Package and Interfaces

1. What do you mean by a package? How do you use it in a Java program? Explain with a
program.

In Java, a package is a way to organize and group related classes and interfaces. It helps in
avoiding naming conflicts and provides a modular structure. To use a package in a Java program,
you typically declare it at the beginning of your source file.
Here's a simple example:

// Define a package named "example"

package example;

// Import necessary classes from Java standard library

import java.util.Scanner;

// Define a class within the "example" package

public class PackageExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Use a class from the imported package
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter your name: ");

String name = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "!");

}
}

In this example, the package is declared with package example;, and the PackageExample class is
part of this package. The import statement is used to bring in the Scanner class from the Java
standard library, which is in a different package.
Remember that the directory structure should reflect the package structure, and the Java file
should be in the appropriate directory based on its package declaration.

2. How do you import a package? Explain.

In Java, you import a package to make its classes or interfaces accessible in your source code.
You use the import statement at the beginning of your Java file, just after the package statement
(if present). This allows you to refer to the classes from that package without using their fully
qualified names.
Here's a brief explanation:

•Standard Library Packages:

To import classes from the Java standard library, you use statements like:

import java.util.Scanner;

Custom Packages:
If you have your own package, you import its classes similarly:

import com.example.mypackage.MyClass;

Wildcard Import:
You can use a wildcard (*) to import all classes/interfaces from a package:

import com.example.mypackage.*;

Remember that the imported package must be in the classpath of your project. The directory
structure of your project should also match the package structure for custom packages.

3. Write a note on access protection in Java.

In Java, access protection is managed through access modifiers, which define the visibility and
accessibility of classes, fields, methods, and constructors. There are four access modifiers:

1. **Public (`public`):**
- Members with `public` access are accessible from any other class.
- This is the most permissive access level.

2. **Private (`private`):**
- Members with `private` access are only accessible within the same class.
- It provides the highest level of encapsulation.

3. **Default (Package-Private, no modifier):**

- Members with no explicit access modifier (default) are accessible only within the same
package.
- This is useful for package-level encapsulation.

4. **Protected (`protected`):**
 - Members with `protected` access are accessible within the same package and subclasses,
even if they are in different packages.
- It is a compromise between the flexibility of `public` and the encapsulation of `private`.

Example:

public class MyClass {

public int publicField; // Accessible from any class
private int privateField; // Accessible only within this class
int defaultField; // Accessible within the same package
protected int protectedField; // Accessible within the same package and subclasses
}

Understanding and using access modifiers appropriately helps in designing classes with a clear
and secure interface, promoting encapsulation and maintaining a well-defined structure in your
Java code.

4. Define an interface. Explain how to define and implement an interface with an example.

In Java, an interface is a collection of abstract methods (methods without a body) and constants.
It defines a contract for classes that implement it, specifying the methods they must provide.
Interfaces facilitate multiple inheritance and help achieve abstraction.

Here's how you define and implement an interface:

**Defining an Interface:**
// Example of an interface named Printable
public interface Printable {
void print(); // Abstract method
}

**Implementing an Interface:**
// Implementing the Printable interface in a class

public class Printer implements Printable {

@Override
public void print() {
System.out.println("Printing...");
}
}
In this example, the `Printable` interface declares a single abstract method `print()`. The
`Printer` class implements this interface using the `implements` keyword. The `@Override`
annotation indicates that the `print` method in the `Printer` class is intended to override the
abstract method from the `Printable` interface.

Now, you can create an instance of the `Printer` class and call the `print` method:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Printable printable = new Printer();
printable.print(); // Outputs: Printing...
}
}

By implementing the `Printable` interface, the `Printer` class adheres to the contract defined by
the interface and provides the necessary implementation for the `print` method. This promotes
code consistency and allows for interchangeable usage of different classes that implement the
same interface.

