JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is used to create client-side dynamic pages.

JavaScript is an object-based scripting language which is lightweight and

cross-platform.

JavaScript is not a compiled language, but it is a translated language. The

JavaScript Translator (embedded in the browser) is responsible for
translating the JavaScript code for the web browser.

What is JavaScript
JavaScript (js) is a light-weight object-oriented programming language which
is used by several websites for scripting the webpages. It is an interpreted,
full-fledged programming language that enables dynamic interactivity on
websites when applied to an HTML document. It was introduced in the year
1995 for adding programs to the webpages in the Netscape Navigator
browser. Since then, it has been adopted by all other graphical web
browsers. With JavaScript, users can build modern web applications to
interact directly without reloading the page every time. The traditional
website uses js to provide several forms of interactivity and simplicity.

Although, JavaScript has no connectivity with Java programming language.

The name was suggested and provided in the times when Java was gaining
popularity in the market. In addition to web browsers, databases such as
CouchDB and MongoDB uses JavaScript as their scripting and query
language.

Features of JavaScript
There are following features of JavaScript:

1. All popular web browsers support JavaScript as they provide built-in

execution environments.
2. JavaScript follows the syntax and structure of the C programming
language. Thus, it is a structured programming language.
3. JavaScript is a weakly typed language, where certain types are
implicitly cast (depending on the operation).
4. JavaScript is an object-oriented programming language that uses
prototypes rather than using classes for inheritance.
 5. It is a light-weighted and interpreted language.
6. It is a case-sensitive language.
7. JavaScript is supportable in several operating systems including,
Windows, macOS, etc.
8. It provides good control to the users over the web browsers.

History of JavaScript
In 1993, Mosaic, the first popular web browser, came into existence. In
the year 1994, Netscape was founded by Marc Andreessen. He realized
that the web needed to become more dynamic. Thus, a 'glue language' was
believed to be provided to HTML to make web designing easy for designers
and part-time programmers. Consequently, in 1995, the company
recruited Brendan Eich intending to implement and embed Scheme
programming language to the browser. But, before Brendan could start, the
company merged with Sun Microsystems for adding Java into its Navigator
so that it could compete with Microsoft over the web technologies and
platforms. Now, two languages were there: Java and the scripting language.
Further, Netscape decided to give a similar name to the scripting language
as Java's. It led to 'Javascript'. Finally, in May 1995, Marc Andreessen coined
the first code of Javascript named 'Mocha'. Later, the marketing team
replaced the name with 'LiveScript'. But, due to trademark reasons and
certain other reasons, in December 1995, the language was finally renamed
to 'JavaScript'. From then, JavaScript came into existence.

Application of JavaScript
JavaScript is used to create interactive websites. It is mainly used for:

o Client-side validation,
o Dynamic drop-down menus,
o Displaying date and time,
o Displaying pop-up windows and dialog boxes (like an alert dialog box,
confirm dialog box and prompt dialog box),
o Displaying clocks etc.

JavaScript Example
1. <script>
2. document.write("Hello JavaScript by JavaScript"); 3. </script>
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language. It is designed for
creating network-centric applications. It is complimentary to and integrated with
Java. JavaScript is very easy to implement because it is integrated with HTML. It is
open and cross-platform.

Why to Learn Javascript

Javascript is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great
Software Engineer specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I
will list down some of the key advantages of learning Javascript:
 Javascript is the most popular programming language in the world and that
makes it a programmer’s great choice. Once you learnt Javascript, it helps
you developing great front-end as well as back-end softwares using different
Javascript based frameworks like jQuery, Node.JS etc.
 Javascript is everywhere, it comes installed on every modern web browser
and so to learn Javascript you really do not need any special environment
setup. For example Chrome, Mozilla Firefox , Safari and every browser you
know as of today, supports Javascript.
 Javascript helps you create really beautiful and crazy fast websites. You can
develop your website with a console like look and feel and give your users the
best Graphical User Experience.
 JavaScript usage has now extended to mobile app development, desktop app
development, and game development. This opens many opportunities for you
as Javascript Programmer.
 Due to high demand, there is tons of job growth and high pay for those who
know JavaScript. You can navigate over to different job sites to see what
having JavaScript skills looks like in the job market.
 Great thing about Javascript is that you will find tons of frameworks and
Libraries already developed which can be used directly in your software
development to reduce your time to market.
There could be 1000s of good reasons to learn Javascript Programming. But one
thing for sure, to learn any programming language, not only Javascript, you just
need to code, and code and finally code until you become expert.

