalapuram-Kakinada Highway, Cheyyeru (V), Amalapuram, E.G.Dt.

JUNE-2023

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 SRINIVASA
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(UGC – Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
(An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
NH-216, Amalapuram-Kakinada Highway, Cheyyeru (V), Amalapuram, E.G.Dt.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “AQUA CULTURE” is a bonafide work of K
SUNDARESWAR VARMA,N SATISH KUMAR, P MAHESH CHANDRA, R SRINADHA
VAMSI, K CH GOWTHAM of III B.Tech I Semester in Computer Science and Engineering
Department, Srinivasa Institute of Engineering & Technology, Amalapuram, affiliated to Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University Kakinada, during the academic year 2022-2023in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Award of the Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering.

s.PRABHU DAS,M.Tech,(Phd) M. RAMA KRISHNA RAJU,M.Tech.,

Head of the Department Internal guide

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our sincere gratitude to our esteemed Institute “Srinivasa Institute of

Engineering& Technology”, which has provided us an opportunity to fulfill the
most cherished desire to reach our goal.

We owe our project to Mr. M.RAMAKRISHNA RAJU, Associate Professor,

who has been our project guide. We sincerely thank her for the support and guidance
which was given to us as, without which we would not have made this effort of ours
a success.

We express our deep hearted thanks to S.PRABHU DAS, our beloved Head
of the Department for being helpful in providing us with his valuable advice and
timely guidance.

We would like to thank the Principal, Dr.CH. V S PARAMESWARA RAO,

and Management of “Srinivasa Institute of Engineering & Technology”, for
providing us with the requisite facilities to carry out our project in the campus.

We would like to thank our friends and family members for their help and
support in making our project a success.

P MAHESH

SRINADHA VAMSI,

K CH GOWTHAM

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 CONTENTS
S.NO INDEX PAGE
NO.
Certificate 2
Acknowledgements 3
Contents 4
Abstract 5
1 Introduction 6

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ABSTRACT
Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, plants, in
natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments. Aquaculture is a fast developing field
in the developing world.In India and other such developing nations it has a dominating position
in the gross domestic product. Aquaculture is continued to be one of the most viable methods
to supply growing world population needs, butthe challenge to maintain profitability and
environmental compatibility is daunting. Aquaculture has had both positive and negative
outcomes. Furthermore, aquaculture development represents a potential threat to greenhouse
gas sinks and reservoirs, whilst aquaculture practices constitute a largely undefined source of
greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical mangrovesconstitute a habitat critical to erosion prevention,
coastal water quality, and the reproductive success of many marine organisms. Mangrove
forests have also provided a sustainable and renewable resource of firewood, timber, pulp, and
charcoal for local communities. To construct dike ponds for farming, these habitats are razed
and restoration is extremely difficult. India is on second position in aquaculture. Farmed
shrimp boost a developing country's foreign exchange earnings, but the loss of sensitive habitat
is difficult to reconcile. According to the Forth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, Working Group III (IPCC, 2007) making development more
sustainable by changing development paths can make a major contribution to climate change
mitigation. Already a number of countries have passed laws that protect mangrove habitats and
restrict the development of shrimp farms, but enforcement is difficult in practice.

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INTRODUCTION

Fish are inhabitant of the oceans. His biggest predator is the human because of his exuberance to eat
them in many forms. This fact and the industrial fishing methods that have the tendency to overfish a
lot of specimens have led to the near extinction of some populations. The decline in number of fish
has led to a worsen ecosystem in sea. Their are ambiguity of measures taken in some part of the
ocean. Also the development of a better regulation on fishery is time conquering.thats why aquaculture
can be a quick respons on the demand of fish while ecosystems in the sea have time to replenish
themselves. aquaculture has been set up in the open water sources such as the ocean. The next
generation of aquaculture, by contrast, is land-based urban aquaculture situated in warehouses it uses
a recirculating system for the water, with no discharge or antibiotics.