5. Differentiate abstract base class and an interface.

Abstract base classes and interfaces are both used in Java to achieve abstraction, but they have
some key differences:

**Abstract Base Class:**

1. Can have both abstract (unimplemented) and concrete (implemented) methods.
2. Can have fields (variables).
3. Supports constructors.
4. Can have access modifiers for methods and fields.
5. Supports single inheritance only (extends one class).
6. Provides a partial implementation that can be shared among subclasses.

Example:

public abstract class Animal {

String name;

public Animal(String name) {

this.name = name;
}
 abstract void makeSound();

void eat() {
System.out.println(name + " is eating.");
}
}

**Interface:**
1. Can only have abstract methods (public and abstract by default, no method body).
2. Can only have constant fields (public, static, final).
3. Cannot have constructors.
4. All methods in an interface are implicitly public.
5. Supports multiple inheritance (implements multiple interfaces).
6. Provides a way to achieve complete abstraction, as it contains only method signatures.

Example:

public interface Printable {

void print();
}

In summary, abstract base classes are useful when you want to provide a common base with
some shared implementation, while interfaces are used when you want to define a contract
without any implementation details, allowing a class to implement multiple contracts. Java allows
a class to extend one abstract base class but implement multiple interfaces.

6.How do you define variables inside interface? List out the the characteristics of such
variables.

In Java interfaces, variables are implicitly public, static, and final. They are also implicitly
considered as constants. Here are the characteristics of variables defined inside an interface:

1. **Public:**
- Interface variables are implicitly public, meaning they can be accessed from any class that
implements the interface.

2. **Static:**
- Interface variables are implicitly static, making them associated with the interface itself rather
than with instances of the implementing classes.
3. **Final:**
- Interface variables are implicitly final, indicating that their values cannot be changed once
assigned. They act as constants.

Example:

public interface Constants {

// Implicitly public, static, and final
int MAX_VALUE = 100;
String DEFAULT_NAME = "John";

// You can also use explicit modifiers (although they are redundant)
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
}

In this example, `MAX_VALUE`, `DEFAULT_NAME`, and `PI` are variables defined in the
`Constants` interface. They have the characteristics mentioned above and act as constants that
can be accessed by any class implementing the `Constants` interface.

Exceptions

1.Define an exception. What are the key terms used in exception handling? Explain with
suitable example.

An exception in Java is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the
normal flow of instructions. It typically indicates an error or an unexpected condition that needs to
be handled. Exceptions in Java are objects that are instances of classes derived from the
`Throwable` class.

Key terms used in exception handling:

1. **Try:** The block of code where exceptions may occur. It is followed by one or more catch
blocks.

2. **Catch:** A block of code that handles a specific type of exception. It follows the try block.

3. **Throw:** Used to explicitly throw an exception. It is followed by an instance of an exception.

4. **Throws:** Declares that a method may throw one or more types of exceptions. It is used in
the method signature.

5. **Finally:** A block of code that is executed regardless of whether an exception is thrown or

not. It follows the try-catch blocks.

Example of exception handling:

public class ExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = divide(10, 0);
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("This block always executes.");
}
}

public static int divide(int numerator, int denominator) {

if (denominator == 0) {
throw new ArithmeticException("Cannot divide by zero");
}
return numerator / denominator;
}
}

In this example, the `divide` method throws an `ArithmeticException` if the denominator is zero.
In the `main` method, we catch this exception, print an error message, and the finally block is
executed regardless of whether an exception occurred or not. The key terms `try`, `catch`,
`throw`, `throws`, and `finally` work together to handle exceptions gracefully in Java programs.

2.List various types of exceptions. Provide java examples where each type of exception is
appropriate.

There are two main types of exceptions in Java: checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions.

**1. Checked Exceptions:**

- These are exceptions that are checked at compile-time. They must be either caught using a
try-catch block or declared using the `throws` keyword in the method signature.

- **Example: `FileNotFoundException`**

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CheckedExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("nonexistentfile.txt"));
String line = reader.readLine();
System.out.println(line);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("File not found: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

**2. Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime Exceptions):**

- These are exceptions that are not checked at compile-time. They usually result from
programming errors and do not require explicit handling.

