JAVA PROGRAMMING

UNIT - I
Object-Oriented Thinking- A way of viewing world – Agents and
Communities, messages and methods, Responsibilities, Classes and
Instances, Class Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding, Overriding and
Exceptions, Summary of Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An
Overview of Java, Data types, Variables and Arrays, operators, expressions,
control statements, Introducing classes, Methods and Classes, String
handling.
Inheritance– Inheritance concept, Inheritance basics, Member access,
Constructors, Creating Multilevel hierarchy, super uses, using final with
inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism, pure polymorphism,
method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of inheritance
specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation, combination,
benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance.

Introduction:
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by james
goshling in the year 1996 at sun micro systems (which is now a subsidiary of
Oracle Corporation). Much of its syntax is taken from c and c++. Initially it
was called oak and later it is changed to java.

Actually it was designed for embedded application and later it was

changed to support web and enterprise applications.

We can download java software from www.java.sun.com from java1.6

java is open source.

As per Sun Microsystems (Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems in 2010)

java has three editions

J2SE/JavaSE  Java 2 standard Edition

J2EE/JavaEE  Java 2 Enterprize Edition

J2ME/JavaME  Java 2 Micro Edition

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J2SE/JAVASE:

J2SE is used to develop the standalone applications, desktop

application, console applications. ( Client-Side Applications)

Standalone Application: runs in the context of a local disk.

Ex: Notepad

Desktop Application: runs stand-alone in a desktop or laptop computer.

Ex: File Explorer, MS Office Applications

Console Application: run in consoles (the command prompt in Windows).

Ex: Bank ATM

For developing J2SE applications we need the java development kit

(jdk). Jdk contains the compile time environment and the runtime
environment. The compiler environment is provided by javac compiler and
the runtime environment is provided by java virtual machine(jvm)

J2EE/JAVAEE:

J2EE is used to develop web, distributed, enterprise applications.

(Server-Side Applications)

Web Application: able to access via internet.

Ex: Gmail, Shopping cart, Photo editing, File Conversion

Distributed Application: exists on multiple machines and at multiple

platforms.

Ex: Web Browsers.

Enterprise Application: use to assist the organization in

solving enterprise problems.

Ex: CRM (Customer Relationship Management), ERP (Enterprise

Resource planning)

Servlets and JSP are the technologies provided by the sun for
the development of web application and for developing distributed
applications we are having RMI and EJB technologies.

J2ME/JAVAME:

J2ME is used to develop mobile and embedded applications. (Mobile

Devices)

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Mobile Application: run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet

computer.

Ex: Downloaded from Google play store, App store(IOS).

Embedded Application: placed permanently inside some kind of device to

perform a very specific set of functions.

Ex: Video Game Consoles, GPS, Microwave Oven

Versions of JAVA:

Many java versions have been released till now. The current stable release of
Java is Java SE 13.

 JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

 JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996)

 JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997)

 J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)

 J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)

 J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)

 J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004) (J2SE 1.5)

 Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)

 Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)

 Java SE 8 (18th March 2014)

 Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)

 Java SE 10 (20th March 2018)

 Java SE 11 (25th Sep 2018)

 Java SE 12 (19th March 2019)

 Java SE 13 (17th Sep 2019)

 Java SE 14 (March 2020)

 Java SE 15 (Sep 2020)

 Java SE 16 (March 2021)

 Java SE 17 (Sep 2021

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Java features / Java BUZZ WORDS :

Object Oriented :

Java is a object oriented programming language as it supports the

object oriented features such as

 Objects

 Class

 Data Abstraction

 Data Encapsulation

 Inheritance

 Polymorphism

 Dynamic binding

 Message passing

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Simple :

Java is a simple programming language, as the difficult concepts of C

and C++ such as

 Pointers

 operator overloading

 unsigned data types

 virtual functions

 multiple inheritance through classes

 structures & unions

 Templates

 variable aliases (typedef)

It also uses same syntax of C and C++, so it is easy for a programmer who is
familiar with C or C++.

Secured:

Security problems like eavesdropping, tampering, impersonation, and

virus threats can be eliminated or minimized by using Java on internet.

Virus: A program that can damage data, software or hardware of a

computer. Virus spreads fast through .dat, .exe, .com. Virus does not affects
the .txt.

Eaves dropping: Reads others data illegally.

Tampering: Not only reads data but also modifies it.

Impersonation: A person acting as another on internet.

JVM take cares of security.

Plat form independent :

Java is a platform independent language. A plat form is the hardware

and software environment on which a program executes.

Once java code compiled on one platform and will run on any platform
without making any changes i.e., write once run any where.

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Platform independence is possible by making use of Java Virtual

Machine (JVM). When we compile a java program, the .class file is generated
which contains the byte code i.e., each instruction is expressed in the form of
bytes. Byte code is understandable by JVM not by the machine. JVM
interprets byte code into machine understandable format.

JVM is a platform dependent where as Java language is platform

independent.

The Java compilers and the JVM are platform dependent and .class file
is platform independent. Because of this feature, java is widely accepted as
internet language.

Architecture Neutral:

A language or technology is said to be Architecture Neutral if and only

if it can run on all processor irrespective of their architecture.

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Portability ( platform independent+architecutural neutral):

A language or technology is said to be portable if and only if java

application runs on any kind of OS Architecture and processor architecture.

Robust : java is a robust i.e strong

The java programs are strong and they don’t crash easily like a c/c++
programs because of the following reasons.

 Implicit memory management

 Run Time Errors Handling (Exception Handling)

Implicit memory management :

In java the memory required for the program is allocated dynamically

and the unused objects are automatically garbage collected.

