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PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

Module 4: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Introductory Message
This is a self - learning module for Practical Research 2 specifically made for grade
Author: LORNA C. DINOS
12 learners in response to DepEd’s learning continuity plan where there is no face-to- face
learning amidst pandemic crisis that we are facing because of the corona virus or COVID 19.
It is the fifth module to be discussed in three to four weeks.

To the Parents:
This module was made to help the learners gain the necessary competencies they must
learn about quantitative research. As partners of teachers in imparting knowledge to our

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children, guide them and see to it that they read and study this module, understand its
content and know how to answer the needed exercises and activities given in this module.

To the learners:
1. Start by answering the pretest and vocabulary enrichment/correct usage
exercises.
2. Read carefully and try to understand every idea given in this module.
3. Answer all exercises and activities.
4. Check your answers from the key answers found at the last part of this module.
5. Be honest in answering so that you can assess what you know before reading the
module and how much did you learn after studying.

LORNA C. DINOS

Chapter
4
. describe the nature of transactions in a service business; b. identify the parts of a journal;
and c. record transactions of a service business in the general journal After deciding for
the Research Title, formulating Statement of the Problem, determining the Scope and

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Delimitation, identifying the Significance of the Study, Hypothesis, defining Important
Terms and reviewing Related Literature for you research project you are now ready to gather
the data you needed to answer all your questions and problems. Determining the research
design appropriate to your research is necessary for you to go on with it, and how to gather
and analyze these data.

What this module is about

This module is about research methodology which includes the research

designs, appropriate for your research, sampling procedures, data collection instrument and
plans in analyzing the data to be collected. It is divided into six (6) lessons:

Lesson 1: Quantitative Research Designs

Lesson 2: Description of Sample
Lesson 3: Instrument Development
Lesson 4: Data Collection such as survey, interview, and observation
Lesson 5: Quantitative Data Analysis
Lesson 6: Guidelines in Writing Research Methodology

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. chooses appropriate quantitative research design illustrates the importance

of quantitative research across fields
2. describes sampling procedure and sample
3. constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability
4. describes intervention (if applicable)
5. plans data collection procedure
6. plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if appropriate)
7. presents written research methodology

Let us see what I know

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer describes by the given statements.
1. It refers to the over-all plan and scheme for conducting the study.
a. Definition of terms c. sampling
b. Research design d. hypothesis
2. It is a data gathering strategy that often makes use of checklist and rating scales
and can be given personally.
a. Interview c. Observation

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 b. Experiment d. Survey
3. A researcher wants to establish a standard on how a camper behaves during
camping. What research design should the researcher use in his/her research?
a. Descriptive comparative c. descriptive normative
b. Descriptive correlation d. descriptive evaluation
4. It is an experimental research design that requires two groups of equivalent
standing in terms of a criterion measure
a. Single group Pre-test/Post-test Design
b. Pre-test/Post-test Control Group
c. Solomon Four Group Design
d. all of these
5. It is a non - experimental research design that endeavors to establish significant
differences between 2 or more groups of subjects.
a. Correlational Research Design c. Descriptive Comparative Design
b. Descriptive Evaluative Design d. Descriptive Normative Design
6. It is the process of selecting and getting the respondents of the study with the
minimum cost such that the resulting observations will be the representative of the
entire population.
a. Research design c. sampling
b. Instruments d. samples
7. A researcher decided to select his 50 respondents from the 150 population by
choosing every 3rd person from the group. What probability sampling did the
researcher utilized?
a. Simple random sampling c. stratified sampling.
b. Systematic Sampling d. cluster sampling
8. Which of the following is NOT a method of data collection?
a. Experiments c. observations
b. quantitative analysis d. questionnaires
9. They are the data- gathering device that will be used in the study.
a. Instruments c. research design
b. Sampling d. quantitative analysis
10. How much sample size the researchers should take from a population of 150 if
they want a marginal error of 1%?
a. 148 b. 140 c. 90 d. 60

11. Which of these quantitative data-gathering strategies is effective when the

researcher needs to prepare structured and structured questions?
I. Interview II. Questionnaires III. Survey
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I, II and III
. 12. The following are found in the writing of the methodology EXCEPT
a. Research design & procedure c. problem
b. participants d. instrument
13. It is a data gathering techniques that attempts to determine the cause-and-effect
relationships between variables.
a. Interview c. experiments
b. questionnaires d. observations

