Assignment # 01
Subject:
Application of ICT-Lab/ITC
Submitted To:
Shumaila Anwar
Submitted By:
Nida Asghar
(Sp24_BEN_010)
Date:
18-Sep, 2024
COMSATS University Islamabad
Vehari Campus
Topic: Generations Of Computer
1: First Generation (1940-1956)
Characteristics:
-Vacuum tubes (thermonic valves)
- Large size, heavy, and expensive
- Limited programming capabilities
- Used punched cards or magnetic drums for storage
Examples:
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
- UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer)
Diagram
Vacuum Tubes. Central Processing(Unit CPU)
Punched Cards Magnetic Drums
2: Second Generation (1956-1963)
Characteristics
-Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
- Smaller, faster, and more reliable
- Introduced assembly languages
- Used magnetic tapes for storage
Examples:
- IBM 7090
- TRADIC (Transistor Digital Computer)
Diagram:
Transistors. CPU
Magnetic Tapes. Assembly Language
3: Third Generation (1964-1971)*
Characteristics:
- Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced transistors
- Further miniaturization and increased performance
- Introduced high-level programming languages
- Used magnetic disks for storage
Examples:
- IBM 370
- PDP-8 (Programmed Data Processor)
Diagram:
Integrated. CPU
Magnetic Disks. Heigh level Programming:
4: Fourth Generation (1971-1980)
Characteristics:
- Microprocessors replaced ICs
- Personal computers emerged
- Introduced graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
- Used floppy disks and hard disks for storage
Examples:
- Apple II
- IBM PC
Diagram:
Microprocessor. CPU
Floppy Disks Graphic User Interface
5: Fifth Generation (1980-1990)
Characteristics:
- Artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems
- Parallel processing and supercomputers
- Introduced relational databases
- Used CD-ROMs and DVDs for storage
Examples:
- Cray X-MP
- Sun Microsystems
Diagram:
Artificial Intelligence CD-ROMs/DVDs
Relational Databases
6: Sixth Generation (1990-Present)*
Characteristics:
- Internet and web technologies
- Mobile devices and cloud computing
- Introduced big data and analytics
- Used flash memory and solid-state drives (SSDs) for storage
Examples:
- Smartphones (e.g., iPhone, Android)
- Cloud computing platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure)
Diagram:
Internet/Web. Mobile Devices
Cloud Computing. Big Data/Analytics
Flash Memory /SSD