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OBJECTIVES OF AQUACULTURE

Having defied aquaculture and mentioned some of the reasons which have contributed to imparting a
fillip to aquaculture in recent times, it is proper to state the objectives ofaquaculture. These are:

Production of protein rich, nutritive, palatable and easily digestible human food benefitingthe
whole society through plentiful food supplies at low or reasonable cost.
Providing new species and strengthening stocks of existing fish in natural and man-madewater-
bodies through artificial recruitment and transplantation.
Production of sportfish and support to recreational fishing.
Production of bait-fish for commercial and sport fishery.
Production of ornamental fish for aesthetic appeal.
Recycling of organic waste of human and livestock origin.
Land and aquatic resource utilization: this constitutes the macro-economic point of view
benefiting the whole society. It involves (a) maximum resource allocation to aquaculture and its
optimal utilization; (b) increasing standard of living by maximising profitability; and
(c) creation of production surplus for export (earning foreign exchange especially important to most
developing countries).
Providing means of sustenance and earning livelihood and monetary profit through commercial
and industrial aquaculture. This constitutes the micro-economic point of view benefiting the
producer. In the case of small-scale producer, the objective is to maximise income by greatest
possible difference between income and production cost and, in the case of largescale producer,
by maximising return on investment.
Production of industrial fish.

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WHAT IS AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture is the process of rearing, breeding and harvesting of aquatic species, both animals and
plants, in controlled aquatic environments like the oceans, lakes, rivers, ponds and streams. It serves
different purposes, including food production, restoration of threatened and endangered species
populations, wild stock population enhancement, the building of aquariums, and fish cultures and
habitat restoration. Here are the various types of aquaculture.
TYPES OF AQUACULTURE:

1. Mariculture: Mariculture is aquaculture that involves the use of seawater. It can either be done
next to an ocean, with a sectioned off part of the ocean or in ponds separate from the ocean, but
containing seawater all the same. The organisms bred here range from molluscs to seafood
options like prawn and other shellfish, and even seaweed.

2. Fish farming: Fish farming is the most common type of aquaculture. It involves the selective
breeding of fish, either in freshwater or seawater, with the purpose of producing a food source for
consumption. Fish farming is highly exploited as it allows for theproduction of a cheap source of
protein.Further more, fish farming is easier to do than other kinds of farming as fish are not care-
intensive, but only requiring food and proper water conditions as well as temperatures. The
process is also less land-intensive as the size of ponds required to grow some fish species such as
tilapia is much smaller than the space required to grow the same amount of protein from beef
cattle.

3. Algaculture: Algaculture is a type of aquaculture involving the cultivation of algae. Algae are
microbial organisms that share animal and plant characteristics. They are sometimes motile like
other microbes, but they also contain chloroplasts that make them green and allow them to
photosynthesize just like green plants. However, for economic feasibility, they have to be grown
and harvested in large numbers. Algae are finding many applications in today’s markets. Exxon
mobile has been making strides in developing themas a new source of energy.

4. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture(IMTA): IMTA is an advanced system of

aquaculture where different trophic levels are mixed into the system to provide different
nutritional needs for each other. Notably, it is an efficient system because it tries to emulate
the ecological system that exists in the natural habitat.The IMTA

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 makes use of these intertropical transfer of resources to ensure maximum resource
utilization by using the waste of larger organisms as food sources for the smaller ones.
The practice ensures the nutrients are recycled, meaning the process is less wasteful and
produces more products.

5. Inland Pond Culture: This usually involves inland artificial ponds of about 20 acres in size
and about 6-8ft deep. It is common to see aeration systems connected to the pond, to introduce air
into the ponds. This enhances the supply of oxygen and also reduces ice formation in the winter
season.In China, over 75% of the farmed freshwater fish are produced in constructed ponds, and
nearly all of the farmed catfish are raised in ponds inthe U.S.

6. Recirculating Systems: This involves a closed set of chambers (units) where fish is kept in one
and water treatment kept in another. It is highly dependent on the power supply, as water has to be
pumped constantly through the fish chambers. As water flows through the treatment chamber,
particulate matter is filtered out and air introduced. This closed system controls the salinity,
temperature, oxygen and anything that can cause harm to the fish.It is an environmentally friendly
system because very little new water is introduced to replace water that evaporated. The residue
from the filters is also disposed of in a responsible manner.