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 14. Some of the respondents needed by a researcher reside in a far area. What
appropriate instrument can the researcher be used in collecting data where the
respondents can answer online questions?
a. Paper-pencil questionnaires
b. self-administered questionnaire
c. face – to – face interview
d. web-based questionnaire
15. Which of the following research design is appropriate to use if you as the
researcher wants to determine the relationships between the reading comprehension
skills to the academic performance of the learners?
a. Correlational Research Design
b. Descriptive Comparative Design
c. Descriptive Evaluative Design
d. Descriptive Normative Design

LESSON 1: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Vocabulary Enrichment

Direction: From the words in the box, choose the correct word that synonymous to the words listed
below:

devise avoid seemingly famous

deliberate imagination vulnerable

guarantee predict estimated precise

1. renowned = ________
2. Quasi = ____________
3. Envisage = _________
4. Shun = ____________
5. Approximates = _____
6. Purposive = ________
7. Conceive = _________
8. Vision = ___________
9. Prone = ____________
10. Ensure = ___________

What is new

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

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Definition: Research Design refers to the plan for conducting research (Faltado III,
2016)

A. Experimental Research Design

Definition: A quantitative design that is used in research method in which a test on
something is done under a controlled environment to determine the validity or
truthfulness of that something.
It involves experimental group in which a treatment or intervention is applied
and the control group where there is no treatment or intervention.
Types of Experimental Research
a. True Experimental Design – is a bias free selection because the
participants where chosen randomly and the way to examine casual
relationships.
b. Quasi-experimental Design – it is prone to bias because of its being
purposive rather than random selection of participants.
Types of Quasi – Experimental Research
 Pre – test/Post – test Control Group Design – this research design involves
two groups of equivalent criterions like achievement or mental ability. Both groups
will be given same pre-test. One group will be given treatment while the other is not.
After giving intervention to one group, both will be given same post – test then the
results will be compared.
 Single group Pre – test Post – test Design – this research design is used when
there is a limited number of subjects available. The group will be given a pre – test
before an intervention or treatment is applied after which a post – test is given.
 Solomon Four Group Design - it is a design that makes use of four equivalent
groups where the first two groups follow the pretest – posttest control group design,
the third group is not given pretest but with treatment and posttest and the last group
is not given pretest and no treatment but with posttest.
Factors Affecting the Experimental Plan
1. History 6. Statistical regression
2. Maturation 7. Differential Selection
3. Testing 8. Mortality
4. Interaction effects 9. John Henry Effect
5. Measuring instruments
B. Non – Experimental Research Design
Definition: A research design that can be used for both qualitative and quantitative. It
does not control variables instead it involves variables the way they naturally exist on
earth.

Types of Non – Experimental Research

a. Descriptive – describes an image or a picture of an individual or group.
b. Comparative – states the differences or similarities between people,
things, etc.
c. Correlative – shows the degree of relationships between variables
whether negative or positive exists between them.
d. Survey – describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings, views, and
other behavioral patterns of a big number of people.

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 e. Ex Post Facto – it has a purpose of deriving data from things are taking
place in order to explain the past events (Litchman 2013, p. 42)

Activity 1. Answer the following questions intelligently and concisely.

1. When is experimental research design is applicable in research?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Why is true experimental research being the best type of experimental
research design?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Why do some people choose quasi – experimental research than true
experimental research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What is the difference between experimental group and control group?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. What do you think is the quantitative research design applicable to your
research? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

LESSON 2: DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE

Vocabulary Enrichment

Direction: Choose the letter of the word that corresponds in meaning to the italicized
word in the sentence. Be guided by the contextual clues

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 1. Doing business is my parent’s way to derive our family income.
a. keep b. get c. display d. budget
2. Name the islands that constitute the town of hundred Islands in Pangasinan.
a. represent b. advertise c. compose d. popularize
3. To land as top paying is the impetus behind his desire to graduate as cum
laude.
a. clue b. reward c. force d. secret
4. The cabinet members are ready to tackle issues propounded by the
businessmen.
a. questioned c. contrasted
b. forwarded for mailing d. written for recording
5. Please categorize the books based on subject area.
a. classify b. count c. mark d. arrange
6. Her religiosity was manifested by her regular attending of Holy Mass.
a. pictures b. shown c. stressed d. signalled
7. Numerous stars blossom in the sky.
a. glittering b. a big number c. twinkling d. a small number of
8. Give him more time to mull over your proposal.
a. remember b. question c. criticize d. ponder
9. Give the mendicant on the street food rather than money.
a. janitor b. beggar c. street labourer d. street vendor
10. Students getting grades of 75, 82, 88, 92, and 96 belong to a heterogeneous
group; the same grade of 95 – 96, to a homogeneous group.
a. varied abilities c. same abilities
b. little ability d. zero ability

What is new

Definitions: 1. Sampling is a word that refers to your method or process of

selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield
data for a research study.
2. Sampling Plan is detailed outline o which measurements will be
taken at what times, on which material, in what manner, and by whom
that support the purpose of an analysis.
3. Population is the bigger group from where the sample is chosen
from.
4. Sampling frame is the term used to mean the list of the members
of such population from where you will get the sample (Paris 2013).