Allocation Deallocation
calloc()
C malloc() Free()
realloc()
C++ new Delete
Java new __

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Dynamic:

Java programs generate dynamic content. (Applets, dynamically

interacting programs on internet)

Interpreted:

Java programs are compiled to generate the byte code. This byte code
can be downloaded and interpreted by the interpreter in JVM. In Java, we use
both compiler and interpreter for the execution.

High Performance:

The problem with interpreter inside the JVM is that it is slow, By this
java programs used to run slow. To overcome this problem, along with the
interpreter, JIT (Just In Time) compiler was introduced which enhances the
speed of execution. So, now in JVM, both interpreter and JIT compiler work
together to run the program.

Multithreaded:

Multithreaded is a capability for a program to perform several tasks

simultaneously within a program.

A thread represents an individual process to execute group of

statements. JVM uses several treads to execute different blocks of code.
Creating multiple threads is called ‘multithreaded’.

Ex: Game software, which uses multiple threads simultaneously for

GUI display, Sound Effects, Timer Control, Score Updating.

In network programming, a sever can serve multiple clients at the same

time via multithreading.

Distributed:

Java introduces JAVA EE for distributed development. Using Java, we

can write programs, which capture information and distribute it to the clients
as java can handle the protocols such as TCP/IP and UDP.

A distributed application exists on different machines and at different

locations.

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Java Identifiers :
An identifier is a name given to the variable, constant, method, class,
package, etc.,

Rules for constructing the identifiers

 The first character of an identifier must be a letter, an underscore(_) or

a dollar sign($)

 The rest of the characters in the identifier can be alphabet, digit,

underscore(_) or dollar($).

 No special symbols are allowed in the identifier except underscore(_)

and dollar($).

 Reserved words cannot be used as the identifiers

 Java identifiers are case sensitive.

Java Naming Conventions:

Code conventions improve the readability of the software allowing

engineers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly

Naming conventions for classes:

It starts with a uppercase letter and internal word also starts with
uppercase letter. Rest of the characters are lower case.

Ex: class Demo class MyFirstClass

{ {

------------ ------------

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} }

Naming conventions for Interfaces:

It starts with a uppercase letter and internal word also starts with
uppercase letter. Rest of the characters are in lower case.

Ex: interface Demo interface MyFirstClass

{ {

------------ ------------

} }

Predefined interfaces are : Runnable, Clonable, Serializable

Naming conventions for variables:

It begins with a lowercase letter and internal word also starts with
uppercase letter. Rest of the characters are in lower case.

Ex: int x;

int age;

int myFirstSalary;

Naming conventions for Constants:

It consists of all uppercase letters.

Internal words are separated by an underscore (_)

Ex: flaot TAX_RATE =0.56f;

int MAX_VALUE=567;

Naming conventions for methods :

It start with a lowercase letter and internal word also starts with
uppercase letter. Rest of the characters are in lower case.

Ex : public void getData()

----------

Public void setData()

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{ -----------}

Naming conventions for packages :

Packages names are written in lowercase letter.

Ex : java.lang

java.io

java.net

java.awt

animal

mypack

Reserved Words:
Reserved words are the words that have some specific meaning and
purpose. We cannot change them.

All java reserved words are written in lower case.

goto: goto is not defined or not used since the readability of the
application decreases or goes down as goto increases the
complexity of the application.

const: const is not defined since a powerful keyword final is

already available to define the constants.

Literal: A literal is a constant value which can be assigned to the

variable
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int x=10;

int is a datatype, x is variable identifier & 10 is constant value

(literal).

true, false, null are reserved literals but can be considered as

reserved words.

Java Comment Lines:

Comments increase the readability of the application.

They are ignored by the compiler.

Java supports three types of comments:

1. Single Line Comment  //-----comment-----

2. Multi-line Comment  /* -----comment----- */

3. Document Comment  /** ---Documentation--- */

The documentation comment is used to create documentation API. To create

documentation API, you need to use javadoc tool.

Use of Documentation Comment:

Suppose the java file is First.java then

Compile it by javac tool:

javac First.java

Create Documentation API by javadoc tool:

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javadoc First.java

Now, there will be HTML files created for your Calculator class in the
current directory. Open the HTML files and see the explanation of Calculator
class provided through documentation comment.

Data Types:
Java supports eight data types out of which four are integral data types,
two are real floating data type, one is character data type and one boolean
type.

The difference between a float and double is float takes 7 digits after the
decimal point where as double takes 16 digits accurately after the decimal
point.

A Java character takes 2 bytes of memory since it supports all the

characters of world wide languages.

It supports the unicode character set i.e., it supports 65,536

characters. Unicode is a specification or standard to include alphabets of all
international languages into java character set. Unicode takes two bytes of
memory.

Except boolean and char, all the remaining datatypes are signed
datatypes.

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byte Literal: (-128 to 127)

byte b = -10; byte b1 = 120  Valid

byte b2 = 135; // gives compile time error as

Error: possible loss of precision

found : int

required : byte

byte b3 = ‘A’;

byte b4 = ‘AB’; //error

short Literal: (-32768 to 32767)

short s = 12610; short s1 = -30  Valid

short s2 = 32768; // gives compile time error as

Error: possible loss of precision

found : int

required : short

short s3 = ‘+’;

short s4 = ‘ ’;

int Literal: (-231 to 231-1(-2147483648 to 2147483647))

int x = -24712610; int y = 65674530  Valid

int z = 2147483648; // gives compile time error

int i = 10;

int j = 010; //Octal

int k = 0X10; //Hexa-Decimal

long Literal: (-263 to 263-1) explicitly suffixed with l/L

long x = 2147483648; // invalid

Error: integer number too long

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long x = 2147483648L; // valid

float Literal: explicitly suffixed with f/F

float x = 17.21474; // invalid because we have to keep ‘f’ at the end

float x = 10.5f or 10.5F;

float x = 10;

float x = 010;

float x = 0X10;

float x = ‘A’;

float x = 11.2147483648F;

double Literal: explicitly suffixed with d/D

double d = 10.5d or 10.5D; // valid

char Literal: enclosed in single quotes

char ch = ‘A’;

char ch = ‘#’;

char ch=65; //A

char ch=48; //0

char ch=10234; //? Unicode character

For unicode values which are not supported by the system we get question
marks.