- **Example: `ArithmeticException`**

public class UncheckedExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = divide(10, 0); // ArithmeticException
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
}

public static int divide(int numerator, int denominator) {

return numerator / denominator;
}
}

**Other Common Exception Types:**

- `NullPointerException`: Occurs when you try to access an object or call a method on a null
reference.
 - `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`: Occurs when you try to access an array element with an
illegal index.

- `IllegalArgumentException`: Thrown when an illegal argument is passed to a method.

- `ClassNotFoundException`: Thrown when trying to load a class by name, and the class is not
found.

- `InterruptedException`: Thrown when a thread is waiting, sleeping, or otherwise occupied, and

is interrupted.

These examples demonstrate different types of exceptions and highlight the importance of
handling exceptions appropriately in Java programs.

3. Explain the structure and purpose of the try-catch-finally blocks in Java exception
handling.

The try-catch-finally blocks in Java provide a structured approach to handle exceptions, allowing
developers to gracefully manage errors during program execution. Here's an explanation of each
block's structure and purpose:

1. **Try Block:**
- **Structure:** The `try` block encloses the segment of code where exceptions might occur. It
is the area where the program attempts to execute statements that may throw exceptions.
- **Purpose:** To encapsulate the code that may potentially throw exceptions. If an exception
occurs within the try block, the control is transferred to the appropriate catch block.

2. **Catch Block:**
- **Structure:** A `catch` block follows the try block and specifies the type of exception it can
handle. It contains code that is executed when a matching exception occurs in the try block.
- **Purpose:** To handle specific types of exceptions by providing an alternative code path.
Multiple catch blocks can be used to handle different types of exceptions.

try {
// Code that may throw exceptions
} catch (ExceptionType1 e1) {
// Handle ExceptionType1
} catch (ExceptionType2 e2) {
// Handle ExceptionType2
} finally {
 // Code to be executed regardless of whether an exception occurred or not
}

3. **Finally Block:**
- **Structure:** The `finally` block is optional and follows the catch block(s). It contains code
that is guaranteed to execute, whether an exception occurs or not.
- **Purpose:** To specify cleanup or resource release code that must be executed regardless of
whether an exception occurred. It ensures that essential tasks are completed before leaving the
try-catch structure.

try {
// Code that may throw exceptions
} catch (ExceptionType e) {
// Handle the exception
} finally {
// Code to be executed regardless of whether an exception occurred or not
}

The try-catch-finally structure helps in maintaining program stability by handling exceptions and
ensuring proper cleanup. It enables developers to gracefully recover from errors and manage
resources effectively. The finally block is particularly useful for tasks like closing files or releasing
resources, as it runs even if no exception is thrown.

4.Discuss the significance of the 'finally' block in exception handling.

The `finally` block in Java exception handling plays a crucial role in ensuring that certain code is
executed regardless of whether an exception occurs or not. Here are the key significances of the
`finally` block:

1. **Cleanup and Resource Release:**

- The `finally` block is often used to place code that ensures proper cleanup or release of
resources, such as closing files, database connections, or network sockets.
- This is vital to prevent resource leaks and ensure that resources are properly managed, even in
the presence of exceptions.

2. **Guaranteed Execution:**
- Code within the `finally` block is guaranteed to execute, regardless of whether an exception
occurred in the preceding `try` block or not.
- This ensures that essential tasks are completed, promoting robustness in error handling and
preventing unexpected program behavior.

3. **Post-Exception Cleanup:**
- In situations where an exception is caught and handled in a `catch` block, the `finally` block is
still executed afterward.
- This is beneficial for post-exception cleanup tasks, allowing the program to recover gracefully
from errors.

4. **Closing Resources:**
- When dealing with resources that need to be closed explicitly, like streams or database
connections, the `finally` block is a suitable place to include the necessary closing statements.
- It helps in avoiding resource leaks, ensuring that allocated resources are properly released.