Hello World using Javascript

Just to give you a little excitement about Javascript programming, I'm going to
give you a small conventional Javascript Hello World program, You can try it using
Demo link
Live Demo
<html>
 <body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

There are many useful Javascript frameworks and libraries available:

 Angular
 React
 jQuery
 Vue.js
 Ext.js
 Ember.js
 Meteor
 Mithril
 Node.js
 Polymer
 Aurelia
 Backbone.js
It is really impossible to give a complete list of all the available Javascript
frameworks and libraries. The Javascript world is just too large and too much new is
happening.

Applications of Javascript Programming

As mentioned before, Javascript is one of the most widely used programming
languages (Front-end as well as Back-end). It has it's presence in almost every
area of software development. I'm going to list few of them here:
 Client side validation - This is really important to verify any user input before
submitting it to the server and Javascript plays an important role in validting
those inputs at front-end itself.
 Manipulating HTML Pages - Javascript helps in manipulating HTML page on
the fly. This helps in adding and deleting any HTML tag very easily using
javascript and modify your HTML to change its look and feel based on
different devices and requirements.
 User Notifications - You can use Javascript to raise dynamic pop-ups on the
webpages to give different types of notifications to your website visitors.
 Back-end Data Loading - Javascript provides Ajax library which helps in
loading back-end data while you are doing some other processing. This really
gives an amazing experience to your website visitors.
  Presentations - JavaScript also provides the facility of creating presentations
which gives website look and feel. JavaScript provides RevealJS and
BespokeJS libraries to build a web-based slide presentations.
 Server Applications - Node JS is built on Chrome's Javascript runtime for
building fast and scalable network applications. This is an event based library
which helps in developing very sophisticated server applications including
Web Servers.

What is JavaScript ?
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is lightweight and most
commonly used as a part of web pages, whose implementations allow client-side
script to interact with the user and make dynamic pages. It is an interpreted
programming language with object-oriented capabilities.
JavaScript was first known as LiveScript, but Netscape changed its name to
JavaScript, possibly because of the excitement being generated by Java. JavaScript
made its first appearance in Netscape 2.0 in 1995 with the name LiveScript. The
general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet
Explorer, and other web browsers.
The ECMA-262 Specification defined a standard version of the core JavaScript
language.

 JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

 Designed for creating network-centric applications.
 Complementary to and integrated with Java.
 Complementary to and integrated with HTML.
 Open and cross-platform

Client-Side JavaScript
Client-side JavaScript is the most common form of the language. The script should
be included in or referenced by an HTML document for the code to be interpreted by
the browser.
It means that a web page need not be a static HTML, but can include programs that
interact with the user, control the browser, and dynamically create HTML content.
The JavaScript client-side mechanism provides many advantages over traditional
CGI server-side scripts. For example, you might use JavaScript to check if the user
has entered a valid e-mail address in a form field.
The JavaScript code is executed when the user submits the form, and only if all the
entries are valid, they would be submitted to the Web Server.
JavaScript can be used to trap user-initiated events such as button clicks, link
navigation, and other actions that the user initiates explicitly or implicitly.

Advantages of JavaScript
The merits of using JavaScript are −
 Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the
page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on
your server.
 Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don't have to wait for a page
reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.
 Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user
hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.
 Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-
and-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

Limitations of JavaScript
We cannot treat JavaScript as a full-fledged programming language. It lacks the
following important features −
 Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files. This has
been kept for security reason.
 JavaScript cannot be used for networking applications because there is no
such support available.
 JavaScript doesn't have any multi-threading or multiprocessor capabilities.
Once again, JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that
allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.

JavaScript Development Tools

One of major strengths of JavaScript is that it does not require expensive
development tools. You can start with a simple text editor such as Notepad. Since it
is an interpreted language inside the context of a web browser, you don't even need
to buy a compiler.
To make our life simpler, various vendors have come up with very nice JavaScript
editing tools. Some of them are listed here −
 Microsoft FrontPage − Microsoft has developed a popular HTML editor
called FrontPage. FrontPage also provides web developers with a number of
JavaScript tools to assist in the creation of interactive websites.
 Macromedia Dreamweaver MX − Macromedia Dreamweaver MX is a very
popular HTML and JavaScript editor in the professional web development
 crowd. It provides several handy prebuilt JavaScript components, integrates
well with databases, and conforms to new standards such as XHTML and
XML.
 Macromedia HomeSite 5 − HomeSite 5 is a well-liked HTML and JavaScript
editor from Macromedia that can be used to manage personal websites
effectively.