Steps in Developing Sampling Plan

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 1. Identify the parameters to be measured, the range of possible
values, and the required resolution
2. Design a sampling scheme that details how and when samples
will be taken
3. Select sample sizes
4. Design data storage formats
5. Assign roles and responsibilities

Five Issues to Consider in Making Sampling Plan

1. From where within the target population should we collect samples?
2. What type of samples should we collect?
3. What is the minimum amount of sample for each analysis?
4. How many samples should we analyze?
5. How can we minimize the overall variance for the analysis?

Formula to use in computing for the sample size is the Slovin’s Formula.

N
n= 2
1+ N e
where n = samples size
N = population
e = marginal of error
Example: Find the sample size required for a population size of 5000 if an error
of .05 is tolerated.

5000
Solution: n= 2
1+5000 (05)
5000
¿
1+ 5000(.0025)
5000
¿ =370.37 ≈ 370
1+ 12.5

CLASSES OF SAMPLING
A. Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling - An equal chance of participation in
the sampling or selection process is given to every member listed in the sampling
frame.
Types of Probability Sampling
a. Simple Random Sampling - the best type of probability sampling through
which you can choose sample from a population.
1) Have a list of all members of the population; write each name on a
card and choose cards through a pure – chance – selection.

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 2) Have a list of all members; give a number to member and then use
randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from the list.
b. Systematic Sampling - chance and system are the ones to determine who
should compose the sample.
Ex. If you want a sample of 150, you may select a set of numbers like 1 to
15, and out of a list of 1500 students, take every 15th name on the list until
you complete the total number of respondents to constitute your sample.
c. Stratified Sampling - a group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that
such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage.
d. Cluster Sampling - makes you isolate a set of persons instead of individual
members to serve as sample members.
Ex. If you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1,000 students, you can
randomly select three sections with 40 students each constitute the sample.

B. Non-Probability Sampling - disregards random selection of subjects. The subjects

are chosen based on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in some
cases, on the discretion of the researcher.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling

a. Quota Sampling - resort to this type of sampling when you think that you
know the characteristics of the target population well.
- choose sample members possessing or indicating the
characteristics of the target population.
b. Voluntary Sampling - the respondents are the ones volunteering to
constitute the sample.
c. Availability Sampling - the willingness of a person as your subject to
interact with you counts a lot.
d. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling - choose people whom you are
sure could correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting
those with rich experience or interest in your study.
e. Snowball Sampling - do not give a specific set of samples.
- the researchers are free to obtain data from any group
just like snow freely expanding and accumulating at a certain place.

Activity 2.
Direction: Write P if the sentence talks about probability sampling; otherwise,
write NP.

_____1. Checking every 10th student in the list.

_____ 2. Interviewing some persons, you meet on the campus.
_____ 3. Dividing 100 persons into groups.
_____ 4. Choosing subjects behaving like the majority members of NPC Town.
______5. Choosing a group of subjects among several groups.
______6. Choosing subjects capable of helping you to meet the aim of your study.
______7. Choosing samples by chance but through an organizational pattern.

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______ 8. Letting all members in the population join the selection process.
______ 9. Having people willing to be chosen as respondents.
______ 10. Matching people’s traits with the population members’ traits.

Activity 3
Direction: On the line before each number, write the letter of the expression in the box
that corresponds to the expression outside the box.

a. Sampling error g. 1920 Literary Digest

b. Quota sampling h. population
c. Sampling frame i. probability sampling
d. Money j. snowballing
e. cluster sampling k. whole – nation subject
f. stratified sampling

_______1. List of names representing the target population

_______2. Origin of sampling
_______3. Dissimilarity of sample with those in the sampling frame
_______4. Requires a big sample size
_______5. Randomized sample
_______6. Intentional choosing of sample
_______7. No specific number of respondents
_______8. Hindrance to big sample
_______9. Group – by – group selection of sample
_______10. Uses sub – groups

LESSON 3: INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT

What is new

Definitions: 1. Instrument is a measurement device used by researchers like survey,

test, questionnaire, and others.
2. Instrumentation is the process of developing, testing, and using the
device.
Two Broad Categories of Instruments
1. Researcher – Completed Instruments
2. Subject – Completed Instruments
Examples:
Researcher – completed Instruments Subject – completed Instruments
Rating scales Questionnaires
Interview schedules/guides Self – checklists
Tally sheets Attitude scales