Example illustrating the significance of the `finally` block:

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;

public class FinallyExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
BufferedReader reader = null;
try {
reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("example.txt"));
// Code that may throw exceptions while reading from the file
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error reading file: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
try {
if (reader != null) {
reader.close(); // Ensuring the BufferedReader is closed
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error closing file: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}
}

In this example, the `finally` block ensures that the `BufferedReader` is closed properly,
regardless of whether an exception occurred during file reading or not. This helps in maintaining
clean resource management and handling exceptions gracefully.

5. How do you create your own exception class? Explain with a program.

In Java, you can create your own exception class by extending the `Exception` class or one of its
subclasses. Here's an example illustrating how to create a custom exception class:

// Custom exception class named CustomException

class CustomException extends Exception {
public CustomException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

// Example class using the custom exception

public class CustomExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Simulating a situation where the custom exception might be thrown
int result = divide(10, 0);
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (CustomException e) {
System.out.println("Custom Exception caught: " + e.getMessage());
}
}

public static int divide(int numerator, int denominator) throws CustomException {

if (denominator == 0) {
throw new CustomException("Cannot divide by zero");
}
return numerator / denominator;
}
}

In this example:

1. We define a custom exception class named `CustomException` that extends the built-in
`Exception` class.
2. The custom exception class has a constructor that takes a `String` message as an argument,
allowing you to provide additional information when creating an instance of the exception.
3. In the `CustomExceptionExample` class, the `divide` method throws an instance of the
`CustomException` when attempting to divide by zero.
4. In the `main` method, we catch the custom exception using a `catch` block specifically
designed for handling `CustomException`.

By creating your own exception class, you can define specific types of exceptions that are
relevant to your application or library, providing meaningful error messages and enhancing the
clarity of your code's error handling.

6.Explain the concept of chained exceptions in Java with suitable example.

Chained exceptions in Java allow you to associate one exception with another, forming a chain of
exceptions. This is useful when you want to convey additional information about the cause of an
exception. The concept is implemented through the `initCause()` method in the `Throwable`
class.

Here's an example illustrating chained exceptions:

public class ChainedExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
processFile("nonexistentfile.txt");
} catch (FileProcessingException e) {
System.out.println("Caught FileProcessingException: " + e.getMessage());
// Access the original cause of the exception
System.out.println("Original cause: " + e.getCause().getMessage());
}
}

public static void processFile(String filename) throws FileProcessingException {

try {
// Simulating an exception when attempting to read from a file
throw new IOException("Error reading file");
} catch (IOException ioException) {
// Wrapping the IOException in a custom exception
throw new FileProcessingException("Error processing file: " + filename, ioException);
}
}
}
// Custom exception class for file processing
class FileProcessingException extends Exception {
public FileProcessingException(String message, Throwable cause) {
super(message);
// Setting the cause of the exception
initCause(cause);
}
}

In this example:

1. The `processFile` method simulates an exception (`IOException`) that might occur when
attempting to read from a file.
2. This `IOException` is caught, and a custom exception (`FileProcessingException`) is thrown,
wrapping the original exception as the cause using the `initCause()` method.
3. The `main` method catches the `FileProcessingException` and retrieves both the custom
exception's message and the original cause's message.

Chained exceptions help in creating more informative and detailed error messages. They provide
a way to propagate the cause of an exception through multiple levels of abstraction in your code,
making it easier to diagnose and troubleshoot issues.

7. Demonstrate working of nested try block with an example.

Nested try blocks in Java allow you to have a try-catch block within another try block. This
structure is useful when different segments of code may throw exceptions, and you want to
handle each situation separately. Here's an example demonstrating the use of nested try blocks:

public class NestedTryExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Outer try block
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3};
System.out.println("Outer Try Block: Start");

try {
// Inner try block
System.out.println("Inner Try Block: Start");

// Accessing an element beyond the array length

 int result = numbers[5];

System.out.println("Inner Try Block: End");

} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException innerException) {
// Handling the inner exception
System.out.println("Inner Catch Block: " + innerException.getMessage());
}

System.out.println("Outer Try Block: End");

} catch (Exception outerException) {
// Handling the outer exception
System.out.println("Outer Catch Block: " + outerException.getMessage());
}
}
}

In this example:

1. The outer try block contains an array of integers (`numbers`) and an inner try block.
2. The inner try block attempts to access an element beyond the array length, which would result
in an `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`.
3. The inner catch block catches and handles the `ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`.
4. The outer catch block catches any other exceptions that might occur in the outer try block or
its nested try block.