The unicode value may be represented in decimal, octal, hexadecimal.

char ch=075; char ch=0X234;

We can represent a character literal in unicode representation as ‘\uxxxx’

char ch=‘\uFACE’

Escape Characters:

char ch=‘\b’;

char ch=‘\n’;

char ch=‘\t’;

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char ch=‘\f’;

char ch=‘\k’;

Escape sequence in unicode format

‘\u0008’  Backspace

‘\u0009’  Horizontal line

‘\u000a’  New line

‘\u000d’  Carriage return

‘\u000c’  Formfeed

‘\u00027’  Single quote

‘\u00022’  Double quote

boolean Literal:

boolean b = true;

boolean b = false;

boolean b = “true”; //invalid

boolean b = “false”; //invalid

String Literal:

String literal is enclosed in double quotes.

A string is a group of characters which is an object of String class

String s = “Hello”;

String s = “Hello! Welcome to Java Programming”;

String s = “Hello! \nWelcome to Java Programming\n”;

Requirements to Develop a Java Program:

1.To type your java program we need to use a editor

Editors: notepad, word pad, DOS editor , Edit plus etc

Or

We can use IDE { integrated Development Environment }

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Eclipse, Myeclipse , netbeans , etc.

2. software Requirements : jdk11/jdk12/jdk13 (any Java SE version)

From java1.6 the software is open source.

3. OS Requirements

Any OS like windows family, linux, sun solaris , MAC etc.

Simple Java Program:

import java.lang.*;

public class Demo

public static void main(String args[])

System.out.println(“ Hello ! Wel-come JAVA world “);

 A java program is placed in a text file with an extension of .java

 The name of the public class and the name of the java text file should be
same.

Here the above file is saved as Demo.java

 The java libraries are available in the form of packages.

 java.lang is the fundamental package that contains basic classes and

interfaces for the development of java applications.

java.lang is automatically available to every java program and there is no

need to import this package.

To develop a java program we need atleast one class. The allowed access
specifiers for the top level class are public or default.

If you are not specifying any access specifier it is treated as default.

Output:

Compilation-

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javac Demo.java

Execution-

java Demo

Hello ! Wel-come JAVA World.

Variables:
A variable is a identifier whose value is not fixed.

 Local variable
 Instance variable
 Static variable
Local variable: A variable declared inside a method is called local variable.
 A local variable must be initialized before its usage
 Default values are not applicable to the local variables.
 Scope of the variables is within the method only. It cannot be used
outside the method.
 The only modifier that is applied to the local variable is final
import java.lang.*;
public class Demo2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{

int x=10;
int y=20;
int z;
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(y);
System.out.println(" sum is : "+x+y); // sum is : 1020
System.out.println("sum is : "+(x+y)); // sum is : 30
System.out.println(x+y+ " is sum "); // 30 is sum
// System.out.println(z): // Error: local variable Z might not have been
initialized.
}
}
Output:
10
20
sum is : 1020
sum is : 30
30 is sum

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Encapsulation:
Encapsulation is a mechanism where the data (variables) and the code
(methods) that act on the data will bind together.

Class:
A class is declared by using the keyword class. A class is a blue print
of a object.

Declaration:

<access specifier> <access modifier> class <class_name>

instance variable

static variable

instance methods

static methods

 A class contains set of variables and methods and are integrated into a
single unit.

 For a class Access specifiers must be public and <default>

 For a class access modifier must be final, abstract, strictfp

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Object:
Object is an instance of a class. Every object will have state and
behavior. The state is maintained using variables and behavior is changed
using methods.

Creating an object:

Syntax: Class_name Object_name = new Class_name();

(or)

Class_name Object_name;

Object_name = new Class_name();

Ex: Demo d = new Demo();

(or)

Demo d;

d = new Demo();

d is reference to the Demo class object. Using new operator we can allocate
the memory dynamically. In java every memory allocation is dynamic. We can
access the instance variables using the reference name i.e., object name.

Accessing Members of a Class:

Syntax: Object_name.variablename;

Object_name.method_name();

Ex: d.x

d.setData();

Instance variable:
A variable declared inside the class and outside a method is called
instance variable.

 The memory will be allocated when we construct a object.

 Separate memory will be allocated for instance variables for every

creation of objects.

 Default values are applied to the instance variables , a instance variable

is accessed w.r.t the object name i.e. reference name.

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 The allowed access modifiers for instance variable are final, transient,
volatile and static.

 The allowed access specifier are private, public , protected, default.

import java.lang.*;
public class Demo2
{
int x,y,z;
public static void main(String args[])
{
Demo2 d = new Demo2();
System.out.println(d.x+"\t"+d.y+"\t"+d.z);
d.x=100;
d.y=200;
d.z=678;
System.out.println(d.x+"\t"+d.y+"\t"+d.z);
Demo2 d1 = new Demo2();
System.out.println(d1.x+"\t"+d1.y+"\t"+d1.z);
d1.x=10;
d1.y=20;
d1.z=67;
System.out.println(d1.x+"\t"+d1.y+"\t"+d1.z);
}
}
Output:
0 0 0
100 200 678
0 0 0
10 20 67

Static variable : (class variable)

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 A static variable is declared inside the class with static keyword.

 For a static variable the memory will be allocated as soon as .class file
loaded into the JVM.

 Only once the memory will be allocated for static variable and it is
shared by every object.