7. Open-net pen and Cage Systems: Open-net pen and Cage systems are often found offshore
and in freshwater lakes. Mesh cages of between 6 and 60 cubic feet (pens) are installed in the
water with the fish inside it. With a high concentration of fish in the pens, waste, chemicals,
parasites and diseases are often exchanged in the immediate water environments. The fish also
attract predatory animals (bigger fish), which are often entangled in the nets. This system uses
public water; therefore, environmental regulation and some authorization protocols must be
respected.

8. Flow-through / Raceway: This is a system made of long units stocked with fish. The units
have feeding stations attached to them. Water is diverted from flowing water and fed into the
raceway units flowing downstream. Down the end of the unit, waste is collected and disposed of.
Raceways are common for culturing trout.

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BENEFITS OF AQUACULTURE

A. Economic Benefits:

1. Alternative Food Source: Fish and other seafood are good sources of protein. They also
have more nutritional value like the addition of natural oils into the diet, such as omega 3
fatty acids. Also, since it offers white meat, it is better for the blood to reduce cholesterol
levels as opposed to beef’s red meat. Fish is also easier to keep compared to other meat-
producing animals as they are able to convert more feed into protein. Therefore, its overall
conversion of a pound of food to a pound of protein makes it cheaper to rear fish as they
use the food more efficiently.

2. Alternative Fuel Source:Algae are slowly being developed into alternative fuel sources
by having them produce fuels that can replace contemporary fossil fuels. Algae produce
lipids that, if harvested, can be burned as an alternative fuel sourcewhose only by-products
would be water when burnt. Such a breakthrough could ease the dependency of the world
on drilled fossil fuels as well as reduce the price of energy by having it grown instead of
drilling petroleum. Moreover, algae fuel is a cleaner and farmable source of energy,
which means it can revolutionize the energy sector and create a more stable economy that
avoids the boom-bust natureof oil and replaces it with a more abundant fuel source.

3. Reduce Sea Food Trade Deficit:The seafood trade in America is mainly based on trade
from Asia and Europe, with most of it being imported. The resultant balance places a
trade deficit on the nation. Aquaculture would provide a means for the reduction of this
deficit at a lower opportunity cost as local production would mean that the seafood would
be fresher. It would also be cheaper due to reducedtransport costs.

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B. Environmental Benefits:

1. Creates a Barrier Against Pollution With Mollusc and Seaweed:

Molluscs are filter feeders, while seaweed acts a lot like the grass of the sea. Both these
organisms sift the water that flows through them as brought in by the current and clean the
water. This provides a buffer region that protects the rest of the sea from pollution from
the land, specifically from activities that disturb the sea bed and raise dust.Also, the
economic benefits of molluscs and seaweed can create more pressure from governments
to protect their habitats as they serve economic importance. The financial benefits
realized provides an incentive for the government to protect the seas in order to protect
seafood revenue.

2. Reduces Fishing Pressure on Wild Stock:

The practice of aquaculture allows for alternative sources of food instead of fishing the
same species in their natural habitats. Population numbers of some wild stocks of some
species are in danger of being depleted due to overfishing and uncontrolled exploitation.
The use of unsustainable fishing methods such as bottom trawlers is also reduced.
Aquaculture provides an alternative by allowing farmers to breed those same species in
captivity and allow the wild populations torevitalize. The incentive of less labour for more
gains pushes fishers to convert to fish farmers and make even more profit than before. It
also allows the control of the supply of the fish in the market, giving them the ability to
create surplus stock or reduce their production to reap the best profits available.

3. Low Environmental Impact

Studies conducted by NOAA indicate aquaculture poses a low risk to the environment.
The impact is mostly local and temporary. In some cases, aquaculture can benefit the
environment. Where filter-feeding shellfish, such as oysters, are cultured in-situ, water
quality in ponds and lakes can improve.