When you run this program, you will see the following output:

Outer Try Block: Start

Inner Try Block: Start
Inner Catch Block: Index 5 out of bounds for length 3
Outer Try Block: End

This demonstrates how nested try blocks allow for a more granular approach to exception
handling, with each level addressing specific types of exceptions. It's important to note that while
nesting try blocks can provide detailed error handling, it should be used judiciously to maintain
code readability.

8. Write a note on:

● Java's built-in exception
 ● Uncaught Exceptions

**a. Java's Built-in Exceptions:**

Java provides a rich set of built-in exceptions that cover various error conditions that might occur
during program execution. These exceptions are organized in a hierarchy, with the `Throwable`
class at the top. The two main categories of exceptions are:

- **Checked Exceptions:**
- These are exceptions that are checked at compile-time.
- They must either be caught using a try-catch block or declared in the method signature using
the `throws` keyword.
- Examples include `IOException`, `SQLException`, and `ClassNotFoundException`.

- **Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime Exceptions):**

- These exceptions are not checked at compile-time.
- They typically result from programming errors and do not require explicit handling.
- Examples include `NullPointerException`, `ArithmeticException`, and
`ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException`.

Developers can also create their own custom exceptions by extending the `Exception` class or
one of its subclasses. This allows for more specific and meaningful error handling tailored to the
application's requirements.

**b. Uncaught Exceptions:**

An uncaught exception in Java refers to an exception that is not handled by a try-catch block or
declared in the method's throws clause. When an uncaught exception occurs during program
execution, it can lead to abnormal termination of the program, and the default exception-handling
mechanism comes into play.

Key points about uncaught exceptions:

- **Default Exception Handling:**

- If an uncaught exception occurs, Java's default exception handling mechanism prints the
exception details (including the stack trace) to the console and terminates the program.

- **Termination of the Program:**

- Uncaught exceptions can cause the program to terminate abruptly, leaving the application in an
inconsistent state.
- **Avoidance with Proper Exception Handling:**
- Proper use of try-catch blocks and declaring checked exceptions in the method signature
helps avoid uncaught exceptions, allowing for graceful error handling and recovery.

Example of uncaught exception:

public class UncaughtExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Simulating an uncaught exception by dividing by zero
int result = 10 / 0;
System.out.println("Result: " + result); // This line won't be reached
}
}

In this example, attempting to divide by zero results in an `ArithmeticException`. Since there is no

try-catch block to handle this exception, it becomes an uncaught exception, leading to program
termination.

Thread Creation and Main Thread

1.Explain significance of the main thread in Java. Discuss how it coordinates the execution of
other threads in a Java program.

In Java, the main thread is the thread that begins the execution of a Java program. It is the thread
from which the `main` method is invoked, serving as the entry point of the program. The
significance of the main thread lies in its role in coordinating the execution of other threads in a
Java program. Here's how the main thread accomplishes this:

1. **Entry Point:**
- The `main` method is executed by the main thread, and it serves as the starting point for the
program's execution.