 Defaults are applied to the static variables. A static variable can be

accessed in three ways

 Directly
 w.r.t to object name
 w.r.t to class name
 if a static variable is accessed outside the class there are only two ways
 w.r.t to object name
 w.r.t to class name

public class S1
{
static int a=9;
int x,y;
public static void main(String args[])
{

System.out.println(" static variable using class name : "+S1.a);

S1 d=new S1();
S1 d1=new S1();
System.out.println("Static variable using object : " );
System.out.println(d.a);
System.out.println(d1.a);
d.a=89;
System.out.println(d.a);
System.out.println(d1.a);
}}
Output:
static variable using class name : 9
Static variable using object :
9
9
89
89
Method:
A method is a block of statements which performs some task.

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In java a method is defined inside the class.

Syntax:

<access specifier> <access modifier> <return type> method name(

datatype para1, datatype para2,….)

return;

Different types of methods

1. instance method

2. static method

3. factory method

4. abstract method

instance method :

It is defined inside a class without any modifier. Instance method act

upon instance variables. Instance method can be called w.r.t object i.e.
objectname.methodname;

 from one instance method we can call other instance method directly.

 A instance method can access a instance variables and static variables.

class Demo2
{
int x, y, z;
void increment()
{
x++;
y++;
z++;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(x+"\t"+y+"\t"+z);

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public static void main(String args[])

{
Demo2 d= new Demo2();
d.display();
d.increment();
d.display();
Demo2 d1= new Demo2();
d1.display();
d.increment();
d1.display();
d.display();
}
}

Output:
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2 2

this:

 it is a keyword

 this variable always refers to the current object

 this is used to differentiate a local and instance variable.

 this is can be used w.r.t instance variable and instance method and can
be used inside the constructors.

 this cannot be used inside main method and static method.

class Demo9
{
int a,b,c;
void initialize(int a, int b,int c)
{
this.a=a;
this.b=b;
this.c=c;
this.display();
}
void display()
{

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System.out.println(a+"\t"+b+"\t"+c);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Demo9 d = new Demo9();
d.initialize(10,20,30);
Demo9 d1 = new Demo9();
d1.initialize(100,200,100);
}
}
Output:
10 20 30
100 200 100
Static method:

A static method is defined by using static keyword. A static method

can access only static variables but instance method can access both instance
and static variables.

A static method can be called in three ways.

 Directly
 w.r.t object
 w.r.t class name

A static method outside the class can be called in two ways

 w.r.t object
 w.r.t class name.

public class Demo1

{
static int x,y,z;
int a=10;
public static void display()
{
System.out.println(x+"\t"+y+"\t"+z);
// System.out.println(a);//error because a non -static
//context cannot be referred from static content
}
public void show()
{
System.out.println(x+"\t"+y+"\t"+z);
System.out.println(a);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{

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Demo1 d=new Demo1();

display();
d.show();
}
}
Output:
0 0 0
0 0 0
10

which of the following are valid

1. public static void main(String args[])

2. public void static main(String args[])

3. Static public void main(String args[])

4. Static public void main(String args[])

5. Static public void main()

Answer : 1,3,4

Blocks: A block is a group of statements

There are two types of blocks: Instance block and static block

Instance block :

 Instance blocks are declared inside the class. Instance block is called as
soon as object is created. Any number of instance can be placed inside the
java class.

 The order of execution of instance block is from top to bottom.

 A instance block can access instance variables , static variables, instance

methods and static methods.

class Demo2
{
int x,y,z;

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static int a=100;

{
System.out.println(" Instance Block 1 ");
display();
}
{
System.out.println(" Instance Block 2 ");
x=100; y=200;z=300;
this.display();
m1();
}
public void display()
{
System.out.println(" Display method ");
System.out.println(x+"\t"+y+"\t"+z);
System.out.println("Static Variable : "+a);

}
public static void m1()
{
System.out.println("m1 method Static Variable : "+a);

}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Demo2 d= new Demo2();
}
}
Instance Block 1

Display method

0 0 0

Static Variable : 100

Instance Block 2

Display method

100 200 300

Static Variable : 100

m1 method Static Variable : 100

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Static block :

 A static block is declared inside the java class with static keyword.

 A static block is called as soon as .class file is loaded into the JVM.

 Any number of static blocks can be placed inside the java class.the order
of execution of static block is from top to bottom

 A block can access static variables and static methods.

 Java program execution starts from main but static blocks are executed
before the main() method.

Source declaration rules:

 A java program is placed in a text file with a extension of java.

 The name of the publc class and the name of the text file must be same.

 A java text file can have any number of default classes but only one public
class.

 If a java text file contains only default classes the name of the text file can
be any name.

 The no. of .class file is equal to the number of class available in the java
text file.

 If java text file contains two public classes then at compile time it gives
error. No two public classes defined. A java program must contain only one
public class.

 A java text file can have only one main method.(not a rule)

Java source file structures

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Package statements; // only one

Import statements; // any number

Class/interface declaration //any number

The order of above statements is to preserved otherwise we will get a

compile time error.

API : { Application Programming Interface }

Java API is organized in different packages using java API we can

develop the java applications

It is an html help file to the programmer to know the number

of packages to know the no. of classes and interfaces in a package and
methods , fields in a class or interface. We can download the API from www.
java.sun.com

Java tools

Javac : javac is a java compiler which is used to compile the java

source code. It translates the .java file to .class file.

C:\> javac -help // we get all options

C:\>javac –version // we get version of java

Javac 1.6.0 –rc

To compile a java program with previous versions of java.

C:\> javac –source 1.4 Demo.java

Java : java is a interpreter which is used to run the .class files.

C:\>java Demo

Javap : javap is java deassembler. It is used to convert bytecode (.class) into

a java program description.

C:\>javap java.lang.String (fully qualified class name)

Applet viewer : it is used to execute the applets within the browser.

