Referencing- Academic
Skills
WHAT IS REFERENCING- a way of giving credit to others as its their
idea in you work. This can be done by in-text citations and a referencing
list (depending on my referencing style for course. For science it is
Harvard referencing. NEED TO LOOK AT HOW I NEED TO REFERENCE IT IN
MY HAVARD REFERENCING STYLE.
Why is this important: gives CREDITS to others for their work,
STRENGTHENS argument as and shows my understanding, shows HOW
knowledge in the field has developed overtime, GOOD academic practice
and inhibits academic misconduct and aids reader to follow up with the
original sources.
When should referencing be included:
- Whenever using someone else’s idea or data which is NOT GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE.
What this means:
getting information from lecture slides- (GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE)- this would be information that is WIDELY KNOWN,
EASILY ACCESSIBLE. SPECIALISED KNOWLEDGE is NOT GENERAL
KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE. Examples of specialised knowledge
includes data, theories or insights that are not commonly known
or are specific to the subject matter being taught. In this case
source should be reference. LECTURES ORIGINAL IDEAS-
including lectures own interpretations, analysis or unique ideas.
This should be referenced as the intellectual property of the
lecture. IN GENERAL- when taking.notes from lecture slides and
later using that information in an assignment or paper, lecturer
would need to be referenced as your source unless information is
just widely general knowledge.
Getting general information on Google- this includes
historical dates, well-known facts or university accepted scientific
principles. This doesn’t need to be referenced as its GK as most
people are likely to know or can easily find in multiple reliable
sources. But if the information is more specific, detailed and
comes from a particular source like: like a study, article or
websites that provide unique insights or data. Source should be
referenced to add credibility to my work. WHEN IN DOUBT,,
ALWAYS SAFER TO INCLUDE A REFERENCE.
Other EXAMPLES:
-definitions
- data
CHECKLIST FOR WHEN NEEDING TO REFERENCE AND WHEN NO
NEED TO REFERENCE IN MY WORK:
KNOWLEDGAB CHECKLIST NOT GENERAL CHECKLIST
LE TICK BOX: KNOWLEDGE TICK BOX:
INFORMATION (NEEDS
(NO NEED REFERENCING):
REFERENCING)
:
Widely known E.g. Lectures
(including on slides-
lecture slides specialised
or google) knowledge
(e.g. data,
theories,
insights not
commonly
known or are
specific to
subject matter)
/ lectures ideas
or others ideas-
(e.g.interpretat
ions, analysis
or unique
ideas)
Easily More specific
accessible and detailed
(multiple, information or
reliable data coming
sources from studies,
available) articles,
websites.
Definitions
Paraphrasing
Summarising
Direct
quotation
(include “ .” )
Definition of key elements included in referencing:
PARAPHRASING- using someone else’s ideas in you own words.
(REFERENCE MUST BE INCLUDED).
SUMMARISING- using someone else’s ideas in your own words, but more
concisely. (REFERENCE MUST BE INCLUDED)
DIRECT QUOTATIONS- using someone else’s ideas in the original words.
MUST BE INCLUDED. Referencing style will indicate how you make it clear
that you are using a direct quotation/ e.g. “ .”
IN-TEXT CITATION- the reference next to your idea, data or quote within
text. This is dependent on referencing style. Mine is HAVARD
REFERENCING.
Format in my case:
If Paraphrasing/ summarising- ( Author’s Last Name, Year)
Could integrate authors name into sentence e.g. Smith (2020)
argues that climate change is a significant global issue impacting
various ecosystems.
Direct Quotations- (Author’s Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)
If there’s multiple authors- e.g. in a study by Asif et al. (2020).
84% of university students reported feeling stressed. Or e.g. : It
is estimated that switching from driving private cars to using
more public transport could reduce emissions by up to 66% per
person (Welle et al., 2023)
In-Text Citations must be included whenever directly quoting and
even whenever rephrasing ideas in my words (summarising and
paraphrasing). And still would need to give full reference list at
the end of the document where the necessary information to
locate the source can be found.
SOURCE- book, websites, articles, presentations etc.
HAVARD referencing styles according to HAVARD referencing:
JOURNAL ARTICLES HAVARD REFERENCING:
The correct citation according to Harvard referencing style is:
Shubs, C. H. (2014) 'Transference issues concerning victims of
violent crime and other traumatic incidents of adulthood',
Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), pp. 122–141. Available
at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.25.1.122
This option includes the journal title, volume, issue number, page
range, and the DOI link formatted correctly, making it the most
complete and accurate citation.
WEBSITE, ONE AUTHOR:
Stephens, D. (2024) Climate Stripes projected on to landmarks.
Available
at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3gg779z7x5o (Accessed:
05 September 2024).
This option includes the author's name, publication year,
title of the article, the full URL, and the date accessed, all
formatted correctly according to Harvard style.
WEBSITE, NO DATE:
CG (n.d.). What Is the Growth Share Matrix? Available
at: https://www.bcg.com/about/overview/our-history/growth-
share-matrix (Accessed: 5 September 2024).
This option uses "n.d." (which stands for "no date") correctly
and includes the title, URL, and access date, all formatted
properly.
Yes, the format you provided can be applied to websites,
organizations, and instances where there is no date in
Harvard referencing style. Here’s the general structure you
would follow:
RECORDED LECTURE:
The correct citation for a recorded lecture in Harvard
referencing style is:
Pena Bizama, A. (n.d.) 'Jump-starting your brain' [Recorded
lecture]. University of Reading. Available
at: https://www.bb.reading.ac.uk/ultra/organizations/_18977
3_1/outline (Accessed: 05 September 2024).
This option includes the author's name, indicates no date
with "(n.d.)," provides the title in single quotation marks,
specifies the format as a recorded lecture, names the
institution, includes the URL, and notes the access date—all
formatted correctly.
Ebook:
The correct citation for an ebook in Harvard referencing
style is:
Nanay, B. (2023) Mental imagery: philosophy, psychology,
neuroscience. Oxford University Press. Available
at: https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/1354
60 (Accessed: 05 September 2024).
This option includes the author's name, publication year,
title (with correct punctuation), publisher, the URL, and the
access date, all formatted correctly.
WHEN SHOULD YOU USE SOURCES:
- Support ideas or present an alternative view. NOT
REPEAT WHAT YOU’VE SIMPLY SIAD
- Add new information for the reader, NOT TO TELL THEM
WHAT THEY ALREADY KNOW.
- Add authority and depth to your writing. Not SIMPLY
TICK A BOX
