Lecturer: Dr.

Huynh Vo Trung Dung

 1. Basic Computing Concepts

2. Networking Principles

3. Computer Hardware

4. Computer Software

2
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

1.Define the common terminologies in a

computer system;

2.Know the needed components and how to

connect to the Internet;

3. Basic knowledge of hardware and

software.

3
Basic Computing Concepts

4
WHAT IS A COMPUTER ?

DEFINITION? A computer is an electronic device

that manipulates information, or “data”. It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

USAGE? You can use a computer to type documents,

send email, and surf the Internet. You can also use it to
handle spreadsheets, accounting, financing, database
management, presentations, play games, and more.

5
 COMPUTER SIMPLIFIED

All types of computers consist of two

basic parts:

Hardware is any part of your

computer that has a physical structure,
such as the computer monitor or
keyboard.

Software is any set of instructions that

tells the hardware what to do. It is what
guides the hardware and tells it how to Inside a Computer - Part of the
accomplish each task. Some examples of Computer Motherboard
software are web browsers, games, and
word processors.

The first electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC),
was developed in 1946. It measured 18 feet by 80 feet and weighed 30 tons.
6
 TYPES OF COMPUTER

Desktop Computers
- The term desktop actually refers to
the casing, or the tower. Once you add
a monitor, mouse, and a keyboard, you
have what is typically known as a
desktop computer.
- Most desktop computers are easy to
upgrade and expand, or add new parts.
- Cost reduction.
- The term desktop computer originated
when the computer case was wide and
flat, and was designed specifically
to fit on your desktop with the monitor
on top.
7
 TYPES OF COMPUTER…

Laptop Computers
- Battery or AC-powered personal
computers.
- Can be easily carried and used in a
variety of locations.
- Difficult to expand or upgrade.
While the desktop computer case is
relatively easy to open and access
internal components, the small
laptop case makes this more
difficult in comparison.
- A laptop computer is sometimes
called a notebook computer because
of its size.
8
TYPES OF COMPUTER…
Others
o Workstations are similar to desktop computers, but are more powerful and
are usually connected to a network.
o Servers are specialized computers that store and deliver, or “serve up”,
information to other computers on a network (file/database/web/… servers).
o Main-frames computers are powerful computers used mainly by large
organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as
census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and
financial transaction processing.
o Supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing
capacity, particularly speed of calculation.

9
OPERATING SYSTEMS

DEFINE?
- The most important software that runs on a computer (Software is any
set of instructions that performs some task on a computer.)

PURPOSE?
- Performs many essential tasks for your computer.
- Controls the memory needed for computer processes, manages disk
space, controls peripheral devices, and allows you to communicate with
the computer without knowing exactly how a computer works.
- Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

ILLUSTRATION: Booting process

TYPES:

10
11
12
13
 OPERATING SYSTEMS: TYPES

WINDOWS MACOS LINUX

proprietary software of proprietary software of
open source or free
Microsoft Apple
various versions
mid-1980s started in 1984 started in the 1990s
circulate in Apple extremely popular in
extend to mobile market
products only businesses (SERVERS)
12% of the operating
over 80% of computer 8% of the market share
systems market as of
users for home users
March 2015

Latest version: Windows Latest version of MacOS: Two popular distributions:

10 Big Sur Ubuntu and Red Hat

14
BASIC PARTS OF A COMPUTER

- All of the basic parts of a desktop computer are considered hardware.

- Inside the computer case: main board + RAM + CPU + SDD + Power
supply unit [+VGA/Sound/… Cards]
- and monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord, Optical/Blu-ray
disks are considered as peripherals

15
 Chipset External peripherals
PCIe

Socket

USB
port

16
SATA & IDE connectors
CPU
CPU/Processor (Central Processing Unit)
- The brain of the computer, or the computer's engine.
- Carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse,
or start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU.
- The processor determines how fast a computer can execute
instructions.
- A processor’s speed is measured in megahertz (MHZ), or millions
of instructions per second, and gigahertz (GHZ), or billions of
instructions per second.
- The power of the processor is measured in bits. The more bits a
processor can handle, the more data it can handle, and therefore,
the more powerful the processor.

17
RAM

− RAM (Random Access Memory) is the system’s short-term

memory. Data is temporarily stored here until you save your work
to the hard disk. RAM is used by the system to store data that is
processed by a computer’s CPU.
− The computer’s work takes place in RAM. This is where
programs run when you are using Word to create a letter, or Excel
to produce a company spreadsheet.
− The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do
at the same time, and the faster your computer performs certain
tasks. RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB).
Note: A bit is the smallest unit of data in computer processing. A byte
is a group of eight bits. A megabyte is about one million bytes. A gigabyte
is 1,024 megabytes.
Example: A printed page of single-spaced text contains about 3,000
characters. One MB holds about 400 pages of single-spaced text.

