Practical File

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF INFORMATION ,

COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, NEW

DELHI- 110078 (2022-2026)

Digital Signal Processing

ICT 391

Submitted By –

Submitted To -

Harshit Kumar CS

Rai Sir

01316412822
B.Tech ECE 5th Sem

INDEX

S.No Practical Name: Date Sign:

1 To plot various functions using 29/08/2024

matlab.

2 To implement convolution with and 29/08/2024

without matlab function.

3 To find DTFT of given sequence. 05/09/2024

4 To implement DFT of given 12/09/2024

sequence.

5 To find DFT of given sequence with 19/09/2024

and without FFT.

6 To find circular convolution 19/09/2024

with and without matlab’s
inbuilt

7 To implement Z transform of the 26/09/2024

given sequence.

8 To design low pass butterworth 24/10/2024

filter.
 Program 1

Aim – To plot various functions using matlab.

Program
% Define the time vector

t = -5:0.01:5; % Time from -5 to 5 with a step size of 0.01

% Unit Step Function (u(t))

u = double(t >= 0); % u(t) = 0 for t < 0 and u(t) = 1 for t >= 0

% Impulse Function (delta(t)) - Approximation using a very high value at t = 0

delta = zeros(size(t));

delta(t == 0) = 100; % Approximate Dirac delta function by setting a large value at t = 0

% Ramp Function (r(t))

r = max(0, t); % r(t) = 0 for t < 0 and r(t) = t for t >= 0

% Plotting all functions in one figure

figure;

% Subplot for Unit Step Function

subplot(3, 1, 1); % 3 rows, 1 column, first plot

plot(t, u, 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Unit Step Function u(t)');

xlabel('t');

ylabel('u(t)');

axis([-5 5 -0.5 1.5]);

grid on;

% Subplot for Impulse Function (Delta Function Approximation)

subplot(3, 1, 2); % 3 rows, 1 column, second plot

stem(t, delta, 'LineWidth', 2); % Use stem for discrete impulse approximation

title('Impulse Function (Delta Function Approximation)');

xlabel('t');

ylabel('\delta(t)');

axis([-5 5 0 120]);

grid on;

% Subplot for Ramp Function

subplot(3, 1, 3); % 3 rows, 1 column, third plot

plot(t, r, 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Ramp Function r(t)');

xlabel('t');

ylabel('r(t)');

axis([-5 5 -1 6]);

grid on;

Output
 Program 2

Aim – To implement convolution with and without matlab function.

Program
% Define two signals (example: x and h)

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Example signal x[n]

h = [0.5, 1, 0.5]; % Example signal h[n]

% Perform the convolution using MATLAB's conv function

y = conv(x, h);

% Plot the results

figure;

subplot(2,1,1);

stem(0:length(x)-1, x, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Signal x[n]');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('x[n]');

grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(0:length(h)-1, h, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Signal h[n]');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('h[n]');

grid on;

% Plot the convolution result

figure;

stem(0:length(y)-1, y, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Convolution Result y[n] = conv(x[n], h[n])');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('y[n]');

grid on;

Output
 Program 3

Aim – To find DTFT of given sequence.

Program
% Define the sequence x[n] (replace with your sequence of numbers)

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Example sequence

% Define the frequency range for DTFT (from -pi to pi)

omega = linspace(-pi, pi, 500); % 500 points between -pi and pi

% Initialize the DTFT result

X_omega = zeros(size(omega));

% Compute the DTFT using the summation formula

for k = 1:length(omega)

X_omega(k) = sum(x .* exp(-1j * omega(k) * (0:length(x)-1))); % DTFT formula

end

% Plot the magnitude and phase of the DTFT

figure;

% Magnitude plot

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(omega, abs(X_omega), 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Magnitude of DTFT');

xlabel('\omega (rad/sample)');

ylabel('|X(\omega)|');

grid on;
% Phase plot

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(omega, angle(X_omega), 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Phase of DTFT');

xlabel('\omega (rad/sample)');

ylabel('Angle of X(\omega) (radians)');

grid on;

Output
 Program 4

Aim – To implement DFT of given sequence.

Program
% Define the sequence x[n] (replace with your sequence)

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Example sequence (can be any given sequence)

% Length of the sequence

N = length(x);

% Initialize the DFT result

X = zeros(1, N); % This will store the DFT values

% Compute the DFT using the DFT formula

for k = 1:N

X(k) = sum(x .* exp(-1j * 2 * pi * (k-1) * (0:N-1) / N)); % DFT formula

end

% Plot the magnitude and phase of the DFT

figure;

% Magnitude plot

subplot(2,1,1);

stem(0:N-1, abs(X), 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Magnitude of DFT');

xlabel('k');

ylabel('|X[k]|');

grid on;
% Phase plot

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(0:N-1, angle(X), 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Phase of DFT');

xlabel('k');

ylabel('Angle of X[k] (radians)');

grid on;

Output
 Program 5

Aim – To find DFT of given sequence with and without FFT.

