DEPT.

of Computer Science Engineering

(CSE)
Report 1
Spring 2023

Name : Sourav Hossain Supto

Student ID : 0112310168
Section : F
Course Name : Introduction to Compute Systems
Course Code : CSE 1110
Deadline : 24th February 2023
Report Topic : Apple

Submitted to
Minhajul Bashir
Lecturer
United International University
 The History of Apple
The Foundation of Apple
Three men, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, created Apple in 1976 with the goal
of selling Wozniak's custom-built personal computer, known as the Apple 1. A motherboard
containing a CPU, RAM, and simple textual-video chips was advertised as the Apple 1. Then, it
was devoid of any internal keyboard, display, casing, or Human Interface Devices (which were
later added in 1977). The Apple 1 went on sale in July 1976 and cost $666.66. Steve Wozniak
had a specific fondness for repeating numbers, which is why the pricing was a fancy number.
Unfortunately, only a few weeks after the business was established, Ronald Wayne made the
decision to quit. Wayne then accepted an $800 check, which, 40 years later, would have been
worth over $72 billion. The original Apple logo was hand-drawn by Wayne, then in 1977 Rob
Janoff's bitten apple design took its place.
On January 3rd, 1977, Apple Computer Inc. became a legal entity. The multimillionaire Mike
Markkula, who had shown interest in the Apple-1, provided the company with the finance and
business knowledge it needed. The third employee and owner of a third stake in the business
were Mike Markkula. He suggested Michael Scott be the company's first president and CEO
since he believed Steve was too inexperienced and unorganized to hold the position.
The Apple II and III
The Apple II was first released in 1977, also by Wozniak. The revolutionary spreadsheet and
calculator software VisiCalc, known as the world's first "killer app," helped the Apple II
computers overtake market leaders Tandy and Commodore PET. Users have another motivation
to purchase the Apple II thanks to VisiCalc's office interoperability. The Apple II was able to
completely transform the computer industry with the addition of color graphics.
By 1978, Apple had a genuine office, a staff of people working there, and a line for
manufacturing the Apple II.
Over the next few years, Apple's revenue grew exponentially, doubling every four months. Their
annual sales increased from $775,000 to $118 million between September 1977 and September
1980 (533% CAGR).
In 1979, Jobs and several employees were allowed to visit the Xerox PARC laboratory. World
famous for laser printers, mice, Ethernet networks, and other technological achievements. Jobs
and his engineers visited the PARC campus in exchange for an option to buy 100,000 shares of
Apple stock at $10 a share.
By 1980, the market was becoming increasingly competitive with IBM and Microsoft. Apple
released the Apple III the same year to compete with these companies in the enterprise
computing market. The Apple III was unsuccessful due to design flaws. To reduce noise, Jobs
insisted that computers not have fans or vents. Thus, Apple III lost to his IBM computer.
But after visiting the Xerox PARC lab, Jobs was convinced that all computers of the future
would have to use graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like the ones in use today. He soon began
developing his GUI for Apple's next-generation computer, the Apple Lisa.
Unfortunately, a power struggle forced Jobs out of Lisa's team and made him part of Macintosh's
low-cost computer project. Released in 1983, Lisa had dismal sales due to its high price and
limited software support.
Apple went public on December 12, 1980, at $22 a share. His $4.6 million stake in Apple was
quickly sold, raising more capital than any initial public offering since his Ford Motor Company
in 1956, according to EDN Network. The IPO raised $217 million for its largest shareholder,
Steve Jobs. His IPO of the company also quickly created 300 millionaires.
The Macintosh
After Jobs was replaced by the Lisa team, he became the leader of the Macintosh team. Apple
Macintosh is known as the easiest computer to use ever. Also known as the first mass-market PC
with its integrated GUI and mouse.
The Mackintosh, unlike Lisa, thrived thanks to strong marketing by Ridley Scott's legendary
'1984' commercial.
The graphics hardware used was very expensive, but Apple decided to sell its Macintosh at a
price that its users could afford to buy. Its black-and-white graphics and visual prowess
captivated design professionals, and its similarities made it particularly successful in the desktop
publishing market. It had a carrying handle for easy portability and was friendly looking.
The Macintosh was priced at $2,495 and was released in January 1984. Not cheap, but it was
worth the money. By early May 1984, 70,000 units had been shipped because of the "1984"
commercial.
In 1983, around the time the Macintosh was launched, Jobs had hired John Scully as his new
Apple CEO, and his second CEO, Mark Markla, was about to retire. Scully was Pepsi's youngest
CEO at the time, but Jobs brought him to Apple with the iconic question. Or do you want to
change the world with me? "
But tensions between Jobs and Scully grew when Macintosh failed to break his control of IBM.
Also, while Jobs liked to do things his own way, Scully wanted future products to be closely
monitored. Because at that time neither Lisa nor Macintosh could compete with IBM and others.