18
BASIC PARTS OF A COMPUTER…
PORTS
PS/2 Port
These ports are called PS/2 ports and are used for
the mouse and keyboard.
Ethernet Port
This port looks a lot like the modem or telephone
port but it is actually wider.
Audio In/Audio Out
Every computer has a bank of audio ports where
you can connect various devices, including speakers,
microphones, headsets, and more.
VGA Port
Your monitor is connected to this port.
USB Port
The Universal Serial Bus let you attach a variety of
devices such as mice, printers, keyboards, web
cameras, USB/flash drives, and digital cameras to
your computer quickly.

19
 Networking principles

21
COMPUTER NETWORK
DEFINE: A network is a group of two or more computer systems
linked together. There are many types of computer networks,
including:
• Local-Area Networks (LANs): The computers are geographically
close together (that is, in the same building).
• Wide-Area Networks (WANs): The computers are farther apart and
are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
• Campus-Area Networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited
geographic area, such as a campus or military base.
• Metropolitan-Area Networks (MANs): A data network designed for a
town or a city.
• Home-Area Networks (HANs): A network contained within a user's
home that connects a person's digital devices.
 Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes.
22
INTERNET
A global network connecting millions of
computers. More than 100 countries are linked
into exchanges of data, news and opinions.
Unlike online services, which are centrally
controlled, the Internet is decentralized by
design. Each Internet computer, called a host,
is independent.
Its operators can choose which Internet
services to use and which local services to
make available to the global Internet
community.
There are a variety of ways to access the
Internet. It is also possible to gain access
through a commercial Internet Service
Provider (ISP)
The Internet is not synonymous with World
Wide Web.
23
HOW TO CONNECT TO INTERNET?

REQUIREMENTS: An Internet Service Provider (ISP), a modem, and an

Internet browser.
TYPES OF INTERNET ACCESS:
o Dial-up access: usually the least expensive way to access the Internet; however,
slowest. A phone line and PC modem are required. Can't use the phone and
computer at the same time.
o DSL, or Digital Subscriber Line, provides high-speed, Internet access through
a phone line. Can talk on the telephone and access the Internet at the same time.
A DSL modem and an Ethernet card are required for installation. A splitter may
also be required to filter the DSL signal from the low frequency voice signal.
o Cable access: is provided through local TV cable. Like DSL access, it is
considered broadband, high-speed Internet access.
o Satellite access: used in locations where there is no broadband cable or DSL
Internet available, most expensive. Satellite access is available across the
world and can provide you with a broadband connection.
o Mobile access: via cellular network (GSM/CDMA): very portable but higher cost
than DSL.

24
REQUIRED HARDWARE

Modem
a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example,
telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas
information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog
waves. A modem converts between these two forms.
The type of Internet access will determine what type of modem: Dial-up access uses
a telephone modem, which may come installed on your computer, DSL service uses
a DSL modem, Cable access uses a cable modem, and Satellite service uses
a satellite adapter.
Network Card
− A network card is a piece of hardware that allows computers to communicate over a
computer network. Most newer computers have a network card built into the
motherboard.
Router
− A router is a hardware device that allows you to use several computers on a single
Internet connection from your ISP.
− With a router, all the computers in your home can connect to the Internet and all you
pay for is one account with an ISP and one IP address. Additionally, cable, DSL, and
satellite users can use a router as a hardware firewall.
25
26
27
Learning Objectives

1. Outline the major technologies and uses of

computer peripherals for input, output, and
storage.

2. Identify and give example of the components and

functions of a computer system.

3. Identify the computer systems and peripherals

you would acquire or recommend for a business
of your choice, and explain the reasons for your
selections.

28
HARDWARE BASICS

Hardware components include:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Primary storage
3. Secondary storage
4. Input device
5. Output device
6. Communication device

29
HARDWARE BASICS

30
COMPUTER HARDWARE FUNCTIONS

Input
⚫ Keyboards, mouse, optical scanners
⚫ Convert data into electronic form

Processing
⚫ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
⚫ Arithmetic-logic unit performs the arithmetic functions
⚫ Control unit

Output
⚫ Video display units, printers, etc.
⚫ Convert electronic information into human-intelligible form

31
COMPUTER HARDWARE FUNCTIONS

Storage
⚫ Primary Storage Unit or memory

⚫ Secondary Storage

⚫ Magnetic disks and Optical disks

Control
⚫ Control unit of the CPU

⚫ Controls the other components of the computer

32
Computer System Components

System unit

33
Central Processing Unit

Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - the

actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software)
instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices
work together

⚫ Control unit - interprets software instructions and literally tells

the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software
instructions

⚫ Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - performs all arithmetic

operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic
operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)
34
Hardware Components in Action

⚫ Instruction phase
⚫ Step 1: Fetch instruction
⚫ Access the primary memory by the control unit, computer
program is a sequence of instructions.
⚫ Step 2: Decode instruction
⚫ The instruction is decoded  the central processor can
understand what is to be done.