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 Flowcharts Personality inventories
Performance checklists Achievement/aptitude tests
Time – motion logs Projective devices
Observation forms Sociometric devices

General Criteria of Good Research Instruments

1. Validity – the extent to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure and
perform as it is designed to perform.
-involves collecting and analyzing data to assess the accuracy of an instrument.
Types of Validity
Types of Validity Description
The extent to which a research instrument accurately
Content Validity
measures all aspects of a construct.
The extent to which a research instrument (or tool) measures
Construct Validity
the intended construct.
The extent to which a research instrument is related to other
Criterion Validity
instruments that measure the same variables.
2. Reliability – the extent to which the instrument should be able to obtain
approximately the same response when applied to respondents who are similarly situated.
Attributes of Reliability in Quantitative Research
Attributes Description
Internal Consistency The extent to which all the items on a scale measure one
or Homogeneity construct
Stability or Test – The consistency of results using an instrument with repeated
Retest Correlation testing
Consistency among responses of multiple users of an
Equivalence
instrument, or among alternate forms of an instrument

Activity 4. Answer the following questions:

1. Describe the research instruments you will use for your research.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What research instrumentation you are going to use in your research?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

LESSON 4: DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES SUCH AS SURVEY,

INTERVIEW, AND OBSERVATION

Vocabulary Enrichment

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 Direction: Choose the word that is not the same in meaning from the group of words.
1. arbitrary, prejudicial, biased, subjective, rational
2. graduated, ranked, accord, gradated, ordered
3. faraway, nearby, secluded, distant remote
4. express, connote, denote, refuse, signify
5. advent, arrival, coming approach, departure
6. fallacious, erroneous, accurate, wrong, incorrect
7. oblivious, absorbed, exude, engrossed, preoccupied
8. highfalutin, complex, difficult, high – flown, unpretentious
9. guide, idle, direct, manipulate, lead
10. reap, yield, produce, generate, quench

What is new

Definitions: Quantitative data are measurable, numerical, and related to a metrical

system.

Data Collection Methods

1. Survey – a data – gathering technique that makes you obtain facts or information about
the subject or object of your research through the data – gathering instruments of interview
and questionnaire.
Interviews - a gathering technique that occurs between the researcher and the
respondent/s in a face - to face situation, individually or collectively.

Types of Interview
1. Structured Interview - requires the use of an interview schedule or a list of
questions answerable with one and only item from a set of alternative
responses

2. Face to Face Interview – the most frequently used quantitative research.

- interviews can be conducted in the respondent’s
home or workplace, in halls or even simply on the street.
3. Telephone Interviews – an interview which is less time consuming and less
expensive which has ready access to anyone who has telephone.
4. Computer – Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) – a form of personal
interview but instead of completing a questionnaire, the interviewer brings
along a laptop or hand – held computer to enter the information directly into
the database.

Order of Interview Questions

First Set of questions – opening questions to establish friendly relationships, like

questions about the place, the time, the physical appearance of the
participant, or other non – verbal things not for audio recording.

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 Second Set of questions – generative questions to encourage open – ended questions
like those that ask about the respondents’ inferences, views, or opinions
about the interview topic.

Third Set of questions – directive questions or close – ended questions to elicit

specific answers like those that are answerable with yes or no, with one
type of an object or, with definite period of time and the like.

Fourth Set of questions – ending questions that give the respondents the chance to air
their satisfaction, likes, dislikes, reactions, or comments about the
interview.

Guidelines in Formulating Interview Questions

a. Use clear and simple language

b. Avoid using acronyms, abbreviation, jargons, and highfalutin terms
c. Let one question elicit only one answer no double – barrel questions
d. Express your point in exact, specific, bias – free, and gender – free language
e. Give way to how your respondents want themselves to be identified
f. Establish continuity or free flow of the respondents’ thoughts by using
appropriate follow – up questions (e.g., Could you give an example of it?
Would you mind narrating what happened next?)
g. Ask questions in a sequential manner; determine which should be your
opening, middle, or closing questions.

Questionnaires – a paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual

and independent answering by several respondents for obtaining statistical
information.

Five sections of Questionnaire

1. Respondent’s identification data

2. Introduction
3. Instruction
4. Information
5. Classification data and information

Types of Questionnaire

1. Paper – pencil – questionnaire – can be sent to a large number of people and

saves the researcher time and money.
2. Web – based questionnaire – a new and inevitably growing methodology using
the internet-based research.
3. Self – Administered questionnaire – generally distributed through mail, filled
out and administered by the respondents themselves which returned via mail to
the researcher.