Where is JavaScript Today ?

The ECMAScript Edition 5 standard will be the first update to be released in over
four years. JavaScript 2.0 conforms to Edition 5 of the ECMAScript standard, and
the difference between the two is extremely minor.
The specification for JavaScript 2.0 can be found on the following
site: http://www.ecmascript.org/
Today, Netscape's JavaScript and Microsoft's JScript conform to the ECMAScript
standard, although both the languages still support the features that are not a part of
the standard.

JavaScript - Syntax
JavaScript can be implemented using JavaScript statements that are placed within
the <script>... </script> HTML tags in a web page.
You can place the <script> tags, containing your JavaScript, anywhere within your web
page, but it is normally recommended that you should keep it within the <head> tags.
The <script> tag alerts the browser program to start interpreting all the text between
these tags as a script. A simple syntax of your JavaScript will appear as follows.
<script ...>
JavaScript code
</script>
The script tag takes two important attributes −
 Language − This attribute specifies what scripting language you are using.
Typically, its value will be javascript. Although recent versions of HTML (and
XHTML, its successor) have phased out the use of this attribute.
 Type − This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting
language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript".
So your JavaScript segment will look like −
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
JavaScript code
</script>

Your First JavaScript Code

Let us take a sample example to print out "Hello World". We added an optional HTML
comment that surrounds our JavaScript code. This is to save our code from a browser
that does not support JavaScript. The comment ends with a "//-->". Here "//" signifies a
comment in JavaScript, so we add that to prevent a browser from reading the end of the
HTML comment as a piece of JavaScript code. Next, we call a
function document.write which writes a string into our HTML document.
This function can be used to write text, HTML, or both. Take a look at the following
code.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result −
Hello World!

Whitespace and Line Breaks

JavaScript ignores spaces, tabs, and newlines that appear in JavaScript programs. You
can use spaces, tabs, and newlines freely in your program and you are free to format
and indent your programs in a neat and consistent way that makes the code easy to
read and understand.

Semicolons are Optional

Simple statements in JavaScript are generally followed by a semicolon character, just
as they are in C, C++, and Java. JavaScript, however, allows you to omit this semicolon
if each of your statements are placed on a separate line. For example, the following
code could be written without semicolons.
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var1 = 10
var2 = 20
//-->
</script>
But when formatted in a single line as follows, you must use semicolons −
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var1 = 10; var2 = 20;
//-->
</script>
Note − It is a good programming practice to use semicolons.

Case Sensitivity
JavaScript is a case-sensitive language. This means that the language keywords,
variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a
consistent capitalization of letters.
So the identifiers Time and TIME will convey different meanings in JavaScript.
NOTE − Care should be taken while writing variable and function names in JavaScript.

Comments in JavaScript
JavaScript supports both C-style and C++-style comments, Thus −
 Any text between a // and the end of a line is treated as a comment and is
ignored by JavaScript.
 Any text between the characters /* and */ is treated as a comment. This may span
multiple lines.
 JavaScript also recognizes the HTML comment opening sequence <!--.
JavaScript treats this as a single-line comment, just as it does the // comment.
 The HTML comment closing sequence --> is not recognized by JavaScript so it
should be written as //-->.
Example
The following example shows how to use comments in JavaScript.
<script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
<!--
// This is a comment. It is similar to comments in C++

/*
* This is a multi-line comment in JavaScript
* It is very similar to comments in C Programming
*/
//-->
</script>
 JavaScript - Placement in HTML File
There is a flexibility given to include JavaScript code anywhere in an HTML document.
However the most preferred ways to include JavaScript in an HTML file are as follows −
 Script in <head>...</head> section.
 Script in <body>...</body> section.
 Script in <body>...</body> and <head>...</head> sections.
 Script in an external file and then include in <head>...</head> section.
In the following section, we will see how we can place JavaScript in an HTML file in
different ways.