2. **Creation of Other Threads:**

- The main thread can create and start additional threads. These threads can be instances of
the `Thread` class or objects implementing the `Runnable` interface.

public class MainThreadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
 // Main thread
System.out.println("Main Thread: Start");

// Creating and starting another thread

Thread anotherThread = new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println("Another Thread: Start");
// Code to be executed in the new thread
System.out.println("Another Thread: End");
});
anotherThread.start();

// Main thread continues its execution

System.out.println("Main Thread: End");
}
}

3. **Waiting for Other Threads:**

- The main thread can use methods like `join()` to wait for the completion of other threads. This
ensures that the main thread doesn't proceed until specific threads have finished their execution.

public class JoinExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
// Main thread
System.out.println("Main Thread: Start");

// Creating and starting another thread

Thread anotherThread = new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println("Another Thread: Start");
// Code to be executed in the new thread
System.out.println("Another Thread: End");
});
anotherThread.start();

// Main thread waits for the anotherThread to finish

anotherThread.join();

// Main thread continues its execution

System.out.println("Main Thread: End");
}
}
4. **Synchronization:**
- The main thread can synchronize with other threads to coordinate their execution. This
involves using mechanisms like `synchronized` blocks or methods to control access to shared
resources and ensure thread safety.

public class SynchronizationExample {

private static int sharedCounter = 0;

public static synchronized void incrementCounter() {

// Synchronized method to increment the shared counter
sharedCounter++;
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

// Main thread
System.out.println("Main Thread: Start");

// Creating and starting multiple threads

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
Thread workerThread = new Thread(() -> {
System.out.println("Worker Thread: Start");
// Code to be executed in the worker thread
incrementCounter();
System.out.println("Worker Thread: End");
});
workerThread.start();
workerThread.join();
}

// Main thread continues its execution

System.out.println("Main Thread: Shared Counter - " + sharedCounter);
}
}

The main thread acts as the coordinator, managing the overall flow of the program and
orchestrating the execution of other threads. Its significance lies in its ability to start, synchronize,
and wait for other threads, ensuring a well-organized and controlled execution of concurrent tasks
in a Java program.
2. With state daigram explain lifecycle stages of a thread.

The lifecycle of a thread in Java typically consists of several states, and here is a description
along with a simplified state diagram:

1. **New:**
- The thread is in this state when an instance of the `Thread` class is created but before the
`start()` method is called.

2. **Runnable:**
- After calling the `start()` method, the thread transitions to the Runnable state.
- In this state, the thread is ready to run, but the actual execution depends on the thread
scheduler.

3. **Blocked/Waiting:**
- A thread can transition to a blocked or waiting state due to operations like I/O,
synchronization, or explicit calls to `wait()` method.

4. **Timed Waiting:**
- Similar to the blocked/waiting state, but for a specific time period. It can occur when a thread
calls methods like `sleep()` or `join()` with a timeout.

5. **Terminated:**
- A thread enters the terminated state when its `run()` method completes or when an uncaught
exception occurs.

Note that the transitions between states are influenced by various factors, including thread
scheduling, synchronization, and explicit method calls. The thread scheduler determines when a
runnable thread gets CPU time, and synchronization mechanisms control access to shared
resources, influencing the transitions between states.

3. Explain how threads communicate and coordinate with each other using methods like wait,
notify0, and notifyAllO. Analyze scenarios where these methods are used effectively.

In Java, threads can communicate and coordinate with each other using the `wait()`, `notify()`,
and `notifyAll()` methods, which are part of the `Object` class and are used in conjunction with
synchronized blocks or methods. These methods provide a way for threads to signal each other
and synchronize their execution. Here's an explanation of each method:
1. **`wait()`:**
- The `wait()` method causes the current thread to release the lock it holds and enter a waiting
state. It waits until another thread calls `notify()` or `notifyAll()` on the same object and
reacquires the lock.

synchronized (sharedObject) {
while (conditionNotMet) {
try {
sharedObject.wait(); // Releases the lock and waits
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// Handle InterruptedException
}
}
// Continue execution after condition is met
}

2. **`notify()`:**
- The `notify()` method wakes up one of the threads that are currently waiting on the same
object. It is used to notify a single waiting thread to resume execution.

synchronized (sharedObject) {
// Change some shared state or conditions
sharedObject.notify(); // Notifies a waiting thread
}

3. **`notifyAll()`:**
- The `notifyAll()` method wakes up all the threads that are currently waiting on the same
object. It is used when multiple threads need to be notified.

synchronized (sharedObject) {
// Change some shared state or conditions
sharedObject.notifyAll(); // Notifies all waiting threads
}

**Scenarios for Effective Usage:**

1. **Producer-Consumer Problem:**
- `wait()` and `notify()` are often used in scenarios where there are one or more producer
threads and one or more consumer threads sharing a common, limited-size buffer.

