To estimate the charge induced on

each of the two identical styro foam (or

pith) balls suspended in a vertical
plane by making use of coulomb’s law.
 INDEX:
 Materials Required
 Introduction
 Theory
 Procedure
 Observation
 Result
 Bibliography
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Small size identical balls (pitch
or soft plastic)
 Physical balance or electronic
balance
 Half meter Scale
 Teflon Thread
 Stand
 Glass rod (or plastic rod)
 Silk cloth (or Woolen cloth)
 ABOUT COULOMB:
The coulomb is named after
Augustin de Coulomb Charles-b. As with
every SI unit named for a person, its symbol
starts with an upper-case letter (C), but
when written in full, it follows the rules for
capitalization of a common noun; i.e.,
coulomb becomes capitalized at the
beginning of a sentence and in titles but is
otherwise in lower case.
by 1878, the British Association for the
Advancement of Science had defined the
volt, ohm, and farad, but not the coulomb.
[4] In 1881, the International Electrical
Congress, now the International Electro
technical Commission (IEC), approved the
volt as the unit for electromotive force, the
ampere as the unit for electric current, and
the coulomb as the unit of electric charge.
[5] At that time, the volt was defined as the
potential difference [i.e., what is nowadays
called the "voltage (difference)"] across a
conductor when a current of one ampere
dissipates one watt of power.

The coulomb (later "absolute coulomb" or "a

coulomb" for disambiguation) was part of
the EMU system of units. The "international
coulomb" based on laboratory specifications
for its measurement was introduced by the
IEC in 1908. The entire set of "reproducible
units" was abandoned in 1948 and the
"international coulomb" became the modern
coulomb.

THEORY:

The fundamental concept in electrostatics is

electrical charge. Were all familiar with the fact
that rubbing two materials together -for
example, a rubber comb on cat fur produces a
“static” charge. This process is called charging
by friction. Surprisingly, the exact physics of the
process of charging by friction is poorly
understood. However, it is known that the
making and breaking of contact between the
two materials transfers the charge. The charged
particles which make up the universe come in
three kinds: positive, negative, and neutral.
Neutral particles do not interact with electrical
forces. Charged particles exert electrical and
magnetic forces on one another, but if the
charges are stationary, the mutual force is very
simple in form and is given by,

Coulomb's Law:
 Where F is the electrical force between any
two stationary charged particles with charges q1 and
q2(measured in coulombs), r is the separation
between the charges (measured in meters), and k is
a constant of nature (equal to 9×109 Nm^2/C^2 in SI
units). The study of the Coulomb forces among
arrangements of stationary charged particles is
called electrostatics. Coulomb's Law describes three
properties of the electrical force:

1. The force is inversely proportional to the square of

the distance between the charges and is directed
along the straight line that connects their centers.

2.The force is proportional to the product of the

magnitude of the charges.

3.Two particles of the same charge exert a repulsive

force on each other, and two particles of opposite
charge exert an attractive force on each other.

They are composed of atoms that consist of

negatively charged electrons moving in quantum
motion around a positively charged nucleus. The
total negative charge of the electrons is normally
exactly equal to the total positive charge of the
nuclei, so the atoms (and therefore the entire object)
have no net electrical charge. When we charge a
material by friction, we are transferring some of the
electrons from one material to another. Materials
such as metals are conductors. Each metal atom
contributes one or two electrons that can move
relatively freely through the material. A conductor
will carry an electrical current. Other materials such
as glass are insulators. Their electrons are bound
tightly and cannot move. Charge sticks on an
insulator but does not move freely through it. A
neutral particle is not affected by electrical forces.
Nevertheless, a charged object will attract a neutral
macroscopic object by the process of electrical
polarization. For example, if a negatively charged rod
is brought close to an isolated, neutral insulator, the
electrons in the atoms of the insulator will be pushed
slightly away from the negative rod, and the positive
nuclei will be attracted slightly toward the negative
rod. We say that the rod has induced polarization in
the insulator, but its net charge is still zero
 The polarization of charge in the insulator is small,
but now its positive charge is a bit closer to the
negative rod, and its negative charge is a bit farther
away. Thus, the positive charge is attracted to the
rod more strongly than the negative charge is
repelled, and there is an overall net attraction. If the
negative rod is brought near an isolated, neutral
conductor, the conductor will also be polarized. In the
conductor, electrons are free to move through the
material, and some of them are repelled over to the
opposite surface of the conductor, leaving the
surface near the negative rod with a net positive
charge. The conductor has been polarized and will
now be attracted to the charged rod. Now if we
connect a conducting wire or any other conducting
material from the polarized conductor to the ground,
we provide a “path” through which the electrons can
move. Electrons will move along this path to the
ground. If the wire or path is subsequently
disconnected, the conductor is left with a net positive
charge. The conductor has been charged without
being touched with the charged rod, and its charge is
opposite that of the rod. This procedure is called
charging by induction.
Let the force between two stationary charges be F

The weight of the ball

W=mg

the restoring force on each ball

= mg sin Ѳ

from the diagram in the right in triangle ACB

Sin Ѳ = x/2l

Let the charge on each ball is

q1=q2=q

Then at equilibrium
Mg sin Ѳ = kq²/x²

Mg x/2l = kq²/x²

Q = mgx³/2lk

PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the mass (m) of each of the two identical
pith balls using a physical balance.

2. Hang the two balls from a rigid support using light

silk or cotton threads of same length ‘l’.

3. Rub the glass rod silk cloth to induce charge on it.

Now touch the glass rod with both the pith balls
together so that equal charge is induced on both the
balls.

4. When left freely, the two balls will repel each

other. Measure the distance between the balls when
are at rest. Note down the distance

5. To change the charge on ball, take third

uncharged ball touch it to any one of the two balls
and take the third ball away, and repeat step 4.
6. Take other uncharged suspended with other
uncharged 4th ball and take the 4th ball away and
repeat step 4..

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 OBSERVATION:
Mass of the Styrofoam balls m = 200 gm.

Radius of the ball a = 0.2 cm (about 0.08 in)

Length of the thread l = 100 cm (about 3.28 ft)

Sr.no. Charge on Charge on Distance

ball B1 the ball B2 between
the balls
(in cm)
01. 0.00µC 0.00µC 0.4cm

02. 2.00µC 2.00µC 33.0cm

03. 2.00µC 2.00µC 26.2cm

04. 1.00µC 1.00µC 20.8cm

PRECAUTIONS:
01. The suspended balls should not be
touched by any conducting body.

02. Rub the glass rod properly with the silk

cloth to produce more charge.

03. Weight the mass of the balls accurately.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
01.The balls may not be of equal size and
mass.

02.The distance between the balls may be

measured accurately.
RESULTS:
1. The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the
input voltage.

2. The output voltage of the transformer

across the secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the
input voltage.

3. There is a loss of power between input

and output coil of a transformer.
 APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS:
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 A transformer is used in almost all AC

operations:
 In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
etc.
 A step-down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
 A step-down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
 A step-up transformer is used to
produce X-Rays and NEON
advertisements.
 Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power supplies.
 of 2 Transformers are used in the
transmissions of A.C over long distances.

 Small transformers are used in Radio
sets, telephones, loudspeakers and
electric bells etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://www.ncert.nic.in/
https://www.wikipedia.org
https://www.quora.com
https://www.scribd.com
https://www.studocu.com
https://www.slideshare.net

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