Q1: What is the primary function of the digestive system?

",
"A: The primary function is to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and
used by the body."),
Q2: Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth?",
A: Amylase, secreted by the salivary glands."),
"Q3: Where is bile produced, and what is its function?",
A: Bile is produced in the liver, and it helps in the emulsification of fats."),
"Q4: What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?",
"A: It creates an acidic environment for enzyme activity (like pepsin) and helps kill
pathogens."),
Q5: What is the name of the valve that prevents food from entering the trachea during
swallowing?""A: Epiglottis."),
Q6: Which hormone stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes?",
A.Cholecystokinin (CCK)."),
"Q7: What are villi, and what is their function in digestion?",
A: Villi are small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for
nutrient absorption."),
Q8: Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?",
A: The small intestine, particularly the jejunum and ileum."),
Q9: What is the function of the large intestine?",
A: Absorption of water and electrolytes and the formation of feces."),
"Q10: What enzyme breaks down proteins in the stomach?", "A: Pepsin.
Q11: How are fats absorbed in the digestive system?",
A: Fats are emulsified by bile, broken down by lipase into fatty acids, and absorbed via
micelles in the small intestine."),

Q12: What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?",

A: The pancreas produces enzymes like amylase, lipase, and proteases, and bicarbonate to
neutralize stomach acid."),
Q13: What is peristalsis?", A: Peristalsis is the wave-like muscle contractions that move food
through the digestive tract."),
("Q14: What is the role of intrinsic factor in digestion?",
A: Intrinsic factor is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine."),
("Q15: How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect digestion?",
"A: It stimulates digestion by increasing gastric secretions, motility, and enzyme release."),
"Q16: What is the clinical condition called when stomach acid flows back into the
esophagus?", "A: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)."),
"Q17: What is the function of the enzyme trypsin?",
A: Trypsin breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine."),
Q18: What is the primary function of the liver in digestion?",
A: The liver produces bile, processes nutrients, and detoxifies harmful substances."),
Q19: What role does secretin play in digestion?",
A: Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid."),
Q20: What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?",
A: It prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus."),
Q21: Which digestive enzyme breaks down lactose?",

A: Lactase, located in the brush border of the small intestine."),

Q22: What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?",
A: Kupffer cells help remove bacteria, debris, and old red blood cells from the blood."),
Q23: What is the name of the condition in which bile ducts are blocked?", A: Bile duct
obstruction or cholestasis."),
Q24: What is the role of ghrelin in digestion?", A: Ghrelin stimulates hunger and increases
gastric motility.
Q25: What are chylomicrons, and what is their function?",
"A: Chylomicrons are lipoproteins that transport dietary fats from the small intestine to
other tissues via the lymphatic system."),
Q26: How does fiber aid in digestion?", A: Fiber adds bulk to stool, promotes regular bowel
movements, and slows glucose absorption."),
"Q27: What is the term for the breakdown of food into smaller molecules by enzymes?",
A: Chemical digestion.
Q28: What is the role of bicarbonate in digestion?", A: Bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic
chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach."),
Q29: What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?",
A: Helicobacter pylori infection and long-term use of NSAIDs."),
Q30: What is the condition where part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm?", A:
Hiatal hernia.
Q31: Which hormone slows down gastric emptying ?A: Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)."),
Q32: How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?", A: They are absorbed directly into the
bloodstream in the small intestine."),
Q33: What is the process of producing new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the
liver called?", "A: Gluconeogenesis."),
"Q34: What is the condition called when the intestines lose the ability to contract?",
A: Paralytic ileus."),
Q35: What is Barrett's esophagus?",
A: A condition where the esophageal lining is damaged by acid reflux, increasing the risk of
cancer."),

Q36: Which part of the digestive system is responsible for vitamin B12 absorption?",