JDB : it is used for java debugging mostly it is used in IDEs.

Javadoc : it is used to create the documentation for our applications

/**

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This class is created by sakr */

Javah : it is used to provide header files of other languages such c , c++

Jar : it is used to generate archieve files. It is used to generate jar,war, rar

files

Type casting:

Conversion of one data type into another data type is known as type
casting.

There are two types of type casting: implicit type casting and explicit type
casting.

Implicit type casting : it is automatically done by the compiler. A lower

dataype is converted into higher data type. It is also called as WIDENING. No
loss of data

Explicit type casting : it is done by the programmer a higher data type is

converted to lower datatype. There is no loss of information. It is called as
NARROWING.

Syntax: (target_data_type)operand;

Ex: float f = 17.24;

int i = (float)f;

class Demo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{

int x;
float y=100.36f; // Explicit type casting

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x = (int)y;
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(y);
int i=67; //Explicit type casting
char ch=(char)i;
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(i);
}
}
Output:

100
100.36
C
67

Constructors:

A Constructor is having the same name that of a class. Constructor is

automatically called as soon as object is created. The purpose of a constructor
is to initialize the object. Constructors are not members of a class.

Java supports two types of constructors

 Default constructor
 Parameterized Constructor

If a contructor is not taking no parameters then it is called Default

constructor. A java class can have the maximum of one default constructor.

If a constructor is taking a parameter then it is called parameterized

constructor.

 A java class can have more than one parameterized constructor but they
should differ in the number of parameters or type of parameters or order
of parameters.
 If a java class is not having any constructor then the java compiler will
generate the default constructor.
 The allowed access specifiers to the constructors are private, protected,
public and <default>.
 If a class is having a private constructor then we cannot create the object
outside the class.
 A constructor will not have a return type not even a void. If we place a
return type then it is treated as a method.
 Using constructors there is no need of explicit method calls.

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public class Demo1

{
int x,y;
float z;
Demo1()
{
System.out.println("Default Constructor ");
x=5;
y=10;
}

Demo1(int a,int b)
{
System.out.println("Two Parameterized Constructor ");
x=a;
y=b;
}
Demo1(int a, int b, int c)
{
System.out.println("Three Parameterized Constructor ");
x=a;
y=b;
z=c;
}
void display()
{
System.out.println(x+" "+y+" "+z);
}
}
class D
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Demo1 d= new Demo1();
d.display();
Demo1 d1= new Demo1(10,20);
d1.display();
Demo1 d2 =new Demo1(1,2,3);
d2.display();
}
}

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Default Constructor
5 10 0.0
Two Parameterized Constructor
10 20 0.0
Three Parameterized Constructor
1 2 3.0
Constructor overloading:

Two or more parameterized constructors can exist with different

signatures i.e. the constructors are differed in either number of parameters ,
type of parameters or order of parameters.

class A
{
A()
{
System.out.println("dc");

A(int i)
{
System.out.println(i);
}

A(int i, float j)
{
System.out.println(i+"\t"+j);
}

A(int i, int j)
{
System.out.println(i+"\t"+j);
}

A(float j, int i)
{
System.out.println(i+"\t"+j);
}
}
public class Demo5
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a = new A();
A a1 = new A(10);
A a2 = new A(10,20);
A a3 = new A(10.3f,200);

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A a4 = new A(100,20.5f);

}
}
dc
10
10 20
200 10.3
100 20.5

this():

 this() is used to communicate from one constructor to another constructor.

 this() must be the first statement inside a constructor.
 this() must be used only inside a constructor.

class A
{
A()
{
this(10);
System.out.println("dc");

A(int i)
{
this(10,5.3f);
System.out.println(i);
}

A(int i, float j)
{
this(100,200);
System.out.println(i);
}

A(int i, int j)
{
this(10.5f,10);
System.out.println(i+"\t"+j);
}

A(float j, int i)
{
System.out.println(i+"\t"+j);
}
}
public class Demo

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{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a = new A();
}
}
10 10.5
100 200
10
10
dc
Difference between this and this():

Arrays :

An array is a collection of fixed number of Homogeneous elements.

Arrays are fixed in size. The array index start from zero

Types of arrays:

 Single-dimensional

 Multi-dimensional

 Two-dimensional

 Three-dimensional

Single Dimensional Arrays :

Declaration: int x[]; or int []x; or int[] x;

int is datatype and x is array name and [] is dimension.

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 At declaration the dimension can be prefix or sufix

 We should not specify the size at the time of declaration, if we specify the
size it gives compile time error.

int x[3]; means gives an error.

Construction of an array:

int x[];

x=new int[];

Or

int x[]=new int[5];

 In java arrays are objects. So, we can allocate the memory dynamically by
using new operator.

 At the construction we should specify the size of the array. When we

construct an array initially it contains default values.

 In java it is legal to have size of the array is 0.

int x=new int[0]; -------- valid

 The array size is always excepted as integer.

int x =new int[-5]; ------valid at compile time but an runtime error

Error: exception in thread “main”

java.lang.NegativeArraySizeException

 The allowed data types to mention various size of array are byte, short, int,
char because all can be converted into int.

int x=new int[10.5f];---invalid gives compile time error :PLP

int x[]=new int[a];----valid

int x[]=new int[‘a’];---valid

int x[]=new int[“a”];-----invalid gives CTE : INC TYPES

Length:

Length is variable only used w.r.t arrays.

Arrayname.length returns the size of the array.

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int x[] = new int[5];

System.out.println(x.length); //prints 5

int x[]=new int[‘a’];--97

The maximum size of the array is maximum integer value (i.e.,

2147483647)

Initialization:

int x[]=new int[3];

x[0]=10;x[1]=20; x[2]=30;

Declaration , construction , initialization in a single line:

int x[]= {10,20,40};

flaot x[]={10.2f,1.4f};

double x[]=new {10.5,1.45};

If we specify the size we get an compile time error.