EFFECTS OF AQUACULTURE WASTES: The effects of pollution by

intensive aquaculture in temperate climates are well known. Wastes such as fish

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 faeces and uneaten food in effluents and in sediments from cages have high BODs and
contain large amounts of particulate matter. These can cause water quality to deteriorate
and anoxic sediments to build up. These sediments are richer than natural sediments in
nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon. The organic matter in the sediment is
decomposed by bacteria and this can cause anaerobic conditions within a few millimetres
of the sediment surface. Under completely anoxic conditions the highly toxic gas H2S can
develop. Release of gases is enhanced by bioturbation which is caused by the high number
of pollution-tolerant macro-invertebrates that can occur.

PROCEDURE

SITE SELECTION:
Positioning the project plays an important role in the success of the project.
Looking at the positional advantages one must carefully chose the right site which possess the
following attributes § Good water source and continuous supply § Proximity and road access §
Electricity supply § Suitable weather and climate Even if one of the parameters not fulfilled, it
adds cost on production

WATER HOLDING TEST:

make a 1 m2 trench of 1.2-1.5 m deep. If it is waterlogged, water gets seeped in. Measure
the seeping rate with time.
If the pit does not receive water from adjacent land, fill the water to a brim and close thetank
with green leaves.
Next day, measure the seepage loss and again fill the water and wait for one more day. If the pit
retains water about 60-70% even after 24 h, the land is suitable for fish pond construction.
 SIZE OF THE LAND
Size is decided based on the production capacity of a farm. However, make a provision for
expansion. Depending on the land cost, one can have more land for future expansion of the
project. The reasonable minimum size for commercial aquafarm can be one hectare. Upper limit
can to any size provided you have marketing back-up.

EARTHEN POND CONSTRUCTION

Concept A:
Mark the pond area. If the selected site is having good water table, go for trench method.Where by
leaving 1-2 m gap from the periphery all-round the demarked area, make a trench

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of 1 m width and 0.5-1.0 m depth and use the excavated soil to make a bund. Later, level the pond
bottom. In this method, cost of pond construction can be reduced by 50-60%. Pond slope can be
maintained at 1:1.5. It means the for1.3.2

Concept B:

If the soil has poor water holding capacity, then, excavate 2-3 feet soil and raise the bund of 3-4 feet.
Later, with compaction bund will shrink and 4 feet water level with 50- 60 cm freeboard can be
maintained. 1.3.3

Concept C:

If the soil is waterlogged, we can dig the pond below the ground by giving a slope of 1:2 or 1:2.5. If
it not feasible, we can have burn method where it will have two steps, so that bund strength can be
maintained.

PLASTIC LINED PONDS:

If you are intend to take up aquaculture in dryland, 10-20 cm soil can

be excavated in the designated area for the pond and bunds can be raised above the ground level and
use plastic lining material. This will enable the gravity drainage system. Construct the fish pond
preferably in rectangularshape. Provide 1.5-2.0 slope. If soil has loose binding capacity you can have
burn (a step) in the middle of the slope as shown in the fig.1.Usually the cost of lining material (500
micron and UV treated) ranges from Rs. 90/m2 to160/m2 inclusive of installation.

SIZE AND SLOPE OF THE PONDS:

In a good soil base land, construct the earthen ponds of size

500-4000 m2 area with a water depth of 1.4-1.8 m, a slope of 1:1.5 and a free board of 50-80 cm. A
good farm must possess minimum of 30% area for nursery rearing. If the soil strength is not good,
slope can be increased to 1: 2 or 1: 2.5. In case of poor soil quality, a step by berm (A flat strip in the
middle of the slope) can be constructed. But it takes huge space and reduce the water spread area. If
they are smaller in area, stone pitching or sand bags can be used to strength the bunds.

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FENCING ON THE BUNDS:
In order to avoid entry of other terrestrial animals like snake, frog, crab
and also to avoid escape of fishes from the pond, 2 -3 feet mesh (shade net/plastic mesh) fencing can be
done.

WATER:

Make sure that water is available as budgeted for the entire cycle in the year. Test the
water along with the soil from the authorized laboratories and make necessary amendment measures.
The general ideal water quality for aquaculture is given below.