JavaScript in <head>...</head> section

If you want to have a script run on some event, such as when a user clicks somewhere,
then you will place that script in the head as follows −
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />
</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body>...</body> section

If you need a script to run as the page loads so that the script generates content in the
page, then the script goes in the <body> portion of the document. In this case, you
would not have any function defined using JavaScript. Take a look at the following code.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
</head>
 <body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>

<p>This is web page body </p>

</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following results −

JavaScript in <body> and <head> Sections

You can put your JavaScript code in <head> and <body> section altogether as follows −
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
//-->
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello World")
//-->
</script>

<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello" />

</body>
</html>
This code will produce the following result −

JavaScript in External File

As you begin to work more extensively with JavaScript, you will be likely to find that
there are cases where you are reusing identical JavaScript code on multiple pages of a
site.
You are not restricted to be maintaining identical code in multiple HTML files.
The script tag provides a mechanism to allow you to store JavaScript in an external file
and then include it into your HTML files.
Here is an example to show how you can include an external JavaScript file in your
HTML code using script tag and its src attribute.
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript" src = "filename.js" ></script>
</head>

<body>
.......
</body>
</html>
To use JavaScript from an external file source, you need to write all your JavaScript
source code in a simple text file with the extension ".js" and then include that file as
shown above.
For example, you can keep the following content in filename.js file and then you can
use sayHello function in your HTML file after including the filename.js file.
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello World")
}
JavaScript - Variables
JavaScript Datatypes
One of the most fundamental characteristics of a programming language is the set of data
types it supports. These are the type of values that can be represented and manipulated in a
programming language.
JavaScript allows you to work with three primitive data types −
 Numbers, eg. 123, 120.50 etc.
 Strings of text e.g. "This text string" etc.
 Boolean e.g. true or false.
JavaScript also defines two trivial data types, null and undefined, each of which defines
only a single value. In addition to these primitive data types, JavaScript supports a composite
data type known as object. We will cover objects in detail in a separate chapter.
Note − JavaScript does not make a distinction between integer values and floating-point
values. All numbers in JavaScript are represented as floating-point values. JavaScript
represents numbers using the 64-bit floating-point format defined by the IEEE 754 standard.
JavaScript Variables
Like many other programming languages, JavaScript has variables. Variables can be thought
of as named containers. You can place data into these containers and then refer to the data
simply by naming the container.
Before you use a variable in a JavaScript program, you must declare it. Variables are
declared with the var keyword as follows.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var money;
var name;
//-->
</script>

You can also declare multiple variables with the same var keyword as follows −
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var money, name;
//-->
</script>

Storing a value in a variable is called variable initialization. You can do variable

initialization at the time of variable creation or at a later point in time when you need that
variable.
For instance, you might create a variable named money and assign the value 2000.50 to it
later. For another variable, you can assign a value at the time of initialization as follows.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var name = "Ali";
var money;
money = 2000.50;
//-->
</script>

Note − Use the var keyword only for declaration or initialization, once for the life of any
variable name in a document. You should not re-declare same variable twice.
JavaScript is untyped language. This means that a JavaScript variable can hold a value of
any data type. Unlike many other languages, you don't have to tell JavaScript during variable
declaration what type of value the variable will hold. The value type of a variable can change
during the execution of a program and JavaScript takes care of it automatically.

JavaScript Variable Scope

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript
variables have only two scopes.
  Global Variables − A global variable has global scope which means it can be defined
anywhere in your JavaScript code.
 Local Variables − A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is
defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.
Within the body of a function, a local variable takes precedence over a global variable with
the same name. If you declare a local variable or function parameter with the same name as a
global variable, you effectively hide the global variable. Take a look into the following
example.
Live Demo
<html>
<body onload = checkscope();>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var myVar = "global"; // Declare a global variable
function checkscope( ) {
var myVar = "local"; // Declare a local variable
document.write(myVar);
}
//-->
</script>
</body>
</html>

This produces the following result −

local

JavaScript Variable Names

While naming your variables in JavaScript, keep the following rules in mind.
 You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keywords as a variable name.
These keywords are mentioned in the next section. For
example, break or boolean variable names are not valid.
 JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin with
a letter or an underscore character. For example, 123test is an invalid variable name
but _123test is a valid one.
 JavaScript variable names are case-sensitive. For example, Name and name are two
different variables.