⚫ Execution phase
⚫ Step 3: Execute the instruction
⚫ The ALU does what is instructed to do

⚫ Step 4: Store the results in memory

⚫ Step 5: Write back : write the results of the instruction back to
memory
35
 Computer Processing Speeds

⚫ MIPS – million instructions per second

⚫ Teraflops– trillions of floating point operations per

second (Supercomputer)

⚫ Clock speed of the computer:

⚫ Megahertz (MHz) – millions of cycles per second

⚫ Gigahertz (GHz) – billions of cycles per second

37
 Primary Storage

⚫ Primary storage - the computer’s main memory,

which consists of the random access memory (RAM),
cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM)
that is directly accessible to the CPU

38
 Semiconductor memory

Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips

Used for primary storage

Advantage
⚫ Small size
⚫ Fast
⚫ Shock and temperature resistance

Disadvantage
⚫ Volatility: must have uninterrupted electric power or lose
memory

39
 Random Access Memory (RAM)

⚫ Random access memory (RAM) - the computer’s primary

working memory, in which program instructions and data are
stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the
processor’s high-speed external data bus

⚫ Volatility: do not retain its contents when the power is switched off

⚫ Save work frequently

40
 Random Access Memory (RAM)

⚫ Cache memory

⚫ Small unit of ultra-fast memory

⚫ Used to store recently accessed or

frequently accessed data → CPU
does not have to retrieve this data
from slower memory such as
RAM.

41
 Read Only Memory (ROM)

⚫ ROM: read only memory

⚫ The portion of a computer’s

primary storage that does not lose
its contents when one switches off
the power → Permanent storage

⚫ Can be read but cannot be

overwritten

⚫ Store start-up program frequently

used programs burnt into chips
during manufacturing (called
firmware)

42
 Flash Drive – USB Stick

⚫ New type of permanent storage

⚫ A special
type of rewritable ROM that
is compact and portable
⚫ Uses semiconductor memory
➢ Also called jump drives, USB flash
drives, thumb drives, USB disk etc.
➢ Memory card, memory stick

43
 Input Devices

⚫ Input device - equipment used to capture

information and commands

⚫ Manual input devices

⚫ Joystick
⚫ Keyboard
⚫ Microphone

⚫ Automated input devices

⚫ Bar code scanner
⚫ Digital camera
⚫ Magnetic ink character reader

45
 Popular input devices

⚫ Keyboard

⚫ most widely-used

⚫ provides a set of alphabetic, numeric, punctuation, symbol and control

keys.

⚫ Mouse

⚫ One or more control buttons housed in a palm size case and designed so
that one can move it on the table.

⚫ Point & click

46
 Pointing Devices

⚫ Touchpad – Small rectangular touch-

sensitive surface
➢ Moves the cursor in the direction of finger
moves on the pad.

⚫ Touch Screen – use computer by touching

screen
➢ Video display screen that emits a grid of
infrared beams, sound waves, or a slight
electric current.

➢ Grid is broken when the screen is touched.

47
 Automated Input Devices
• Optical data readers: read text or graphic and store as an
digital image.
✓ Optical character recognition: read and convert to text
✓ Point-of-sale (POS) devices: terminal used in retail
operations to enter sales information into computer system.
• Bar code scanner: point of sales, inventory
• Magnetic strip: Can hold about kilobytes of information.
✓ Smartcard: that embed a microprocessor chip and several
kilobytes of memory (like credit card, debit card)

48
 Automated Input Devices
• Digital cameras: captures still images or video as a series of 0s and 1s
• Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices: special I/O devices, a
terminal of most bank customers

• Radio-frequency identification (RFID): library, uses active or

passive tags in the form of chips or smart label that can store unique
identifier and relay this information to electronic readers.

49
 Output Technologies
⚫ Video displays
⚫ Cathode ray tube (CRT) like a television
⚫ Most desktop PC screens
⚫ Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
⚫ Laptop and PDAs, some PCs

⚫ Printed Output
⚫ Inkjet printer
⚫ Spray ink on page
⚫ Laser printer
⚫ Electrostatic process like photocopying machine

⚫ Voice response systems

50
 Secondary Storage Devices

⚫ Main memory provides only small amount of

storage area for data, instruction, information.