Multidimensional Arrays:

In java multi-dimensional arrays are array of arrays

 Two Dimensional Array

 Three Dimensional Array

Two Dimensional Arrays:

Declaration: int x[][]; Or int [][]x; Or int[][] x; Or int []x[];

int x[3][4]; ------- invalid

At the declaration we should not specify the size because gives an compile
time error.

String s[][];

float y[][];

byte [][]b;

Construction of 2D Array :

int x[][];

X=new int[2][3];

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Specifying the first dimension is mandatory.

int x[][]=new int [2][];

System.out.println(x[0]); //null

System.out.println(x[1]); //null

There is no memory wastage in java multidimensional arrays.

int x[][]=new int [][3]; // invalid

int x[][]=new int[2][3];

System.out.println(x.length); //2

System.out.println(x[0].length);//3

Which of the following are valid

1. String[][] s;

2. String s[][];

3. String []s[];

4. String [][]s;

5. Object [][o;

Three Dimensional Array Declaration:

int[][][] a; or

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int [][][]a; or

int[][] a[]; or

int a[][][]; or

int [] a[][];

Construction of 3D Array

int [][][] a =new int [2][2][3];

Inheritance:
Inheritance is a concept where new classes can be produced from
existing classes. The newly created class acquires all features of existing class
from where it is derived. Inheritance provides the idea of reusability.

A class which is derived from another class is called a sub class or

derived class or extended class or child class.

The class from which the subclass is derived is called a super class or
base class or parent class.

A subclass inherits all members(fields, methods, nested classes) from

its super class. To link between two classes we use extends keyword

class A // super class

----------

---------

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class B extends A // sub or derived class

-----------

-----------

A java class cannot extend more than one class so multiple inheritance is
not achieved through classes and it is possible by using interfaces.

 Constructors are not inherited since they are not members of the class.
 public, default, protected members are inherited where as private
members are not inherited
 Object is the super class of all classes i.e., every class directly or
indirectly inherited from object class

Programmer’s code compiler code

class Demo class Demo extends Object

{ {

------------ Demo()

------------ {

} }

The following are the various types of inheritance

 Single Inheritance
 Multiple Inheritance
 Hierarchical inheritance
 Multilevel inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance.

Single Inheritance: Producing a subclass from a single super class is called

single inheritance.

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Multiple Inheritance :

Producing sub classes from multiple super class is called Multiple

inheritance. In this case there will more than one super class and there can
be one or more sub classes.

Multiple inheritance leads to confusion for the programmer. For

example class A has got a member x and class B has also contain member x.
when another class C extends both the classes, then there is a confusion
regarding which copy of x is available in C.

Multiple inheritance is available in C++, which is not available in Java,

but java programmer wishes to use multiple inheritance in some cases.
Fortunately javasoft people have provided interface concept so that multiple
inheritance is achieved by using multiple interfaces.

class MyClass implements interface1, interface2,…….

Hierarchical Inheritance: In this type, there is only one super class but
many subclasses. These subclasses are derived from only one super class.

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Subclass: A class which is derived from another class by using extends

keyword is called a sub class or derived class or extended class or child class.

Substitutability: Substitutability means the type of a variable can differ from

the type of value stored in a variable.

The various forms of Inheritance:

 Specialization
 Specification
 Construction
 Extension
 Limitation
 Combinations

Specialization: A child class or new class is a specialized form of the parent

class and it conforms all specifications of the parent.

public class MyFrame extends Frame

------

----------

The MyFrame class inheritance all the properties of parent class Frame.
MyApplet is specialized form of Frame class.

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Specification: The parent class defines the methods without or with

implementations. The methods which are not implemented in parent class
must be defined in child class. Such kind of parent class is called
specification.

The parent class may be abstract class or interface. If the parent class
is abstract class then we need extends that abstract class. If the parent class
is interface then we need implement the interface as follows:

Case1: If the parent class is abstract

public abstract class Number

abstract double doubleValue();

abstract float floatValue() ;

-----------------------------------

-------------------------------------

class Demo extends Number

Now Demo class has to take responsibility to implement all methods of

Number class otherwise the Demo class also becomes abstract class.

Case2: if the parent class is interface

public interface MouseListener

void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) ;

void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) ;

void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) ;

void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) ;

void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);

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public class MouseDemo implements MouseListener

Now MouseDemo class has to implement all methods of MouseListener

interface otherwise the MouseDemo becomes abstract class.

Construction:

The child class inherits all the properties of its parent class even though there
is no common functionality between parent and child class.

class Stack extends FileWriter

Extension:

The child class adds some more additional behavior (methods) to the parent
class without modifying the attributes(variables) that are inherited from
parent class.

For example let us consider the following code:

class MyClass extends Thread

MyClass is a user defined class in which MyClass contains thread class

behavior also.

Limitation:

Whenever a new class is derived from any class then the sub class restricts
few behaviors to be used that are inherited from the parent class.

Combinations:

Java doesn’t allow creating a class from more than one class. We can create
a class by implementing more than one interface.

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interface A

void m1();

void m2();

interface B

void m3();

void m4();

class Demo1

class Demo extends Demo1 implements A,B

-------------------

Now Demo takes responsibility to provide the implementation for methods of

interfaces A, B.

Benefits of Inheritance:

The Benefits of Inheritance are

 Increased Reliability
 Reusability
 Polymorphism
 Extending the Behavior

Member Access Rules:

Access means visibility. Permitting one class to access another class of

different package is called access control.

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An access specifier is a keyword that is used to specify how to access a

member of a class or the class itself. We can use access specifiers with the
members of the class or with class also. Java allows you to control access to
classes, methods and fields called access specifiers.

