NETWORKING CONCEPTS

Computer network:

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers.

A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected to each other.

The network allows computers to communicate with each other and share resources
and information. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) designed
"Advanced Research Projects Agency Network" (ARPANET) for the United States
Department of Defense. It was the first computer network in the world in late 1960s and
early 1970s.
Types of Networks
There are two principle kinds of networks: Wide Area Networks (WANs) and
Local Area Networks (LANs).
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network or computer network that
extends over a large geographical distance. Wide area networks are often established
with leased telecommunication circuits.
Business, education and government entities use wide area networks to relay data to
staff, students, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various locations across the world. In
essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its
daily function regardless of location.
Examples of- WAN technology: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN)
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small

area. Most often, a LAN is confined to a single room, building or group of
buildings; however, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any
distance via telephone lines and radio waves.

Examples of LAN technology: Ethernet, Token Ring, and Fibber Distributed Data
Interconnect (FDDI). Ethernet LANs: based on a bus topology and broadcast
communication Token ring LANs: based on ring topology FDDI LANs: use optical fibbers
and an improved token ring mechanism based on two rings flowing in opposite directions.
INTRANET
An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of
many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network.
Typically, an intranet includes connections through one or more gateway computers to
the outside Internet. The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information
and computing resources among employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate
working in groups and for teleconferences.

An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet protocols and in general looks like
a private version of the Internet. With tunneling, companies can send private messages
through the public network, using the public network with special
encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect one part of their
intranet to another.

INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. A computer that
connects to the Internet can access information from a vast number of servers and other
computers. An Internet connection also allows the computer to send information onto the
network; that information may be saved and ultimately accessed by a variety of servers
and other computers.

INTERNET ACTIVITY
The whole internet network is running on the concept of Server and Client relationship.

Servers are computers with a 24-hour Internet connection that provide access to their files
and programs. These can be but are not limited to educational institutions, commercial
companies, organizations, government or military organizations, Internet access providers
and various other computer networks of all sizes.

Clients are software programs (and the people on remote computers using the software!)
used to access files on a server (typically, a Web browsing program such as Netscape
Navigator or an e-mail program such as Eudora).

Web Browser
A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with
text, images, videos, music, games and other information typically located on a web page
at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a web
page can contain hyperlinks to other web pages at the same or different website. Web
browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many web
pages at many web sites by traversing these links. For Ex: Internet Explorer, Fire Fox etc
Webpage
A web page is a document, typically written in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language),
which displays information on the web browser.

Web Server
A computer program that is responsible for accepting request for website from a client
computer and serving them along with data contents, which usually are web pages such
asHTML documents and linked objects (images, etc.).

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

File Transfer Protocol is a network protocol used to exchange and manipulate files over a
computer network, such as the Internet.

Internet Protocol
IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer has the task of delivering distinguished
protocol datagram’s (packets) from the source host to the destination host solely based
on their addresses. For this purpose the Internet Protocol defines addressing methods and
structures for datagram encapsulation.

World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web (commonly abbreviated as "the Web") is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, one can view Web
pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between
them using hyperlinks. The World Wide Web was started in 1989 by the English physicist
Sir Tim Berners Lee. The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the
Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in
popularizing use of the Internet.

Website
A website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that
are hosted on one web server, usually accessible via the Internet.

For Ex: www.santabanta.com, www.pasighat.com, www.micegroup.net,

www.arunachalpradesh.nic.in, www.cbseresults.nic.in
E-Mail Address
An e-mail address identifies a location to which e-mail messages can be
delivered. An e-mail address on the modern Internet looks like, for example,
jsmith@example.com and is usually read as "jsmith at example dot com". Many
earlier e-mail systems had different formats for e-mail addresses.

E-mail addresses, such as jsmith@example.com, have two parts. The part before the
@ sign is the local-part of the address, often the username of the recipient
(jsmith), and the part after the @ sign is the domain which is a hostname where
the e-mail will be sent (example.com). For Ex. amar@yahoo.com,
ravi12@rediffmail.com etc.

Chatting
Chatting is one of the most popular activities on the Internet and involves people from all
walks off life and just about all ages to coming together in areas where they can join in on in
a variety of topics that they are interested in with people all around the world. Traditionally
chat is text based but can also involve audio and video. In public chat areas people use "user
names" or "nicknames" or sometimes represent themselves as graphical icons or "avatars" as
they are known in the chat world.

URL
In computing, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a type of Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI) that specifies where an identified resource is available and the mechanism for
retrieving it. In some cases URL has also stood (for comedy effect) for Ultimate Resource
Locator.