⚫ Computer needs store larger amount of data,

instruction and information, more permanently than
primary memory  Secondary storage devices

51
 Computer Storage Fundamentals

⚫ Binary representation

⚫ Data are processed and stored in computer system through the presence
or absence of signals

⚫ Either ON or OFF

⚫ ON = number 1

⚫ OFF = number 0

52
 Bit and Byte

⚫ Bit (short for binary digit)

⚫ Smallest element of data

⚫ Either zero or one

⚫ Byte

⚫ Group of eight bits which operate as a single unit

⚫ Represents one character or number

53
 Representing characters in bytes
(using coding scheme)

54
 Computers use binary system to calculate

55
 Communication Devices

⚫ Communication device - equipment used to send information and

receive it from one location to another
➢ Dial-up access
➢ Cable
➢ Digital subscriber line
➢ Wireless
➢ Satellite

58
 Communication

59
 Computer Software

60
Learning Objectives

1. Describe several important trends occurring in

computer software.
2. Give examples of major types of application and
system software.
3. Explain the purpose of several popular software
packages for end user productivity and collaborative
computing.
4. Define and describe the functions of an operating
system.
5. Describe the main uses of computer programming
software, tools, and languages.

61
Types of software

62
Software types

Application software

Performs information processing tasks for end users

System software

Manages and supports operations of computer systems

and networks

63
Application software

General purpose
 Programs that perform common information
processing jobs for end users
 e.g., word processing, spreadsheet, etc.
 also called productivity packages
Application-specific
 Programs that support specific applications of end
users
 e.g., electronic commerce, customer relationship
management, etc.

64
Software classifications

 Classify based on how it was developed

 Custom software
 Software applications that are developed within an
organization for use by that organization
 COTS software
 Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS)
 Software developed with the intention of selling the software
in multiple copies
 Why would you choose Custom over COTS?
 Why would you choose COTS over Custom?

65
Software: for sale/free/rent

 Commercial software

 Proprietary software or package software

 Copyright: exclusive legal right
 Software license: the right to use
 You don’t buy software: you buy a license to use the software
under the terms of the licensing agreement
 Licensed to protect the vendor’s property right
 Public-domain software

 Not protected by copyright

 E.g., open-source software
67
Software: for sale, for free or for rent ?

 Shareware
 Distributed free of charge but requires users to make
a monetary contribution to continue using it
 Freeware
 Copyright software that is distributed free of
charge
 Rental-ware
 The users lease software
 Pirated software # counterfeit software

68
Software Suites

 Software suites integrate software packages

 Advantages
 Cost less than buying individual packages

 All have a similar GUI

 Work together well

 Disadvantages
 Features not used by all users

 Take a lot of disk space

69
Software Suites

70
Web Browser
 Software applications that support navigation through the point-and-
click resources of the Web

 Surfing the web

 Becoming a universal software platform for Internet-based applications

 Microsoft Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome

or Mozilla

72
E-mail, Instant Messaging and Weblogs
 E-mail

 Software to communicate by sending and receiving messages and attachments via the
Internet, intranet or extranet

 Instant messaging (IM)

 Receive electronic messages instantly

 Weblog or blog

 A personal website in dated log format

 Updated with new information about a subject or range of subjects

73
Word processing and Desktop publishing

 Word processing
 Create, edit, revise and print documents
 E.g., Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro and Corel
WordPerfect

 Desktop Publishing
 Produce printed materials that look professionally
published
 E.g., Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher and
QuarkXPress

74
Electronic Spreadsheets and Presentation Graphics

 Electronic Spreadsheets
 Worksheet of rows and columns
 Used for calculations and charts
 E.g., Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel, Corel QuatroPro
 Presentation Graphics
 Convert numeric data into graphics displays
 Prepare multimedia presentations including graphics,
photos, animation, and video clips
 E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance, Corel
Presentations
75
System software

 Software that manages and supports a computer

system
 System management programs
 Programs that manage hardware, software, network, and
data resources
 E.g., operating systems, network management programs,
database management systems, systems utilities

 Systems development programs

 Programs that help users develop information system
programs

79
Popular Operating Systems
 Windows
 GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
 Microsoft’s operating system
 Different versions manage servers
 Unix
 Multitasking, multiuser, network-managing
 Portable – can run on mainframes, midrange and PCs
 Linux
 Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like operating system
 Open-source
 MAC OS X
 Apple operating system for the iMac
 GUI, multitasking, multimedia

86
Programming Languages

88
Object-Oriented Languages (5th Language)

 Combine data elements and

the procedures that will be
performed upon them into
Objects

 E.g., an object could be data

about a bank account and
the procedures performed
on it such as interest
calculations
Object-Oriented Languages

 Most widely used software development languages today

 Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-oriented user interfaces

 Reusable: can use an object from one application in another application

 E.g., Visual Basic, C++, Java….

94
Examples: Web Languages
 HTML
 A page description language that creates hypertext
documents for the Web
 XML
 Describes the contents of Web pages by applying
identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web
documents
 Java
 Object-oriented programming language that is simple,
secure and platform independent
 Java applets can be executed on any computer

95