Java offers four access specifiers: Public , protected , default ,

private.

Public: Public class members i.e methods and field can be accessed in the
classes of same package and also the classes of other packages. Public means
every where.

Protected: Protected members of the class can be accessed by the classes of

same package and also the subclasses of other packages.

Default: if we are not specifying any access specifier then it is treated as

default. The default members of a class can be accessed by the classes of
same package only i.e. they cannot accessed by the classes of other packages.

Private: Private members of a class can be accessed within the class only i.e.,
they cannot be accessed by the classes of same package and also the classes
of other packages.

In the following figure we are taking three classes class A, class B and
class C. whereas class A and class B exists in the same package, class C is
from other package. Let us assume that there are four members with private,
public, protected and default specifiers in class A.

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 Private members of class A are not available to class B or class C. This

means, any private members scope is limited only to that class where it is
defined.
 Public members of class A are available to class B and also class C. This
means, public members are available everywhere and their scope is global
scope.
 Protected members of class A are available to class B, but not in class C.
if class C is a sub class of class A, then the protected members of class A
are available to class C, so protected access specifier acts as public with
respect to sub class.
 When no access specifier is used, it is taken as default specifier. Default
members of class A are accessible to class B which is within the same
package. They are not available to class C. This means, the scope of default
members is package scope.

super Uses:
We can create an object of super class, we can access only the super class
members but not the sub class members. If we create sub class object, all the
members of both super and sub classes are available to it. Some times the
super members and sub class members may have same names.

Let us consider the following program:

class P

int a=60,b=0;

void m1()

System.out.println("m1 in P");

System.out.println("sum :"+(a+b));

class C extends P

int a=10,b=56;

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void m1()

System.out.println("m1 in C");

System.out.println("mul : "+(a*b));

class SDemo

public static void main(String args[])

C c1=new C();

c1.m1();

In the above program a method m1() is called w.r.t child class object, hence
this m1() present in both child class as well as parent class. So w.r.t child
class object we are calling m1() method so the method that present in the
child class is called. In this case if we want to access the members of super
class from sub class super keyword is used. super is a keyword. Super is used
to access super class members from sub class. super can be used w.r.t
methods and variables

super.variable;

super.methods();

class P

int a=60,b=0;

void m1()

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System.out.println("m1 in P");

System.out.println("sum :"+(a+b));

class C extends P

int a=10,b=56;

void m1()

System.out.println("m1 in C");

System.out.println("a: "+a+"b : "+b);

System.out.println("a: "+super.a+"b : "+super.b);

super.m1();

class SDemo

public static void main(String args[])

C c1=new C();

c1.m1();

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super():

It is used to call super class constructors from sub class constructors.

It must be the first statement inside a constructor

this() and super() cannot be used at a time since both must be used
as a first statements.

super() cannot be used inside the method only in constructor.

this() is used to call constructors of same class but super is used call
the super class constructors from sub class.

If there is no this() statement inside the sub class constructor then by

default the java compiler takes the super() as a first statement .

Programmers code compiler code

Class Demo class Demo extends Object

{ {

Demo()

} {

Super();

class P

P()

System.out.println("default p ");

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class C extends P

C()

System.out.println("default C ");

class SF

public static void main(String args[])

C c1=new C();

class Demo

Demo(int a)

this(40,20);

System.out.println("a: "+a);

Demo(int a,int b)

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System.out.println("a: "+a+"b : "+b);

class Demo1 extends Demo

Demo1()

super(1);

System.out.println(" default constructor of Demo1 ");

class SF

public static void main(String args[])

Demo1 d = new Demo1();

}}

final : final is a keyword and is used w.r.t variable , method and classes. A
final variable cannot be modified i.e. it is used to define a constant. Final
methods cannot be overridden in sub class. Final classes cannot be
extended. If we try to change the value of variable that is declared by using
final keyword then the java compiler gives an error. If we try to override the
final methods in sub classes then java compiler gives an error.

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If we try to extend the final classed then java compiler gives an error. Let us
consider the following program:

final class P

final void m1()

System.out.println("final method");

class C extends P

void m1()

System.out.println("m1 in C");

class FDemo

public static void main(String args[])

final int x=90;

System.out.println(x);

System.out.println(x++);

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Polymorphism:

Polymorphism is an important Object oriented concept and widely used in

Java and other programming language. Polymorphism in java is
supported along with other concept like Abstraction, Encapsulation and
Inheritance.

Polymorphism word comes from ancient Greek where poly means many so
polymorphic are something which can take many form. In this Java
Polymorphism tutorial we will see what is Polymorphism in Java , How
Polymorphism is implemented in Java e.g method overloading and
overriding,

Method Overridding: Writing two or more methods in super and sub classes
such that methods have same name and same signature is called method
overriding. Overriding exists for only instance methods not for static methods.
Even return type must be same up to java1.4 version. We cannot assign weak
access specifier to the overridden method. Final methods cannot be
overridden. Method overriding is an example of run-time polymorphism. At
the execution time it decides which method is called based on the type of the
object.

class P

public void display()

System.out.println(" display of class P ");

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class C extends P

public void display()

System.out.println(" display of class C ");

class Demo

public static void main(String args[])

P p1=new P();

p1.display();

C c1=new C();

c1.display();

P p2= new C();

p2.display();

/* C c2 = new P(); // error

c2.display();*/

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We cannot assign a weaker access specifier to the child class method.

Case 1 class P

Public void m1()

Class C extends P {

Public void m1()

{ valid

Case 2 class P

Public void m1() { ---------------------}

Class C extends P

Void m1() {---------------------------}

Error: because of weak access privilages.

Error: m1 in c cannot override m1 in p; attempting to assign weaker access

privilages.