A: The ileum in the small intestine."),

Q37: What is the function of the hormone motilin?",
"A: Motilin stimulates the migrating motor complex, which clears undigested material from
the stomach and small intestine during fasting."),
Q38: How is glucose transported into the enterocytes of the small intestine?",
A: Via sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT1)."),
Q39: What is the role of the appendix in digestion?",
A: The appendix has no significant role in digestion but may contribute to immune
function."),
Q40: What is lactose intolerance?",
A: A condition where the body cannot properly digest lactose due to a deficiency in lactase
enzyme."),
Q41: What enzyme breaks down sucrose?",
A: Sucrase, located in the brush border of the small intestine."),
Q42: What is the name of the junction between the stomach and the small intestine?", A:
Pyloric sphincter."),
Q43: What is steatorrhea?", A: The presence of excess fat in the stool, usually due to fat
malabsorption."),
Q44: How is vitamin K absorbed in the digestive system?",
A: Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin, is absorbed in the small intestine along with dietary
fats."),
Q45: What is the role of the enzyme lipase?",
A: Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol."),

Q46: What is the role of gastrin in digestion?", A: Gastrin stimulates the secretion of gastric
acid (HCl) from the stomach's parietal cells."),
Q47: How are proteins digested in the stomach?", A: Proteins are broken down by pepsin
into peptides."),
Q48: What is the function of the hormone somatostatin?",
A: Somatostatin inhibits gastric acid secretion and slows down digestion."),
Q49: How is iron absorbed in the digestive system?", A: Iron is absorbed in the duodenum
and is aided by vitamin C."),
Q50: What is the significance of pH in the stomach?",
A: The stomach's low pH (1.5-3.5) provides the acidic environment necessary for pepsin
activity and kills harmful microbes.")

Q1: What is the primary site of protein digestion in the digestive system?",
A: The stomach is the primary site of protein digestion, primarily through the action of
pepsin."),
Q2: How does the structure of the small intestine facilitate absorption?",
A: The small intestine has a large surface area due to folds, villi, and microvilli, which
enhance nutrient absorption."),
Q3: Which organ stores bile before it is released into the small intestine?",
A: The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver."),
Q4: What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?",
A: The pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the
duodenum."),
Q5: What type of digestion occurs in the mouth?",
A: Both mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (salivary amylase action)
occur in the mouth."),
Q6: What is the main function of the liver in digestion?",
A: The liver produces bile, which is essential for fat digestion and absorption."),
Q7: Which digestive enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch?",
A: Salivary amylase is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose."),
Q8: What is the role of enterokinase in the digestive process?",
A: Enterokinase activates trypsinogen into trypsin, which then activates other proteolytic
enzymes."),
Q9: What is the function of the large intestine?",
A: The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, compacts waste, and stores feces until
excretion."),
Q10: How does the pancreas assist in digestion?",
A: The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to help digest carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats."),
Q11: What is the significance of the brush border in the small intestine?",
A: The brush border contains enzymes that complete the digestion of carbohydrates and
proteins and increase surface area for absorption."),
Q12: How are vitamins absorbed in the small intestine?",
A: Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, while fat-soluble
vitamins are absorbed with dietary fats."),
Q13: What is the role of the sphincter of Oddi?",
A: The sphincter of Oddi regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small
intestine."),
Q14: Which hormone stimulates gastric acid secretion?", A: Gastrin stimulates gastric acid
secretion in the stomach."),
Q15: What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the liver?",
A: Hepatitis is the condition characterized by the inflammation of the liver."),
Q16: What is the function of mucous in the digestive system?",
A: Mucous lubricates the digestive tract and protects the lining from digestive acids and
enzymes."),
Q17: How does the body regulate hunger and satiety?",
A: Hormones like ghrelin stimulate hunger, while leptin and insulin signal satiety."),
Q18: What is the impact of a high-fiber diet on the digestive system?",
A: A high-fiber diet promotes regular bowel movements, prevents constipation, and
supports overall gut health."),
Q19: Which structure in the digestive system absorbs most of the nutrients?",
A: The small intestine absorbs most nutrients due to its extensive surface area and
specialized cells."),