JavaScript Reserved Words

A list of all the reserved words in JavaScript are given in the following table. They cannot be
used as JavaScript variables, functions, methods, loop labels, or any object names.

abstract else instanceof switch

 boolean enum int synchron

break export interface this

byte extends long throw

case false native throw

catch final new transie

char finally null true

class float package try

const for private typeo

continue function protected var

debugger goto public void

default if return volatil

delete implements short while

do import static with

double in super

JavaScript - Operators
What is an Operator?
Let us take a simple expression 4 + 5 is equal to 9. Here 4 and 5 are
called operands and ‘+’ is called the operator. JavaScript supports the following types
of operators.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison Operators
 Logical (or Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Conditional (or ternary) Operators
Lets have a look on all operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators
JavaScript supports the following arithmetic operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
+ (Addition)
Adds two operands
Ex: A + B will give 30

2
- (Subtraction)
Subtracts the second operand from the first
Ex: A - B will give -10

3
* (Multiplication)
Multiply both operands
Ex: A * B will give 200

4
/ (Division)
Divide the numerator by the denominator
Ex: B / A will give 2

5
% (Modulus)
Outputs the remainder of an integer division
Ex: B % A will give 0

6
++ (Increment)
Increases an integer value by one
Ex: A++ will give 11
 7
-- (Decrement)
Decreases an integer value by one
Ex: A-- will give 9

Note − Addition operator (+) works for Numeric as well as Strings. e.g. "a" + 10 will give
"a10".
Example
The following code shows how to use arithmetic operators in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>

<script type = "text/javascript">

<!--
var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var c = "Test";
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("a + b = ");
result = a + b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a - b = ");
result = a - b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a / b = ");
result = a / b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a % b = ");
result = a % b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("a + b + c = ");
result = a + b + c;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
 a = ++a;
document.write("++a = ");
result = ++a;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

b = --b;
document.write("--b = ");
result = --b;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>

Set the variables to different values and then try...

</body>
</html>
Output
a + b = 43
a - b = 23
a / b = 3.3
a%b=3
a + b + c = 43Test
++a = 35
--b = 8
Set the variables to different values and then try...

Comparison Operators
JavaScript supports the following comparison operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Sr.No Operator & Description

.

1
= = (Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then the condition becomes true
Ex: (A == B) is not true.

2
!= (Not Equal)
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if the values are not equal, then th
 becomes true.
Ex: (A != B) is true.

3
> (Greater than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the value of the right operand, if ye
condition becomes true.
Ex: (A > B) is not true.

4
< (Less than)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the value of the right operand, if ye
condition becomes true.
Ex: (A < B) is true.

5
>= (Greater than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the value of the right oper
then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A >= B) is not true.

6
<= (Less than or Equal to)
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the value of the right opera
then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A <= B) is true.

Example
The following code shows how to use comparison operators in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a == b) => ");

result = (a == b);
 document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a < b) => ");

result = (a < b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a > b) => ");

result = (a > b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a != b) => ");

result = (a != b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >= b) => ");

result = (a >= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a <= b) => ");

result = (a <= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
</body>
</html>
Output
(a == b) => false
(a < b) => true
(a > b) => false
(a != b) => true
(a >= b) => false
a <= b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Logical Operators
JavaScript supports the following logical operators −
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −
 Sr.No Operator & Description
.

1
&& (Logical AND)
If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A && B) is true.

2
|| (Logical OR)
If any of the two operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.
Ex: (A || B) is true.

3
! (Logical NOT)
Reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then the Logical NOT operato
it false.
Ex: ! (A && B) is false.

Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement Logical Operators in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = true;
var b = false;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a && b) => ");

result = (a && b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a || b) => ");

result = (a || b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("!(a && b) => ");

result = (!(a && b));
document.write(result);
 document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
(a && b) => false
(a || b) => true
!(a && b) => true
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Bitwise Operators
JavaScript supports the following bitwise operators −
Assume variable A holds 2 and variable B holds 3, then −

Sr.No Operator & Description

.

1
& (Bitwise AND)
It performs a Boolean AND operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A & B) is 2.

2
| (BitWise OR)
It performs a Boolean OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments.
Ex: (A | B) is 3.

3
^ (Bitwise XOR)
It performs a Boolean exclusive OR operation on each bit of its integer arguments. Exc
means that either operand one is true or operand two is true, but not both.
Ex: (A ^ B) is 1.