Program
% Main Script to Use fft for DFT

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Example sequence (can be replaced with your own)

% Compute DFT using the fft function

X_fft = fft(x);

% Plot the magnitude and phase of the FFT

N = length(X_fft); % Length of the sequence

figure;

% Magnitude plot (using fft)

subplot(2,1,1);

stem(0:N-1, abs(X_fft), 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Magnitude of DFT (using fft)');

xlabel('k');

ylabel('|X[k]|');

grid on;

% Phase plot (using fft)

subplot(2,1,2);

stem(0:N-1, angle(X_fft), 'filled', 'LineWidth', 2);

title('Phase of DFT (using fft)');

xlabel('k');
ylabel('Angle of X[k] (radians)');

grid on;

Output
 Program 6

Aim – To find circular convolution with and without matlab’s inbuilt

functions

Program Without Function

% Define two input sequences x[n] and h[n]

x = [1, 2, 3]; % Example input sequence x[n]

h = [4, 5, 6]; % Example impulse response h[n]

% Length of the sequences (assuming both have the same length)

N = length(x);

% Initialize the output sequence y[n] with zeros

y_manual = zeros(1, N);

% Perform circular convolution using the formula

for n = 1:N

for m = 1:N

% Circular index using modulo operation

y_manual(n) = y_manual(n) + x(m) * h(mod(n - m, N) + 1);

end

end

% Plot the input sequences and their circular convolution result

figure;

subplot(3,1,1);
stem(0:N-1, x, 'filled');

title('Sequence x[n]');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('x[n]');

subplot(3,1,2);

stem(0:N-1, h, 'filled');

title('Impulse Response h[n]');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('h[n]');

subplot(3,1,3);

stem(0:N-1, y_manual, 'filled');

title('Circular Convolution y[n] (Manual)');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('y[n]');

grid on;

Output
Program With cconv Function
% Define two input sequences x[n] and h[n]

x = [1, 2, 3]; % Example input sequence x[n]

h = [4, 5, 6]; % Example impulse response h[n]

% Perform circular convolution using MATLAB's built-in cconv function

y_cconv = cconv(x, h, length(x));

% Plot the input sequences and their circular convolution result using cconv

figure;

subplot(3,1,1);

stem(0:length(x)-1, x, 'filled');

title('Sequence x[n]');

xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');

subplot(3,1,2);

stem(0:length(h)-1, h, 'filled');

title('Impulse Response h[n]');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('h[n]');

subplot(3,1,3);

stem(0:length(y_cconv)-1, y_cconv, 'filled');

title('Circular Convolution y[n] (Using cconv)');

xlabel('n');

ylabel('y[n]');

grid on;

Output
 Program 7

Aim – To implement Z transform of the given sequence.

Program Without builtin function
% Define the sequence x[n] (replace with your sequence)

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Example sequence (can be any given sequence)

% Length of the sequence

N = length(x);

% Define the range of z values (in complex plane)

% We choose a grid of points for z

re = linspace(-2, 2, 100); % Real part of z

im = linspace(-2, 2, 100); % Imaginary part of z

% Create a meshgrid of complex numbers (z = re + j*im)

[Re, Im] = meshgrid(re, im);

Z = Re + 1j * Im; % Complex numbers

% Initialize the Z-transform result (X(z))

X_z = zeros(size(Z));

% Compute the Z-transform using the definition

for n = 1:N

X_z = X_z + x(n) * Z.^(-n); % Z-transform summation

end

% Plot the magnitude of X(z) over the complex plane

figure;

subplot(1,2,1);

surf(Re, Im, abs(X_z));

title('Magnitude of Z-transform |X(z)|');

xlabel('Re(z)');

ylabel('Im(z)');

zlabel('|X(z)|');

colorbar;

view(2); % View in 2D for better visualization

% Plot the phase of X(z) over the complex plane

subplot(1,2,2);

surf(Re, Im, angle(X_z));

title('Phase of Z-transform \angle X(z)');

xlabel('Re(z)');

ylabel('Im(z)');

zlabel('Phase of X(z) (radians)');

colorbar;

view(2); % View in 2D for better visualization

Output

Program With ztrans function

% Define the sequence x[n] symbolically

syms n z;

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]; % Example sequence

% Compute the Z-transform using the ztrans function

X_z = 0;

for n = 1:length(x)

X_z = X_z + x(n) * z^(-n + 1); % Z-transform formula

end

% Display the Z-transform

disp('Z-transform of the sequence:');

disp(X_z);
% Plot the Z-plane

% Find the transfer function of the system

b = x; % The numerator coefficients (for the sequence x[n])

a = 1; % The denominator (for this example, we assume it's 1)

% Plot the poles and zeros on the Z-plane

figure;

zplane(b, a);

title('Z-plane: Poles and Zeros');

Output
Program 8
Aim – To design low pass butterworth filter
Program
% Define filter parameters

fc = 500; % Cutoff frequency in Hz

fs = 2000; % Sampling frequency in Hz

N = 4; % Filter order

% Normalize the cutoff frequency (fc / fs/2)

Wn = fc / (fs / 2);

% Design the low-pass Butterworth filter using the butter function

[b, a] = butter(N, Wn, 'low'); % 'low' specifies a low-pass filter

% Frequency response of the filter

[H, f] = freqz(b, a, 512, fs); % Compute frequency response

% Plot the frequency response (magnitude and phase)

figure;

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(f, abs(H)); % Magnitude response

title('Magnitude Response of Low-Pass Butterworth Filter');

xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');

ylabel('Magnitude');

grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(f, angle(H)); % Phase response

title('Phase Response of Low-Pass Butterworth Filter');

xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');

ylabel('Phase (radians)');

grid on;
Output