Q20: What enzyme is responsible for fat digestion?",

A: Pancreatic lipase is the primary enzyme responsible for fat digestion in the small
intestine."),
Q21: What is an enzyme's role in digestion?",
A: Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions that break down food into smaller, absorbable
molecules."),
Q22: What condition occurs when the stomach acid damages the lining of the stomach?",
A: A peptic ulcer occurs when the stomach acid damages the stomach lining."),
Q23: How does the liver detoxify substances?",
A: The liver metabolizes and detoxifies harmful substances through various enzymatic
pathways."),
Q24: What is the role of sodium in digestion?",
A: Sodium is crucial for the absorption of nutrients and water in the intestines."),
Q25: Which part of the brain regulates the digestive process?",
A: The hypothalamus regulates the digestive process by controlling hunger and satiety
signals."),
Q26: What role do probiotics play in the digestive system?",
A: Probiotics support gut health by maintaining a healthy balance of gut bacteria and aiding
digestion."),
Q27: What is the effect of stress on digestion?",
A: Stress can slow down digestion, lead to stomach upset, and contribute to gastrointestinal
disorders."),
Q28: What is the significance of the hepatic portal vein?",
A: The hepatic portal vein transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the
liver for processing."),
Q29: What is lactose intolerance?",
"A: Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose due to insufficient levels of the
enzyme lactase."),
Q30: What role does bile play in fat digestion?",
A: Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them into smaller droplets to enhance lipase activity."),
Q31: What is the condition called when the lining of the esophagus is damaged due to acid
reflux?", A: Barrett's esophagus."),
Q32: How is dietary fiber beneficial for digestive health?",
A: Dietary fiber aids in regular bowel movements and prevents constipation."),
Q33: What digestive process occurs primarily in the stomach?",
A: Protein digestion primarily occurs in the stomach."),
Q34: How does the body maintain a balanced pH in the stomach?",
A: The body maintains a balanced pH in the stomach through the secretion of hydrochloric
acid and bicarbonate."),
Q35: What is the main source of energy for the body's cells?",
A: Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells, derived from carbohydrate
digestion."),
Q36: How are amino acids absorbed in the small intestine?",
A: Amino acids are absorbed through active transport mechanisms in the small intestine."),
Q37: What is the role of the intestinal microbiome in digestion?",
A: The intestinal microbiome aids in digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall gut
health."),
Q38: What condition results from the failure to absorb sufficient water in the large
intestine?",
A: Diarrhea results from the failure to absorb sufficient water in the large intestine."),
Q39: What is the role of pepsinogen in digestion?",
A: Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin that is activated by stomach acid to digest
proteins."),
Q40: How do bile salts aid in fat digestion?",
A: Bile salts emulsify fats, increasing their surface area for enzyme action."),
Q41: What is the clinical significance of measuring blood glucose levels?",
A: Measuring blood glucose levels helps diagnose and manage diabetes and other metabolic
disorders."),

Q42: What are the main functions of the digestive system?",

A: The main functions are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste."),
Q43: How does the structure of the small intestine facilitate nutrient absorption?",
A: The small intestine has villi and microvilli that increase surface area for absorption."),
Q44: What is the main enzyme for starch digestion?",
A: Amylase is the main enzyme for starch digestion."),
Q45: What is a common treatment for peptic ulcers?",
"A: Common treatments include proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, and antacids."),
Q46: How does fiber contribute to digestive health?",
A: Fiber promotes regular bowel movements and prevents constipation."),
Q47: What is the importance of saliva in digestion?",
A: Saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates and aids in
swallowing."),
Q48: What is the impact of alcohol on the digestive system?",
A: Alcohol can irritate the stomach lining and impair nutrient absorption."),
Q49: How does the body regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes?",
A: The body regulates enzyme secretion through hormonal signals like gastrin and CCK."),
("Q50: What is the primary cause of constipation?",
A: Insufficient fiber intake, dehydration, and lack of physical activity are primary causes of
constipation.")