NAME: ARYAN SINGH
BRANCH: IT
SECTION: G
ROLL NO: 68
SUBJECT: APPLIED MATHS
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
An equation involving differential coefficient and dependent and independent
variable
Or
If a differential equation involves ordinary differential coefficient only, it is
called Ordinary Differential Equation.
DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH DEGREE 1:
First-order differential equation having degree equal to 1. All linear
equations in the form of derivatives are in the first order. It has only the first
derivative such as dy/dx , where x and y are the two variables and is given
as:
dy/dx = F(x,y) = y’
All the differential equation of first order and degree 1 cannot be solved in
the closed form.
Only the following category can be solved using the
standard method:
1. Variable separation form
2. Homogeneous equation
3. Reduction to homogeneous form
4. Linear equation
5. Reducible to linear form
6. Exact differential form
7. Reducible to exact form
VARIABLE SEPARABLE METHOD
Working rule:
Let dy/dx = f1(x), f2(y) be the given equation where f1(x) is
function of x and f2(y) is function of y
Then
1. Separate variable [1/f2(y)]dy = f1(x)
2. Integrate both side a
REDUCIBLE TO SEPARATING VARIABLE FORM
Working rule:
Let dy/dx = f(ax+by+c) or dy/dx = f(ax+by)
Then
1. Let ax+by+c = v or ax+by = v
2. Separate variables
3. Integrate both sides
HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
It is differential equation of first order and firt degree
dy/dx = f(y/x) = f(x/y)
Working rule:
1. Let y = vx then differentiate with respect to “x”
2. Put both values in given differential equation
3. Separate variable x and y and integrate
4. After integration replace v by y/x or x/y
REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENEOUS
A differential equation of the form dy/dx = (ax+by+c)/(a’x+b’y+c’)
If a/a’ = b/b’ then it can be reduced to homogeneous otherwise it can
be reduced to variable separable
Working rule:
1. Take x = X+h and y = Y+k
2. Dx = dX and dy = dY
3. Then dy/dx = dY/dX
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
FORM 1
Dy/dx + P = Q
Were P,Q are function of x.
Find IF. [IF = e^(pdx) ]
Then substitute values in:
Y(IF) = Q(IF)dx
FORM 2
dx/dy + Px = Q
Where P,Q are function of y
IF = e^(Pdy)
Then substitute the values in:
x(IF) = Q(IF)dy
REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
An equation f’(y) dy/dx+Pf(x) = Q
Where P,Q are function of x alone or constant.
Working rule:
1. Put f(y) = v so that f’(y) dy/dx = dy/dx
2. Differential equation becomes dy/dx+Py = Q
3. Then solve with linear DE method
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The differential equation: Mdx+Ndy = 0
If dM/dy = dN/dx then the equation is exact
To find the solution of the DE
Mdx + (terms of N not containing x)dy = c
REDUCIBLE TO EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CASE 1
“IF” (integrating factor) of differential equation
IF = 1/(Mx+Ny)
when Mx+Ny is not equal to 0
Then IF Mdx + Ndy = 0 will be exact
CASE 2
“IF” for an equation of the type
f1(x,y)ydx + f2(x,y)xdy = 0
IF = 1/(Mx-Ny), when Mx-Ny is not equal to 0
Then IF(Mx+Ny)=0 will be exact
CASE 3
In equation Mdx+Ndy = 0
If 1/N(dM/dy-dN/dx) be function of x only
Then e^[f(x)dx] is IF of Mdx+Ndy = 0
CASE 4
In equation Mdx+Ndy = 0
If 1/M(dN/dx-dM/dy) be function of y only
Then IF = e^[f(y)dy]