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Accessibility varies as follows

Super class sub class

Public public

Protected protected, public

<default> public , protected, <default>

Private public , protected , <default>,

private

No overriding for private methods since they cannot be accessed outside the
class.

Method Hidding: If a sub class defines a static methods with the same
signature as a static method in the super class the method in the sub class
hides the method of super class. Method hiding takes for static methods
where as overriding takes for instance methods. Method hiding is an
example of compile time polymorphisms i.e, the type of the object is not
important only the type of the reference is important.

class P

static void m1()

System.out.println(" parent class ");

class C extends P

static void m1()

System.out.println(" CHILD class ");

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}}

class MH

public static void main(String args[])

P p1 =new P();

p1.m1();

C c1 = new C();

c1.m1();

P p2 =new C();

p2.m1();

Output:

with static keyword without static keyword

parent class parent

child class child

parent class child

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Method Overloading: Two or more methods having the same method name
with different signatures is called method overloading. In case of method
overloading the number of parameters or the type of parameters or the order
of parameters must be differed. Return type may or may not be same.
Method overloading is an example of compile time polymorphism i.e., the
method call is decided at the compile time based on the parameters or
parameter types or order of parameters. Method overloading exists within
the same class where as overriding exists in between the classes. Method
overloading exists for instance and static methods.

class MO

public void display()

System.out.println(" hello ");

public void display(int i)

System.out.println(i);

public void display(float m)

System.out.println(m);

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public void display(int x, float m)

System.out.println(x+"\t"+m);

public void display(float m, int x)

System.out.println(x+"\t"+m);

public static void main(String args[])

MO d = new MO();

d.display();

d.display(10);

d.display(100,200.5f);

d.display(11.12f,222);

d.display(10.99f);

}}

Differences between overloading and overriding.

Method Overloading Method Overridding

Same method name and different Same method name and same
signature signature

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Overloading exists for instance and Overriding exists only for instance
static methods methods

Return type may or may not be Return type must be same upto
same java1.4 version

Overloading exists within class Overriding exists in between the

classes

Example of compile time Example of run-time polymorphism

polymorphism

Abstract Methods & Classes:

Abstract Method: A method which has no body/def is called abstract. A

incomplete method is called abstract method. A method without
implementation is called abstract method. Abstract method is declared by
using the keyword abstract.

abstract void display();

abstract int add(int x, int y);

Void display()

} // concrete method

Abstract method cannot be static & final. For abstract method the
implementation is provided in the sub class Abstract classes:

1. Abstract class is a class which contains abstract and concrete

methods. A abstract class can contain zero or more abstract
methods. A abstract class can contain all abstract methods or all
concrete methods or a set abstract and concrete methods.
2. Abstract class is declared by using the keyword abstract. If a class
contains at least one abstract method the class must be declared as
abstract class otherwise it is compile time error.
3. For abstract method the implementation is provided in the sub class
otherwise the class must be declared as abstract
4. For abstract class we cannot create object only we can create
references.

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5. A abstract class reference can be assigned to the implementation

class object.
6. Abstract says what to do but not how to do. How to do is done by the
sub classes. w.r.t the abstract class reference we can call the child
class methods in a unique way.
7. A abstract class can contain constructors but they are called when
sub class objects are created.
8. A abstract class can have instance variables and static variables.
When we created sub class object the memory is allocated for
abstract class variables.

abstract class Shape

public abstract void display();

class Circle extends Shape

public void display()

System.out.println(" circle ");

class Rectangle extends Shape

public void display()

System.out.println(" rectangle ");

class Triangle extends Shape

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public void display()

System.out.println(" Triangle ");

class AbstractDemo2

public static void main(String args[])

Circle cir = new Circle();

Rectangle rect=new Rectangle();

Triangle tri=new Triangle();

cir.display();

rect.display();

tri.display();

System.out.println(" ============");

Shape s;

s=cir;

s.display();

s=rect;

s.display();

s=tri;

s.display();

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abstract class A

public static final int x=100;

abstract class B

public static final int y= 2001;

class AbstractDemo5

public static void main(String args[])

System.out.println(A.x);

System.out.println(B.y);

Java.lang-package: It is the default package available to every class

automatically. There is no need to import this package. It contains the
fundamental classes and interfaces to develop the programs.

Interfaces: Clonaeable , Comparable, Runnable

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Classes:

Object

Wrapper Classes

String

StringBuffer

System

Runtime

Thread

Reflection

Math

Exception,Error, Throwable

Process

Object: It is the class from java.lang package. Object is the super class of all
classes i.e. Every class directly or indirectly inherited from object class.

Programmers code
compiler code

class A class A
extends java.lang.Object

{ {

} }

All objects including arrays inherit the methods of Object class.

toString(): it returns the String representation of the Object

equals(): compares the object references

hashCode(): returns the address of the Object/ returns distinct integers for
distinct Object

finalize(): this method is called by the Garbage Collector before removing

the Object from the memory. finalize() should contain the clean up code

wait() , notify(), notifyAll() all are used in Thread Mechanism.

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class Demo extends Object

public static void main(String args[])

Demo d = new Demo();

Demo d1 =new Demo();

System.out.println(d.toString());

System.out.println(d); // same output : internally d taken as d.toString()

System.out.println(d.hashCode());

System.out.println(d1.hashCode());

System.out.println(d.equals(d1));

d=d1;

System.out.println(d.equals(d1)); // compares hashCode() internally

System.out.println(d.hashCode());

System.out.println(d1.hashCode());

public class Demo1 extends Object

public String toString() {

return "abc";

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public int hashCode() {

return 420;

public static void main(String args[])

Demo1 d = new Demo1();

Demo1 d1=new Demo1();

System.out.println(d.toString());

System.out.println(d);

System.out.println(d.hashCode());

System.out.println(d1.hashCode());

System.out.println(d.equals(d1));

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