Parameter Units/Range
pH 6.8-8.5
Alkalinity > 20 mg/L (as CaCO3)
Carbon dioxide < 5–10 mg/L
Chloride > 4.0 mg/L
Chlorine < 0.003 mg/L
Hydrogen sulfide < 0.003 mg/L
Iron < 0.1 mg/L
Oxygen 6 mg/L for coldwater fish 4 mg/L for warm
water fish
Total dissolved solids < 200 mg/L
Total suspended solids < 80 NTU over ambient levels

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 Salinity 24-30 ppt for shrimp farming in brackish water
Soil pH 6.5-7.5
Soil Electrical Conductivity <1(mohs/cm)
Soil Organic Carbon 15-20 mg/gm
Soil texture Clay (>30%)

In shrimp farming, after acclimatizing the post larvae to the lower salinity, white shrimp Litopenaeus
Vannamei can be grown in freshwater where the alkalinity is more than 50 mg/l and low salinity
around 1-5 ppt

Fill the water to a depth of 30 cm and manure the ponds with recommended dose of
cowdung, lime and the urea as detailed below and wait for 7-10 days for algal bloom to develop. In
“Imhoff cone”, the plankton density will be 4-5 ml/l

MANURING:
The below table explains the manure and their dosages in different culturesystems.
However, based on the local situation, one can alter them judiciously.

Manure/ Extensive Semi-Intensive Intensive Remarks

Fertilizers

Lime 200-300 kg/ha or 300-400 kg/ha or Depending on the After construction

20-30 g/m2 30-40 g/m2 soil pH and basal of pond, apply the
dose 200- lime on the pond
300 kg/ha or 20- bottom and till it
30 g/m2 (If there is a
provision)
Urea
200 kg/ha or 20 200 kg/ha or 20 200 kg or 20 Only one
g/m2 g/m2 g/m2 application in the
beginning

Single Super 100 kg/ha 100 kg/ha or 10 100 kg/ha or 10 Only one
Phosphate (SSP or 10 g/m2 g/m2 g/m2 application in the
beginning.
Normally the N:P

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 must be 2:1 to
4:1 ratio

Cow dung for 15 t/ha Initially: 10 t/ha Initially: Initially: 2-3 t/ha
10-12 months 3000 kg/ha or 2000 kg/ha or or 200 g/m2
300 g/m2 200 g Fortnightly: Fortnightly:
Fortnightly: 60 50 g Lower doses justto
g/m2 or 600 manage green
kg/ha colour

Poultry Manure Initially: 1 t/ha or Initially: 1 ton/ha Only Initially: 1 Since the moisture
(t/ha/10 months) 100 g /m2 or 100 g /m2 ton/ha or 100 content in poultry
Fortnightly: 25 Fortnightly: 25 g/m2 manureis less, only
g/m2 g/m2 4-5 t/ha is
advocated.Make
sure that it is free
of other
litter

WATER LEVEL RISE:

Rise the water lever from 30 cm to 120-150 cm and wait for two days.

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SEED STOCKING:
Two days after filling to the required level, seeds can be stocked
as detailed below:

Model Combination Remarks

MPM 1 Carps based: Recommended stocking densities for
Extensive:4000-5000/ha (In
Catla:Rohu: CC: GC: SC extensive system, only manuring and
2.5:3:2.5:1: stocking of seeds)
Semi-Intensive:10000/ha (In semi-
intensive farming, manuring,stocking
of fishes and feeding thefishes with
conventional/commercial feed)
Intensive:20000-25000/ha. (In
intensive system, manuring,
stocking, feeding with good diets,
aeration and water exchanges are
practiced) It is imperative thatin
semi-intensive and intensive
farming, fishes are fed with
commercial diets with min. of 28%
protein and 4% fat and fed
@ 2-3% of their bodyweight.