Apple without Steve Jobs

In 1985, as tensions between Jobs and Scully escalated, Jobs attempted a coup to oust Scully, but
it backfired. Apple's board of directors sided with Scully and removed Jobs from management.
Jobs then quit his job and started a new company called NeXT, which manufactures advanced
workstations. Steve Wozniak also left the company around the same time, selling most of his
shares on the grounds that the company was going in the wrong direction.
Now that Jobs has left the company, the board has been free to think about what kinds of
machines Apple will produce. They decided to target the high-end market with their more
expensive Macs. Steve Jobs was against the idea of raising prices, so they could only implement
this policy after Jobs left. Agreed that there should be This policy was called "55 or die" and was
Jean-Louis Gassée's rule that the Macintosh II must make at least 55% profit on his one machine.
Gasse was the man Scully hired to replace Steve Jobs. Apple's computers were considerably
more expensive than others on the market, but they had advantages such as a user interface that
kept users loyal. Apple introduced its PowerBook laptops in 1991 with the System 7 operating
system. System 7 gave color to his Macintosh operating system and was used until his release of
OS X in 2001.
In the 1990s, Apple tried to enter new markets. Gassée was also involved in the development of
new products such as the Newton MessagePad and eMate and dreamed that these products would
take the company to new heights.
But with prices up to $700 and functionality limited to taking notes and managing contacts, these
new products didn't work in the market. And his Newton MessagePad became his Apple failure
of the 1990s. Gasse's term also ended in 1990. Then Apple introduced the Macintosh Classic,
Macintosh LC, and Macintosh IIsi. These were low-priced models and were able to get quite a
few sales.
The Decline of Apple
Apple's "55 or die" policy backfired later in the decade as IBM clones became cheaper and
Microsoft began to gain influence. Macs offered great software libraries, but they were limited.
In contrast, Windows 3.0 was intended for cheap standard computers.
Apple had to find a way to get back on the market and introduced a whole new line of
computers.
Quadra, Centris and Performa. Performa was intended as inventory for department stores and
other lifestyle businesses. At the time, Apple computers were available only through mail orders
or authorized retailers. At that time, there was no Apple Store. These computer lines were an
existing stock that he rebranded by adding new consumer software such as ClarisWorks and
Grolier Encyclopaedia to attract home users.
On the contrary, the differences between these models were not well understood, causing
confusion among customers.
Apple also experimented with products such as digital cameras, portable CD audio players,
speakers, and televisions, all of which failed. Apple's market share and the stock continued to
decline.
In addition to bugs, Sculley invested a great deal of time and money to get his System 7 installed
on his new IBM/Motorola PowerPC microprocessor instead of his Intel processor. Most of the
software was written for Intel processors and they were so cheap that Apple could not find a way
back into the market.
A highly unsuccessful product line and a costly decision to switch to the PowerPC had fed up
Apple's board of directors. In 1993, Scully was fired and replaced as the new CEO by Michael
Spindler, a German ex-pat who had worked for Apple since the 1980s.
Unfortunately, Spindler had to experience the PowerPC bug in his Sculley. His first Macintosh
PowerPC was released in 1994, but Apple's misfortunes continued. One of his reasons was the
popularity of Windows in the market at the time.
In 1996, Gil Amelio replaced Spindler as his CEO. Amelio has made several changes, including
significant headcount reductions and cost savings. His tenure was also troubled when Apple's
stock hit a 12-year low. Amelio then decided to buy Jobs' NeXT computer for $429 million in
February 1997, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple.
Rise To Profits
Jobs persuaded the board of directors to appoint him interim CEO in July 1997. The board
agreed with Jobs because of the huge financial losses and his lowest stock price in three years.
Amelio resigned a week later.
At his Macworld Expo in 1997, Jobs announced that Apple was partnering with Microsoft to
develop a new version of his Microsoft for his Macintosh. He also announced that Microsoft has
invested $150 million in non-voting Apple stock. On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the
online Apple Store.
Jobs was impressed by Jonathan Ive's design prowess and worked with him to reshape Apple's
position. The iMac is his all-in-one computer that appeared on August 15, 1998. Jonathan Ive led
the design team for his iMac, later he designed the iPod and his iPhone. With the latest technical
features and unique design, he sold 80,000 of his iMacs in just 5 months. Jobs didn't want a
broad product range, preferring to focus on a narrow product range. He reduced his computer
range to four. Two for business and two for consumers. He also closed many other divisions,
including Newton MessagePad.
In 1998, Apple expanded the video editing market by acquiring Macromedia's Key Grip software
project. When it was released in April 1999, the product was called Final Cut Pro. Incomplete at
the time of release. The development of Key Grip Software prompted Apple to release a video
editing product called iMovie in October 1999.
Mac OS X was introduced in 2001, replacing System 7, which was based on the NeXT
computer's operating system. In the same year, the portable digital audio player "iPod" was
released, selling 100 million units in six years.
Later, Apple acquired the German company Astarte, and Apple used his DVD authoring
technology from Astarte to create iDVD for the consumer market. Apple 2002 acquired two
companies. His Emagic for digital composition application Nothing Real and music productivity
application Logic. Apple became the first computer maker to own a music company after
acquiring Emagic.
Apple's iTunes Music Store was launched in 2003, and the service offered online music
downloads for $0.99 per song and was also integrated with the iPod. iTunes became the world's
largest music retailer in 2005.
In 2006, Apple finally decided to switch to Intel-based system architecture. The MacBook Pro
was his first Apple laptop with an Intel Core processor.
Between 2003 and 2006, Apple's stock price rose more than tenfold, from $6 to $80 per share.
The iPhone
The iPhone was announced at Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007. Jobs also announced the
name change of Apple Computer, Inc. to Apple Inc. In the 30 hours since its launch, he has sold
270,000 of his iPhones and has become known as the 'game changer in the industry'. Widespread
success with the launch of iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad products. The App Store was launched
by Apple in July 2008 to sell third-party applications for iPhone and iPod touch. Within a month,
60 million applications were sold on the App Store, averaging $1 million in average daily sales.
Apple has also become the world's third-largest mobile phone supplier thanks to the popularity
of the iPhone.
Apple's stock hit a staggering $300 in October 2010.
On August 24, 2011, Steve Jobs stepped down as his CEO for health reasons and was replaced
by Tim Cook. Jobs died on October 5, 2011, marking the end of an incredible era for Apple and
a major change in Apple's history.
But Apple continues to impact the market with groundbreaking technological marvels.