Introduction to Web Development: A Comprehensive Learning Module
Module 1. Introduction to the Internet and the Web
A. What is the Internet?
o Definition and overview.
o How the internet connects devices and allows for data exchange.
o The role of servers, clients, and ISPs (Internet Service Providers).
B. Understanding the Web
o Definition of the World Wide Web (WWW).
o Difference between the internet and the web.
o How web browsers and search engines work.
C. Web Pages and Websites
o What are web pages and websites?
o How web pages are structured (front-end, back-end).
o Understanding URLs and domain names.
Module 2. Understanding the Concept of the Web
How the Web Works
o HTTP/HTTPS protocols.
o The client-server model.
o How browsers request and render web pages.
Key Components of the Web
o HTML, CSS, and JavaScript as the building blocks of web development.
o The role of databases in storing and retrieving data.
o Web hosting and servers.
The Evolution of the Web
o A brief history of the web.
o From Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 (basic overview).
Module 3. Introduction to HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
A. HTML Basics
What is HTML?
o Overview of HTML and its purpose.
o The role of HTML in structuring web content.
Basic Document Structure
o <!DOCTYPE html> declaration.
o <html> element: the root of an HTML document.
o <head> element: metadata, title, and links to CSS/JS.
o <body> element: contains the visible content of the page.
B. Text Elements
Headings
o Overview of heading tags (<h1> to <h6>).
o How to use headings to structure content hierarchically.
Paragraphs
o Creating paragraphs with the <p> tag.
o Line breaks with <br>.
Text Formatting
o Emphasizing text with <strong>, <em>, and <mark>.
o Using <b> and <i> for stylistic text changes.
o Subscript and superscript with <sub> and <sup>.
C. Links and Images
Hyperlinks
o Creating links with the <a> tag.
o Understanding attributes: href, target, title.
o Linking to external websites vs. internal pages.
Images
o Embedding images with the <img> tag.
o Attributes: src, alt, width, height.
D. Lists and Tables
Lists
o Unordered lists with <ul> and list items with <li>.
o Ordered lists with <ol> and <li>.
o Nested lists for more complex structures.
Tables
o Basic table structure: <table>, <tr>, <td>, <th>.
o Adding table headers, rows, and cells.
o Using <thead>, <tbody>, and <tfoot> for better organization.
o Merging cells with colspan and rowspan.
E. Forms and Inputs
Basic Form Structure
o Creating a form with the <form> tag.
o The action and method attributes: GET vs. POST.
Input Types
o Text fields: <input type="text">, <input type="password">, etc.
o Radio buttons, checkboxes, and dropdowns.
o File uploads with <input type="file">.
Form Elements
o Grouping elements with <fieldset> and <legend>.
o Adding labels with <label>.
o Using buttons: <button> and <input type="submit">.
Form Validation
o Using HTML5 form validation attributes: required, minlength, maxlength, etc.
o Placeholder text and autofocus.
F. Semantic HTML
What is Semantic HTML?
o Importance of using semantic elements for accessibility and SEO.
Common Semantic Elements
o <header>, <nav>, <main>, <footer>, <section>, <article>, <aside>.
o How to structure a webpage with semantic elements.
G. Media and Multimedia
Audio
o Embedding audio with the <audio> tag.
o Adding controls, looping, and autoplay attributes.
Video
o Embedding video with the <video> tag.
o Using source files and controls for video playback.
Embedding Other Media
o Adding external content with <iframe>.
o Embedding maps, YouTube videos, etc.
H. Practical Sessions
Building Basic Web Pages
o Hands-on practice creating web pages using the elements discussed.
Project: Personal Profile Page
o Students create a simple web page about themselves using headings, paragraphs,
images, and links.
Project: Simple Contact Form
o Creating a contact form that collects user input with various input types and
validates the data.
Module 4. Introduction to CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
A. CSS Basics
What is CSS?
o Purpose and role of CSS in web development.
o How CSS separates content (HTML) from design.
CSS Syntax
o Structure of a CSS rule: selector, property, value.
o Different types of selectors: element, class, ID, and universal.
o Comments in CSS: /* comment */.