MPM 2 Pacu based: In intensive farming system,

Pacu:Pangasius:Rohu: aeration is must. For every 3000kg
Catla:CC 6:2.0:1:0.5:0.5 of biomass, we need 1 HP motor
and it run for 3- 5 hours
during critical periods.
MPM 3 Pangasius based Best suited model for farm ponds,
Pangasius:Rohu:CC: plastic lined ponds with aeration and
Catla:Pacu feeding
4:2:1:1:2

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 MPM 4 Amur Carp based Amur: This model is suitable for hilly
Rohu: SC: GC zones, water storage structures in
5:1:1:3 coffee and other estates
MPM 5 Tilapia based: Best suited model for farm ponds,
Tilapia:Pacu:Pangasiu: plastic lined ponds with aeration and
Rohu:CC feeding
4:2:2:0.5:0.5

Classification of fish seed for CARPS

Stage Size in cm
Spawn 0.6-1.5
Fry 1.5 -3.0
Advanced fry 3.0-5.0
Fingerlings 5.0-8.0
Advanced fingerlings 8.0-12.0
Stunted fingerlings 15-20 g
Yearlings 100-200 g
Pacu Fingerlings: 2-3 cm
Pangasius Fingerlings: 5-8 cm
Tilapia Fingerlings: 2.5-4.0 cm

RELEASING OF SEEDS:
Bring the seeds of good quality from the known source and stock preferably in
the cool hours. The preferred size of carps and pangasius seeds is above 5 cm and pacu and tilapia of
2.5-4.0 cm. After bringing the seeds to the farm, float the seed bags (without opening) in any one of
the tanks for 30-45 min to homogenise the temperature and slowly release the seeds.

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FEEDING
: Start feeding the fishes from the next day of stocking. Usually give a small dose
of feed between 9.0-10.0 am and second ration at 5.0 pm-6.0 pm. Once the fishes are acclimatized,
initially feed them @ 10-15% of body weight (BW) in 3-4 rations. The starter feed must contain 32%+
protein and 4%+ fat. Growout feed can be 28-30% protein/3-4% fat. After 30 days, reduce the feeding
rate to 5% of BW. From then, divide the days of culture into four quarters and reduce the feeding rate
2% in the final quarter.

AERATION:
Normally fishes live comfortable in the dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 4-6 mg/l.
but in higher stocking densities, the biomass demands high oxygen levels. Hence, use of aerators is
must. For every 2000 kg of biomass, 1 HP aerator is required. Normally, many farmers use peddle
wheel aerators. Now, there are effective diffusers are available at affordable costs. Diffusers consume
less power and produce nano-bubbles which increases DO levels as high as 15 mg/l.s

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Page 20 of 28
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
In semi-intensive and intensive farming systems, water
quality management is very essential to better yields. As the animals grow, the biological oxygen
demand also increases. Water quality has to be maintained as per the optimum levels recommended by
the experts.

DISEASE MANAGEMENT
“Pathogens are not new. They are as old as life on the earth. Their life cycle maycause some
inconvenience; but intervention of human activities makes them deadly”.

In fact, fishes are the animals that came into existence on the planet earth much before the human
beings. They have well established disease defense mechanism. Due to intervention of human
activities like intensive aquaculture, pollution and such other activities the host pathogen ratio has
increased significantly; eventually causing diseases in fish and other aquatic animals. Since, aquatic
system is dynamic, we cannot eradicate the incidence of diseases but by choosing right management
strategies, we can avoid the economic losses due to disease. However, technologies are available to
produce specific pathogen free, specific pathogen tolerant and specific pathogen resistant species, but
at huge cost. In this handbook, without going to intricate details about pathology or pharmacology, it
is just mentioned about common diseases that may encounter at fish farms, symptoms, treatments are
given. Whenever, you find such diseases, these widely accepted treatments can be tried. However, you
are advised to take experts opinion if necessary.

Ich/Trichodinids: Formalin (100-150 ppm) dip for 1 h or 10-30

ppm for long bath; Salt 2.5%- 5 min. or
KMnO4- 1-2 ppm long bath or 100 ppm-5min.
Myxobolids: Lime 1 Kg/m2 or chlorine
Gill flukes: Formalin-100-150 ppm-1hr; Methylene blue-5-
10 ppm long bath; Nuvon-0.1-0.5 ppm long
bath
Digeneans: CuSo4-0.7 ppm; lime 300Kg/ha
Leeches: Lime; Dip in lime solution (400ppm-long
bath);salt-2.5%;Nuvan-0.1-0.5 ppm-long bath)
Lernaea/Argulus: Salt-3-5% -1min., KMnO4-25ppm-15-30
min.; formalin-200 ppm - 1hr; Nuvon or
Butox-
1ml/100 m3
Bacterial: Water exchange, follow BMP guidelines in
farming

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 Fungal: Malachite green-50-100 ppm-1min. 1% sol.
Swab-topical; CuSO4 50 ppm-10 min.;
KMnO4-
10ppm -30-60 min; salt-2.5%-10 min.

