Unit 3: Skeletal System
Chapter 6.1
NOTES: Skeletal System & Bones Part 1
Overview of Skeletal System: Bones
Joints
Cartilage
Skeletal System
Tendons (bone
to muscle)
Ligaments (bone
to bone)
Function of the Skeletal System
support
Ø _____________ of the body
Ø _______________
protection of soft organs
movement
Ø _______________ due to attached skeletal muscles
Ø _____________ of minerals and fats
storage
Ø _____________
blood cell formation
Types of Bone Tissue
compact bone
Ø _________________________: Hard outer layer of bone
Ø _________________________:
spongy bone Less dense, small needle-like
pieces of bone (______________)
trabaculae
• Many __________________
open spaces
Ø __________________________:
bone marrow Soft tissue inside bone that
produces blood cells
Classification of Bone
Ø Bones are classified according to shape
4. Irregular bones
irregular shape
Ø _______________________________
1. Long Bones
Ø Typically ________________________
longer than wide
Ø Do not fit into other bone classification
Ø Have a shaft with heads at both ends categories
Ø Contain mostly ____________________
compact bone Ø Example: Vertebrae and hip
Ø Examples: Femur, humerus
2. Short bones
cube-shape
Ø Generally _______________
Ø Contain mostly ___________
spongy bone
Ø Examples: Carpals, tarsals
3. Flat bones
thin and flattened
Ø ________________________
Ø Usually curved
Ø Thin layers of compact bone
around a layer of spongy bone
Ø Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Gross Anatomy of Long Bone
Ø Diaphysis - Shaft
• Composed of ___________________
compact bone
• Location of _____________________
yellow marrow (fat)
Ø Epiphysis - Ends of the bone
• Composed mostly of ________________
spongy bone
• Location of ______________ (blood formation)
red marrow
Ø Periosteum
• _____________________
outside covering of the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Ø Arteries
supply bone cells with _____________
• ________ nutrients
Ø Articular cartilage
• Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
• Made of hyaline cartilage
decreases friction
• _______________________ at joint surfaces
Ø Medullary cavity
• Cavity of the shaft
yellow marrow
• Contains ______________________ fat
(mostly ______) in adults
• Contains _______________
red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone
Ø _______________
osteon (Haversian System)
• A unit of bone
Ø _______________
central (Haversian) ____________
canal
• Opening in the center of an osteon
• ___________________________________
carries blood vessels and nerves
Ø ________________________
lacunae
• Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
• Arranged in concentric rings
Ø Lamellae
• Rings around the central canal
• Sites of lacunae
Ø Canaliculi
tiny canals
• ________________________________
• Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
• Form a __________________________
transport system
Ossification: Bone Growth
epiphyseal plates
Ø ____________________________ allow for growth of
long bone during childhood
• New cartilage is continuously formed
• Older cartilage becomes ossified (changed to bone)
o Cartilage is broken down
bone replaces cartilage
o _______________________________________
Ø Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
• Bones change shape somewhat
• Bones grow in width
Types of Bone Cells
Ø ________________________
osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
Ø ________________________
osteoblasts
• Bone-___________________
forming bone growth
cells for ____________________
Ø ________________________
osteoclasts
• Bone-___________________
destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Ø Bone remodeling is a process done by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone Fractures
a break in a bone
Ø ______________________________________
Ø Types of bone fractures
closed
• ____________ (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
• ___________
open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Ø Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
• Realignment of the bone
Common Types of Fractures
Repair of Bone Fractures
hermatoma
Ø _________________ (blood-filled swelling) is formed
Ø Break is ______________
splinted (immobilized) by ____________________
fibrocartilage to form a callus
bony callus
Ø Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a ____________________________
Ø Bony callus is ____________________
remodeled to form a permanent patch
Learning Goals:
1. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
2. Differentiate between the 4 types of bones.
Give an example of each.
3. Explain how ossification works
4. Compare the 3 types of bone cells.
5. Summarize how bone fractures are repaired.