2.Observation – a way of gathering data by watching behavior, events, or noting

physical characteristics in their natural setting.

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 Types of Observation:

1)Direct Observation – when you watch interactions, processes, or behaviors as they

occur.

2)Indirect Observation – when you watch the results of interactions, processes, or

behaviors.

Ways of Collecting Observation Data

1. Recording Sheets
2. Checklists
3. Observation guides
4. Field notes

3.Experiment – a scientific method of collecting data whereby you give the subjects a
sort of treatment or condition then evaluate the results to.

Tests – provide a way to assess subjects’ knowledge and capacity to apply this knowledge to
new situations.

Activity 5: Answer the following questions:

1. Decide what data collection technique that you will use for your research.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the data collection technique that you will use for your research.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 5: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

Vocabulary Enrichment

Based on your stock knowledge give words that are synonyms to the word in the middle.

transform
sedrr
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 ratio
significant

What is new

Definition: 1. Quantitative Analysis is a systematic approach to investigations during

which numerical data are collected and if the collected data are not numerical
then it will be transformed into numerical data.

2. Quantitative Analysis it often describes what statistics tests you used to

analyze your data and test your hypothesis (if applicable), why these tests were
used and what were the result.

*Studies that are descriptive in design only use descriptive statistics, correlational
studies, comparative studies, quasi – experimental and true experimental studies
use inferential statistics.

3. Inferential Statistics is subdivided into tests to measure relationships and

differences between variables. They are used to test if the relationship or
difference between variables is statistically significant.

Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data

1. Nominal Scale is used to show the classification of things based on a

certain criterion such as gender, origin, brand, religion, position, etc.
2. Ordinal Scale is used to indicate the rank or hierarchical order of things
such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc in the group.
3. Interval scale is used for showing equal differences or intervals between
points on the scale in an arbitrary manner.
Example: Question: How often does your professor come late?
________ _________ ________ _________
Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree
Agree

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 4. Ratio Scale is used to show rating something from zero to a certain point.

Let me see how much I learned

Activity 6. Answer the following questions:

1. What statistics is applicable to descriptive study?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. What statistics is applicable to correlational studies, comparative studies,
quasi – experimental and true experimental studies?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. What quantitative analysis is applicable to your research?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. What measurement scale is applicable to your research?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

LESSON 6: GUIDELINES IN WRITING RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

What is new

Tips in Writing Methodology

1. Always write the method section in the past tense (Use the future tense if it is a
research design)
2. Provide enough details that another researcher could replicate your experiment but
focus on brevity. Avoid unnecessary detail that is not relevant to the outcome of the
experiment.
3. Remember to use proper American Psychological Association (APA) format. As you
are writing your method section, keep a style guide published by the American
Psychological Association on hand such as the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association.
4. Take a rough draft of your method section with your teacher or research adviser for
additional assistance.

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 5. Proofread your paper for typos, grammar problems, and spelling errors. Do not just
rely on computer spell checkers. Always read through each section of your paper for
agreement with other sections. If you mention steps and procedures in the method
section, these elements should also be present in the results and discussion sections.

Activity 7. Write the Methodology of Your Research

A. Research Design
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
B. Population and Sampling
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
C. Research Instrument
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
D. Data Collection Procedures
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
E. Data Analysis

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Key Answers

Let us see what I know

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C

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 6. C
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. A
11. D
12. C
13. C
14. D
15. A

Vocabulary Enrichment

1. Famous
2. Seemingly
3. Predict
4. Avoid
5. Estimated
6. Deliberate
7. Devise
8. Imagination
9. Vulnerable
10. Guarantee

Vocabulary Enrichment

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. A

Activity 2

1. P
2. NP
3. P

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 4. NP
5. P
6. NP
7. P
8. P
9. NP
10. NP

Activity 3

1. C
2. H
3. A
4. K
5. I
6. B
7. J
8. D
9. F
10.E

Vocabulary Enrichment

1. Rational
2. Accord
3. Nearby
4. Refuse
5. Departure
6. Accurate
7. Exude
8. Unpretentious
9. Idle
10. Quench

Vocabulary Enrichment
1. Transform – synonyms: convert, mutate, remodel, revamp, reconstruct
2. Significant – synonyms: notable, remarkable, important, note worthy
3. Ratio – synonyms: proportion, fraction, quotient

References:

Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 1. Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 2. Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc.

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Faltado, R., et. al. (2016). Practical Research 2: Quantitative Research. Quezon
City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

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