HARVEST AND MARKETING

Once the fishes reached marketable size, they can be harvested by draining the water. If
drainage facilities for gravity flow is not available, water has to be pumped out usingpumps. By
lowering water levels, fishes cane be harvested using drag nets. Make sure that there is adequate
demand before you harvest the stock. For stock thinning or staggered marketing, fishes can be
dragged and collect the bigger ones of required quantities and release back the rest.

LIVE FISH SALE

As the awareness and purchasing power grows, consumers are becoming quality
conscious and there is a growing demand for live fish in the market. Unfortunately, due to inadequate
supply chain and the facilities, it is happening at low scale.

However, at least cost using the modular tanks (which are meant for biofloc farming), vendors can
have live fish sales facilities along with the existing fresh and chilled products. Even if they sell
30% of their produce live for premium price, the profit margin increases significantly.

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 CROP BREAK
After successful completion of the crop cycle, remove the sludge and drain-out all the water and dry
the ponds till the bottom soil cracks. In a sunny days, it might take 10- 15 days. This will enable the
reduction of pathogens and increase the nutrient availability in the soil.

ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ON AQUACULTURE

 Poor quality fish delivered in poorly managed production systems has an impact on
customer acceptability and preferences.
 The lack of proper cold chain and distribution systems has an impact on availability and
marketing as a perishable item.
 Declining agricultural prices are not supportive of low-value species’ economic viability.
At the low end, India should seek to adopt fish species and marketing techniques that
provide farm-gate values ranging from INR 120/140 per kg (the US
$1.72 to 2.00 per kg) to INR 250/300 per kg ($3.60 to 4.30 per kg) for high-value, premium
fish.[4] Fish species from freshwater, brackish water, and the sea should all be included.

DEEP-GREEN POND WATER: The presence of excessive algae in the water, which
is the result of an oversupply of nutrients such as phosphorus, causes the water to turn a deep
green colour, especially when the water is warm and the weather is calm. Fish waste is
broken down into nitrate, which is food for plants and algae, by helpful bacteria in a sequence
of steps, resulting in green pond water even with heavyloads. Algal blooms are defined by the
World Health Organization (WHO)[5] as a condition in which the population of algal cells
surpasses 100,000 cells per ml. Blooming problems are most common during the summer
months.

RED LAYER ON POND WATER: Excess iron or EU glenoid algae in the pond
water cause the red layer on the water’s surface to appear. As a result, food and oxygen are
scarce in the water.

OXYGEN DEPLETION IN POND AND FISH GASPING FOR AIR: A

challenge that fish growers frequently experience. Fish usually begin floating and clutching
on the water surface quite early in the morning. It occurs owing to a lack of dissolved oxygen
in the water. Fish begin to die when there is a severe and long-term

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lack of oxygen, and dead fish have their mouths wide open. Although large fish are more
likely to perish first, fish of all sizes are frequently impacted. At the pond’s edge, molluscs and
crabs congregate.

SURV
EY

Problems and solutions:

1. Why is aquaculture necessary?

SOLUTION: We concern our FDO OFFICER (Fisheries Development Officer). He

said that as the demand for seafood has increased, technology has made it possible to
grow food in coastal marine waters.