4
~ (Bitwise Not)
It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.
Ex: (~B) is -4.
 5
<< (Left Shift)
It moves all the bits in its first operand to the left by the number of places specified in t
operand. New bits are filled with zeros. Shifting a value left by one position is equivalent to m
by 2, shifting two positions is equivalent to multiplying by 4, and so on.
Ex: (A << 1) is 4.

6
>> (Right Shift)
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operand’s value is moved right by the number of bits s
the right operand.
Ex: (A >> 1) is 1.

7
>>> (Right shift with Zero)
This operator is just like the >> operator, except that the bits shifted in on the left are always
Ex: (A >>> 1) is 1.

Example
Try the following code to implement Bitwise operator in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 2; // Bit presentation 10
var b = 3; // Bit presentation 11
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("(a & b) => ");

result = (a & b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a | b) => ");

result = (a | b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a ^ b) => ");

result = (a ^ b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
 document.write("(~b) => ");
result = (~b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a << b) => ");

result = (a << b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("(a >> b) => ");

result = (a >> b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
(a & b) => 2
(a | b) => 3
(a ^ b) => 1
(~b) => -4
(a << b) => 16
(a >> b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Assignment Operators
JavaScript supports the following assignment operators −

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
= (Simple Assignment )
Assigns values from the right side operand to the left side operand
Ex: C = A + B will assign the value of A + B into C

2
+= (Add and Assignment)
It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
 3
−= (Subtract and Assignment)
It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand
Ex: C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

4
*= (Multiply and Assignment)
It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand
Ex: C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A

5
/= (Divide and Assignment)
It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A

6
%= (Modules and Assignment)
It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
Ex: C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Note − Same logic applies to Bitwise operators so they will become like <<=, >>=, >>=,
&=, |= and ^=.
Example
Try the following code to implement assignment operator in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 33;
var b = 10;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write("Value of a => (a = b) => ");

result = (a = b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a += b) => ");

result = (a += b);
document.write(result);
 document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a -= b) => ");

result = (a -= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a *= b) => ");

result = (a *= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a /= b) => ");

result = (a /= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write("Value of a => (a %= b) => ");

result = (a %= b);
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Value of a => (a = b) => 10
Value of a => (a += b) => 20
Value of a => (a -= b) => 10
Value of a => (a *= b) => 100
Value of a => (a /= b) => 10
Value of a => (a %= b) => 0
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

Miscellaneous Operator
We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the conditional
operator (? :) and the typeof operator.
Conditional Operator (? :)
The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then
executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of the evaluation.

Sr.No. Operator and Description

 1
? : (Conditional )
If Condition is true? Then value X : Otherwise value Y

Example
Try the following code to understand how the Conditional Operator works in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = 20;
var linebreak = "<br />";

document.write ("((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a > b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

document.write ("((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => ");

result = (a < b) ? 100 : 200;
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
((a > b) ? 100 : 200) => 200
((a < b) ? 100 : 200) => 100
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...

typeof Operator
The typeof operator is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which
can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.
The typeof operator evaluates to "number", "string", or "boolean" if its operand is a
number, string, or boolean value and returns true or false based on the evaluation.
Here is a list of the return values for the typeof Operator.
 Type String Returned by typeof

Number "number"

String "string"

Boolean "boolean"

Object "object"

Function "function"

Undefined "undefined"

Null "object"

Example
The following code shows how to implement typeof operator.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var a = 10;
var b = "String";
var linebreak = "<br />";

result = (typeof b == "string" ? "B is String" : "B is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);

result = (typeof a == "string" ? "A is String" : "A is Numeric");

document.write("Result => ");
document.write(result);
document.write(linebreak);
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variables to different values and different operators and then
try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Result => B is String
Result => A is Numeric
Set the variables to different values and different operators and then try...
 JavaScript - if...else Statement
While writing a program, there may be a situation when you need to adopt one out of a
given set of paths. In such cases, you need to use conditional statements that allow
your program to make correct decisions and perform right actions.
JavaScript supports conditional statements which are used to perform different actions
based on different conditions. Here we will explain the if..else statement.

Flow Chart of if-else

The following flow chart shows how the if-else statement works.