Including CSS in HTML
o Inline CSS: using the style attribute.
o Internal CSS: <style> tag within the <head>.
o External CSS: linking a .css file using <link>.
B. Text Formatting
Font Properties
o Changing fonts with font-family.
o Adjusting font size with font-size.
o Font styles: font-style (italic) and font-weight (bold).
Text Alignment and Decoration
o Aligning text with text-align: left, right, center, justify.
o Adding and customizing text decoration with text-decoration.
Text Spacing
o Line height with line-height.
o Letter spacing with letter-spacing.
o Word spacing with word-spacing.
Color and Backgrounds
o Setting text color with color.
o Adding background color with background-color.
o Background images and gradients.
C. Box Model and Layout
Understanding the Box Model
o Components of the box model: content, padding, border, margin.
o Adjusting padding and margins.
o Setting border styles, width, and color.
Width and Height
o Setting element width and height: width, height, min-width, max-width.
o Understanding box-sizing and its effect on element sizing.
Display Properties
o Display values: block, inline, inline-block, none.
o Visibility and opacity.
Positioning Elements
o Static, relative, absolute, fixed, and sticky positioning.
o Using z-index to control stacking order.
o Offset properties: top, right, bottom, left.
D. Images and Media
Styling Images
o Setting image dimensions: width, height.
o Making images responsive with max-width and height: auto.
o Adding borders, padding, and margins to images.
Background Images
o Adding and positioning background images with background-image, background-
position, background-repeat, and background-size.
o Using multiple background images.
Media Queries for Responsive Design
o Introduction to responsive design principles.
o Using media queries to apply styles based on device screen size.
o Example media queries for different breakpoints (mobile, tablet, desktop).
E. Layout Techniques
Float and Clear
o Using float to create layouts and wrap text around images.
o Clearing floats with clear and clearfix.
Display Flex
o Introduction to Flexbox and its advantages.
o Flex container properties: display: flex, flex-direction, flex-wrap, justify-content,
align-items, align-content.
o Flex item properties: order, flex-grow, flex-shrink, flex-basis, align-self.
o Practical examples of building layouts with Flexbox.
F. Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements
What are Pseudo-Classes?
o Using pseudo-classes like :hover, :focus, :active, and :nth-child.
What are Pseudo-Elements?
o Understanding pseudo-elements like ::before and ::after.
o Adding content before or after an element.
Styling Links and Buttons
o Customizing link states with :link, :visited, :hover, and :active.
o Creating interactive button styles with pseudo-classes.
G. Transitions and Animations
CSS Transitions
o Introduction to transitions and their properties: transition-property, transition-
duration, transition-timing-function, transition-delay.
o Creating smooth transitions between styles.
CSS Animations
o Defining animations with @keyframes.
o Applying animations with animation-name, animation-duration, animation-timing-
function, animation-delay, animation-iteration-count, and animation-direction.
o Practical examples of simple CSS animations.
H. Practical Sessions
Styling Text and Images
o Hands-on practice with text formatting, image styling, and applying the box model.
Creating a Basic Layout
o Building a simple web page layout using floats and Flexbox.
Responsive Web Design
o Implementing responsive design techniques using media queries.
Interactive Elements
o Adding interactivity with pseudo-classes, transitions, and animations.
Module 5. Introduction to Bootstrap (Bonus)
A. Getting Started with Bootstrap
What is Bootstrap?
o Overview of Bootstrap as a front-end framework.
o Benefits of using Bootstrap for fast and responsive web design.
Setting Up Bootstrap
o Including Bootstrap via CDN (Content Delivery Network).
o Optionally, downloading and setting up Bootstrap locally.
o Understanding the Bootstrap file structure (CSS, JS, and Fonts).
Bootstrap’s Grid System
o Understanding the 12-column grid layout.
o Creating responsive layouts using container, row, and column classes (.container,
.row, .col).
o Grid system breakpoints for different devices: xs, sm, md, lg, xl.
o Nesting columns and using offset classes.