Aquaculture is a method used "to produce food and other commercial products, restore
habitat and replenish wild stocks, and rebuild populations of threatened

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and endangered species". There are two main types of aquaculture marine and freshwater.
marine aquaculture, which refers to farming species that live in the ocean and estuaries.
Marine aquaculture produces numerous species including oysters, clams, mussels, shrimp,
seaweeds, and fish such as salmon, black sea bass, sablefish, yellowtail, and pompano.
There are many ways to farm marine shellfish, including “seeding” small shellfish on the
seafloor or by growing them in bottom or floating cages. Marine fish farming is typically
done in net pens in the water or in tanks on land. Freshwater aquaculture produces species
such as catfish and trout. Freshwater aquaculture primarily takes place in ponds or other
manmade systems. An aquaculture industry that is economically, environmentally and
socially sustainable. Effects of aquaculture in different settings and provide best
management practices to help reduce the risk of negative impacts.

2. How does pollution effect Aquaculture?

SOLUTION: Aquaculture pollution through eutrophication is an unfortunate side effect

of a rapidly growing and under-regulated industry. The emissions of marine animal waste
from aquaculture facilities into the ecosystem will not only affect other fish, but will also
result in nutrient pollution.For example, one of the most harmful aquaculture systems is
open net-cage farming, which often takes place on the coasts of large bodies of water. It
involves the use of large mesh fishing nets to hold the farmed fish, and there is no way to
prevent waste from escaping into the water. This waste can contain antibiotics, pesticides
and fish feces which pollutes the open water and makes it unsafe for human drinking,
recreational use, and for other wildlife. With many prevalent aquaculture industries
lacking the applicable technology or funding to fix the contaminated water body, nutrient
pollution only becomes a growing issue. Over the past decade as interest has increased in
fish farming however, regulatory laws have been passed by the EPA and other agencies.
Research shows that when a quality feed is carefully managed in a well- designed system,
nutrient discharges are reduced by as much as 50% .

3. What are the challenges faced by aquaculture?

SOLUTION: actiaquaculture will face significant challenges including:

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Meeting growing demands for seed, feed and fertilizers, in terms of quantitiesand
quality.
Reducing production losses through improvement in fish health management.
Increasingly severe competition with other resource (land/water/feed) users.
Deteriorating quality of water supplies resulting from aquatic pollution.
Successful integration of aquaculture with other farming activities, and promotion of
small-scale low-cost aquaculture in support of rural development.
Improvements in environmental management including reduction of environmental
impacts and avoidance of risks to biodiversity through better site selection, appropriate
use of technologies, including biotechnologies, and more efficient resource use and
farm management.
Assurance of food safety and quality of products.

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Bacteria and other micro-organisms: All aquatic animals have a rich flora of
micro-organisms in the gut, and the guts of fish can act as breeding places for
Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas, and faecal Streptococci which enter the culture system
through incoming water or feed. But little is known about the importance of gut bacteria
excreted from aquaculture organisms and about the effects the bacterial loading may have
on the environment .

Suggession for achieving aquaculture:

Choosing the right location is one of the most important factors
determining the success of a fish farm. Care has to be taken of the soil
water retention capacity and soil fertility as these factors affect the
reaction of organic and inorganic fertilizers in the farm ponds. There
should be an adequate water supply throughout the year for filling ponds
and other uses at selected locations.
Water Supply - Adequate and sufficient quality water supply is the most
important factor for constructing a fish pond. Therefore, proper water
source research should be done very carefully in site selection.
It is better to place the pond on a light slope or hill so that you do not
have to dig much soil to make it. It is also easy to draw water from a
pond built on a slope.
Fish farming cage methods have made many technological
advances in recent years, especially with the reduction of
diseases and environment concerns.
Always keep the fish pond clean to prevent the entry of parasites and
diseases. You can get help and guidance from an aquaculture professional
on the right medicies that you can use to treat sick fish.

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 Marketing is the easiest part of the fish farm business. There are many
markets available where you can sell your products. And there is a
huge demand for all kinds of fish in the market.

CONCULSION: Based on its investigations, the com- mittee concluded that a

numbeí of benefits would accíue to the nation fíom a healthy maíine aquacultuíe
industíy, including wholesome food to íe- place haívests of wild fish fíom stocks that aíe
declining oí at maximum sustainable yield, píoducts foí expoít to impíove the nation's
balance of tíade, enhancement of commeícial and íecíeational fisheíies and of fisheí- ies
that aíe utilized fully, economic oppoítunities foí íuíal communities, and new jobs foí
skilled woíkeís.

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