JavaScript supports the following forms of if..else statement −

 if statement
 if...else statement
 if...else if... statement.

if statement
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make
decisions and execute statements conditionally.
Syntax
The syntax for a basic if statement is as follows −
if (expression) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}
Here a JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) are executed. If the expression is false, then no statement would be not
executed. Most of the times, you will use comparison operators while making decisions.
Example
Try the following example to understand how the if statement works.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var age = 20;

if( age > 18 ) {

document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
}
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Qualifies for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else statement
The 'if...else' statement is the next form of control statement that allows JavaScript to
execute statements in a more controlled way.
Syntax
if (expression) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
} else {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is false
}
Here JavaScript expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true, the given
statement(s) in the ‘if’ block, are executed. If the expression is false, then the given
statement(s) in the else block are executed.
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else statement in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var age = 15;

if( age > 18 ) {

document.write("<b>Qualifies for driving</b>");
} else {
document.write("<b>Does not qualify for driving</b>");
}
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Does not qualify for driving
Set the variable to different value and then try...

if...else if... statement

The if...else if... statement is an advanced form of if…else that allows JavaScript to
make a correct decision out of several conditions.
Syntax
The syntax of an if-else-if statement is as follows −
if (expression 1) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
} else if (expression 2) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
} else if (expression 3) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
} else {
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is true
}
There is nothing special about this code. It is just a series of if statements, where
each if is a part of the else clause of the previous statement. Statement(s) are executed
based on the true condition, if none of the conditions is true, then the else block is
executed.
Example
Try the following code to learn how to implement an if-else-if statement in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var book = "maths";
if( book == "history" ) {
document.write("<b>History Book</b>");
} else if( book == "maths" ) {
document.write("<b>Maths Book</b>");
} else if( book == "economics" ) {
document.write("<b>Economics Book</b>");
} else {
document.write("<b>Unknown Book</b>");
}
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
<html>
Output
Maths Book
Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - Switch Case

You can use multiple if...else…if statements, as in the previous chapter, to perform a
multiway branch. However, this is not always the best solution, especially when all of
the branches depend on the value of a single variable.
Starting with JavaScript 1.2, you can use a switch statement which handles exactly this
situation, and it does so more efficiently than repeated if...else if statements.

Flow Chart
The following flow chart explains a switch-case statement works.
Syntax
The objective of a switch statement is to give an expression to evaluate and several
different statements to execute based on the value of the expression. The interpreter
checks each case against the value of the expression until a match is found. If nothing
matches, a default condition will be used.
switch (expression) {
case condition 1: statement(s)
break;

case condition 2: statement(s)

break;
...

case condition n: statement(s)

break;

default: statement(s)
}
The break statements indicate the end of a particular case. If they were omitted, the
interpreter would continue executing each statement in each of the following cases.
We will explain break statement in Loop Control chapter.
Example
Try the following example to implement switch-case statement.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var grade = 'A';
document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
switch (grade) {
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
break;

case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");

break;

case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");

break;

case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");

break;

case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");

break;

default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")

}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Exiting switch block
Set the variable to different value and then try...
Break statements play a major role in switch-case statements. Try the following code
that uses switch-case statement without any break statement.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var grade = 'A';
 document.write("Entering switch block<br />");
switch (grade) {
case 'A': document.write("Good job<br />");
case 'B': document.write("Pretty good<br />");
case 'C': document.write("Passed<br />");
case 'D': document.write("Not so good<br />");
case 'F': document.write("Failed<br />");
default: document.write("Unknown grade<br />")
}
document.write("Exiting switch block");
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Entering switch block
Good job
Pretty good
Passed
Not so good
Failed
Unknown grade
Exiting switch block
Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - While Loops

While writing a program, you may encounter a situation where you need to perform an
action over and over again. In such situations, you would need to write loop statements
to reduce the number of lines.
JavaScript supports all the necessary loops to ease down the pressure of programming.