B. Bootstrap Typography
Text and Headings
o Using Bootstrap’s typography classes for headings, paragraphs, and more.
o Classes for text alignment: .text-left, .text-center, .text-right.
o Display headings (.display-1 to .display-4) for larger, more prominent headings.
Text Utilities
o Text transformation classes: .text-uppercase, .text-lowercase, .text-capitalize.
o Font weight and italics: .font-weight-bold, .font-weight-normal, .font-italic.
o Responsive text alignment using utility classes.
Lists
o Styling unordered, ordered, and inline lists with Bootstrap’s list classes (.list-
unstyled, .list-inline).
C. Bootstrap Components
Buttons
o Using predefined button styles: .btn-primary, .btn-secondary, .btn-success, etc.
o Button sizes and states: .btn-lg, .btn-sm, .btn-block, .active, .disabled.
o Button groups and toolbars for complex button layouts.
Forms
o Creating responsive forms with Bootstrap’s form classes (.form-group, .form-
control).
o Input groups with add-ons (.input-group, .input-group-prepend, .input-group-
append).
o Custom form controls: checkboxes, radio buttons, file inputs, etc.
o Validation states with contextual feedback classes (.is-valid, .is-invalid).
Navigation
o Building navigation bars with .navbar, .navbar-brand, .navbar-nav, .nav-item.
o Creating responsive navigation with toggles and collapsible menus.
o Pills and tabs navigation for content organization.
Modals
o Using Bootstrap modals for dialogs, alerts, and other interactive content.
o Customizing modal size, headers, footers, and buttons.
Cards
o Creating card layouts with .card, .card-header, .card-body, .card-footer.
o Using card decks, groups, and grid styles.
Alerts
o Creating dismissible alerts with .alert and contextual classes (.alert-success, .alert-
danger).
D. Bootstrap Layout
Containers and Responsive Utilities
o Using .container and .container-fluid for responsive fixed-width or full-width
layouts.
o Responsive display classes: .d-none, .d-block, .d-inline, etc.
Grid Layout in Depth
o Building complex layouts with Bootstrap’s grid system.
o Responsive column classes (.col-, .col-sm-, .col-md-, etc.).
o Offsetting, ordering, and aligning columns.
Media Object
o Using the .media class for aligning media (images, video) with text.
o Media object alignment and nesting.
Utilities for Layout
o Spacing utilities: .m-, .p- for margins and padding.
o Float and positioning utilities: .float-left, .float-right, .position-relative, .position-
absolute.
E. Bootstrap Utilities
Background and Color Utilities
o Setting background colors with .bg-primary, .bg-success, etc.
o Contextual text colors: .text-primary, .text-muted, etc.
o Customizing background with images and gradients.
Borders and Shapes
o Adding borders with .border, .border-0, .border-primary, etc.
o Rounding corners with .rounded, .rounded-circle, .rounded-0.
Visibility and Display
o Controlling element visibility with .visible, .invisible.
o Responsive display classes: .d-none, .d-block, .d-inline, .d-flex.
Sizing
o Setting width and height with .w-25, .w-50, .w-75, .h-25, etc.
o Responsive sizing classes for adjusting element size on different devices.
F. Advanced Bootstrap
Flexbox Utilities
o Using Bootstrap’s flexbox utilities for responsive layouts.
o Aligning and distributing elements with .d-flex, .justify-content-, .align-items-.
o Creating flexible and complex layouts with flexbox.
Carousel
o Building responsive carousels with .carousel, .carousel-inner, .carousel-item.
o Customizing carousel indicators, controls, and captions.
Tooltips and Popovers
o Adding tooltips with data-toggle="tooltip" and customizing with options.
o Creating popovers with data-toggle="popover" and configuring content and
placement.
Scrollspy
o Implementing scrollspy to automatically update navigation links based on scroll
position.
o Customizing the scrollspy behavior and appearance.
G. Practical Sessions
Building a Simple Web Page
o Creating a basic web page layout using Bootstrap’s grid system.
Responsive Navigation and Forms
o Hands-on practice building a responsive navbar and forms.
Interactive Elements
o Implementing modals, tooltips, and carousels.
Final Project
o Building a small, fully responsive website using Bootstrap components and
utilities.