2. **Thread Pool Management:**

- In applications utilizing a thread pool, threads might wait for tasks to be assigned. The pool
manager can use `notify()` to wake up a waiting thread when a new task is available.

3. **Coordinated Execution:**
- Threads working on different aspects of a larger task may need to coordinate their execution.
By using `wait()` and `notify()`, they can synchronize their actions based on shared conditions.

4. **Synchronization with Shared Resources:**

- When multiple threads access shared resources, proper synchronization is crucial. `wait()`
and `notify()` provide a way to ensure that threads are synchronized, reducing the risk of race
conditions.

5. **Custom Synchronization Patterns:**

- In scenarios where custom synchronization patterns are required, these methods can be
employed to establish a signaling mechanism between threads.
It's essential to use these methods within synchronized blocks to avoid
`IllegalMonitorStateException`. Also, careful consideration should be given to prevent deadlocks
and ensure that the shared state or condition changes are done safely and atomically.
Additionally, using `notifyAll()` might be more appropriate to prevent potential missed
notifications, although it can be less efficient than `notify()` in certain situations.

4. With code snippet explain producer consumer application using notify0 and wait methods.

Below is an example of a simple Producer-Consumer application in Java using the `wait()` and
`notify()` methods for synchronization:

import java.util.LinkedList;

class SharedResource {
private LinkedList<Integer> buffer = new LinkedList<>();
private static final int MAX_SIZE = 5;

// Producer adds an item to the buffer

public synchronized void produce() throws InterruptedException {
while (buffer.size() == MAX_SIZE) {
// Buffer is full, wait for consumer to consume
wait();
}

// Produce an item and add to the buffer

int item = (int) (Math.random() * 100);
buffer.add(item);
System.out.println("Produced: " + item);

// Notify the waiting consumer that an item is available

notify();
}

// Consumer removes an item from the buffer

public synchronized void consume() throws InterruptedException {
while (buffer.size() == 0) {
// Buffer is empty, wait for producer to produce
wait();
}
 // Consume an item from the buffer
int item = buffer.removeFirst();
System.out.println("Consumed: " + item);

// Notify the waiting producer that space is available

notify();
}
}

class Producer extends Thread {

private SharedResource sharedResource;

public Producer(SharedResource sharedResource) {

this.sharedResource = sharedResource;
}

@Override
public void run() {
try {
while (true) {
// Simulate some production time
Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 1000));
sharedResource.produce();
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

class Consumer extends Thread {

private SharedResource sharedResource;

public Consumer(SharedResource sharedResource) {

this.sharedResource = sharedResource;
}

@Override
public void run() {
try {
while (true) {
// Simulate some consumption time
 Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 1000));
sharedResource.consume();
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

public class ProducerConsumerExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
SharedResource sharedResource = new SharedResource();

// Create producer and consumer threads

Producer producer = new Producer(sharedResource);
Consumer consumer = new Consumer(sharedResource);

// Start producer and consumer threads

producer.start();
consumer.start();
}
}

In this example:

- The `SharedResource` class manages a shared buffer using a linked list.

- The `Producer` class produces items and adds them to the buffer using the `produce()`
method.
- The `Consumer` class consumes items from the buffer using the `consume()` method.
- The `wait()` and `notify()` methods are used to synchronize the access to the shared buffer,
ensuring that the producer and consumer threads interact correctly.
- The producer produces items and notifies the waiting consumer when an item is added.
- The consumer consumes items and notifies the waiting producer when space is available in the
buffer.

This Producer-Consumer pattern ensures proper synchronization between the producer and
consumer threads, preventing issues like buffer overflow or underflow.