The while Loop

The most basic loop in JavaScript is the while loop which would be discussed in this
chapter. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a statement or code block repeatedly
as long as an expression is true. Once the expression becomes false, the loop
terminates.
Flow Chart
The flow chart of while loop looks as follows −
Syntax
The syntax of while loop in JavaScript is as follows −
while (expression) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}
Example
Try the following example to implement while loop.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>

<script type = "text/javascript">

<!--
var count = 0;
document.write("Starting Loop ");

while (count < 10) {

document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}

document.write("Loop stopped!");
 //-->
</script>

<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>

</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

The do...while Loop

The do...while loop is similar to the while loop except that the condition check happens
at the end of the loop. This means that the loop will always be executed at least once,
even if the condition is false.
Flow Chart
The flow chart of a do-while loop would be as follows −
Syntax
The syntax for do-while loop in JavaScript is as follows −
do {
Statement(s) to be executed;
} while (expression);
Note − Don’t miss the semicolon used at the end of the do...while loop.
Example
Try the following example to learn how to implement a do-while loop in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var count = 0;

document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");

do {
document.write("Current Count : " + count + "<br />");
count++;
}

while (count < 5);

document.write ("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>
 <p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Loop Stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - For Loop

The 'for' loop is the most compact form of looping. It includes the following three
important parts −
 The loop initialization where we initialize our counter to a starting value. The
initialization statement is executed before the loop begins.
 The test statement which will test if a given condition is true or not. If the
condition is true, then the code given inside the loop will be executed,
otherwise the control will come out of the loop.
 The iteration statement where you can increase or decrease your counter.
You can put all the three parts in a single line separated by semicolons.

Flow Chart
The flow chart of a for loop in JavaScript would be as follows −
Syntax
The syntax of for loop is JavaScript is as follows −
for (initialization; test condition; iteration statement) {
Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true
}
Example
Try the following example to learn how a for loop works in JavaScript.
Live Demo
<html>
<body>
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
var count;
document.write("Starting Loop" + "<br />");

for(count = 0; count < 10; count++) {

document.write("Current Count : " + count );
document.write("<br />");
}
document.write("Loop stopped!");
//-->
</script>
<p>Set the variable to different value and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output
Starting Loop
Current Count : 0
Current Count : 1
Current Count : 2
Current Count : 3
Current Count : 4
Current Count : 5
Current Count : 6
Current Count : 7
Current Count : 8
Current Count : 9
Loop stopped!
Set the variable to different value and then try...

JavaScript - Functions
A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your
program. This eliminates the need of writing the same code again and again. It helps
programmers in writing modular codes. Functions allow a programmer to divide a
big program into a number of small and manageable functions.
Like any other advanced programming language, JavaScript also supports all the
features necessary to write modular code using functions. You must have seen
functions like alert() and write() in the earlier chapters. We were using these
functions again and again, but they had been written in core JavaScript only once.
JavaScript allows us to write our own functions as well. This section explains how to
write your own functions in JavaScript.

Function Definition
Before we use a function, we need to define it. The most common way to define a
function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a unique
function name, a list of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement block
surrounded by curly braces.
Syntax
The basic syntax is shown here.
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function functionname(parameter-list) {
statements
}
//-->
</script>
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function called sayHello that takes no
parameters −
<script type = "text/javascript">
<!--
function sayHello() {
alert("Hello there");
}
//-->
</script>

Calling a Function
To invoke a function somewhere later in the script, you would simply need to write
the name of that function as shown in the following code.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
function sayHello() {
document.write ("Hello there!");
}
</script>

</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello()" value = "Say Hello">
</form>
<p>Use different text in write method and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output

Function Parameters
Till now, we have seen functions without parameters. But there is a facility to pass
different parameters while calling a function. These passed parameters can be
captured inside the function and any manipulation can be done over those
parameters. A function can take multiple parameters separated by comma.
Example
Try the following example. We have modified our sayHello function here. Now it
takes two parameters.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
function sayHello(name, age) {
document.write (name + " is " + age + " years old.");
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "sayHello('Zara', 7)" value = "Say
Hello">
</form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output

The return Statement

A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if you
want to return a value from a function. This statement should be the last statement
in a function.
For example, you can pass two numbers in a function and then you can expect the
function to return their multiplication in your calling program.
Example
Try the following example. It defines a function that takes two parameters and
concatenates them before returning the resultant in the calling program.
Live Demo
<html>
<head>
<script type = "text/javascript">
function concatenate(first, last) {
var full;
full = first + last;
return full;
}
function secondFunction() {
 var result;
result = concatenate('Zara', 'Ali');
document.write (result );
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click the following button to call the function</p>
<form>
<input type = "button" onclick = "secondFunction()" value = "Call
Function">
</form>
<p>Use different parameters inside the function and then try...</p>
</body>
</html>
Output