Assignment: Sustainable Development Goals

What Are Sustainable Development Goals?

● The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global
objectives adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as part of
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These goals address many
global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change,
environmental degradation, peace, and justice. They aim to create a more
equitable, sustainable, and prosperous world for everyone.

The 17 SDGs
● The 17 SDGs are:
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health And Well Being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequality
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life On Land
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals

Goal 1: No Poverty

Goal: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

Targets:
1.1 Eradicate extreme poverty for everyone everywhere, currently measured as
people living on less than $1.25 a day.
1.2 Reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women, and children of all
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions.
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures
for all.
1.4 Ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and vulnerable, have
equal rights to ownership, access to, and control over land and other forms of
property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology, and
financial services.
1.5 Build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, reducing
their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other
economic, social, and environmental shocks and disasters.

Progress:
Poverty is declining globally, but the COVID-19 pandemic has reversed some
gains, pushing millions back into extreme poverty. Access to social protection
has increased in many regions, but gaps remain, especially in low-income
countries. Vulnerability to climate-related events remains high for the poor.

Goal 2: Zero Hunger

Goal: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture.

Targets:
2.1 End hunger and ensure access by all people, particularly the poor and
vulnerable, to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all year round.
2.2 End all forms of malnutrition, including achieving internationally agreed
targets on stunting and wasting in children under five years of age.
2.3 Double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers, particularly women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, and
pastoralists.
2.4 Ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices that increase productivity and production.
2.5 Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, plants, and animals, and promote
access to fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic
resources.

Progress:
Hunger rates have been declining, but rising conflict, climate change, and
economic crises have hindered progress. Malnutrition remains a critical issue
globally, with stunting and wasting still prevalent in low-income countries.
Efforts to support small-scale farmers are ongoing, but sustainable agricultural
practices have not been adopted universally.

Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being

Goal: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Targets:
3.1 Reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live
births.
3.2 End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age.
3.3 End the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical
diseases, and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other
communicable diseases.
3.4 Reduce by one-third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) through prevention and treatment, and promote mental health and
well-being.
3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including
narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol.
3.6 Halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.
3.7 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services,
including family planning, information, and education.
3.8 Achieve universal health coverage (UHC), including financial risk protection,
access to quality essential healthcare services, and access to safe, effective,
quality, and affordable medicines and vaccines for all.
3.9 Substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination.
3.A Strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control.
3.B Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for
communicable and non-communicable diseases, providing access to
affordable medicines and vaccines for all.
3.C Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development,
training, and retention of health workforce in developing countries.

Progress:
Global health outcomes have improved, but progress on non-communicable
diseases (NCDs) is slow, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
Maternal and child mortality have decreased significantly, but still fall short in
some regions. Universal health coverage remains a challenge in many
countries.
Goal 4: Quality Education

Goal: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.

Targets:
4.1 Ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and
women, achieve literacy and numeracy.
4.2 Ensure that all youth and at least a certain proportion of adults achieve
skills needed for employment, decent jobs, and entrepreneurship.
4.3 Ensure equal access to affordable and quality technical, vocational, and
higher education, including university.
4.4 Increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for
employment, decent jobs, and entrepreneurship.
4.5 Eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all
levels of education.
4.6 Ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and
women, achieve literacy and numeracy.
4.7 Ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to
promote sustainable development.

Progress:
Enrollment in primary education has increased significantly, and gender gaps
in education have narrowed. However, the quality of education remains
uneven, and many children, particularly in rural and conflict-affected areas, still
lack access to secondary and higher education. Skills development for youth is
essential for the future workforce.

Goal 5: Gender Equality

Goal: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Targets:
5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls in the public and
private spheres.
5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early, and forced marriage,
and female genital mutilation.
5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work.
5.5 Ensure women’s full participation in leadership, decision-making, and equal
opportunities in political, economic, and public life.
5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive
rights.

Progress:
While gender equality has improved in areas like education and political
participation, violence against women remains widespread, and women still
face significant barriers to economic and political power. Harmful practices like
child marriage and female genital mutilation continue in many regions.

Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

Goal: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation

for all.

Targets:
6.1 Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking
water for all.
6.2 Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all.
6.3 Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and
minimizing the release of hazardous chemicals and materials.
6.4 Increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdrawals.
6.5 Implement integrated water resources management at all levels.
6.6 Protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests,
wetlands, rivers, aquifers, and lakes.

Progress:
Access to clean water and sanitation has improved globally, but millions of
people still lack reliable access to these basic services, particularly in rural and
conflict-affected areas. Water pollution and scarcity remain pressing issues,
with some regions facing extreme water stress.

Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Goal: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for
all.

Targets:
7.1 Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services.
7.2 Increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
7.3 Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.
7.A Enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy
research and technology.

Progress:
While global access to electricity has expanded, many people in rural areas still
lack energy access. Renewable energy capacity is growing, but the pace is not
fast enough to meet global energy needs. The transition to energy efficiency
and clean energy requires substantial investment.

Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

Goal: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment, and decent work for all.

Targets:
8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth by national circumstances.
8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification,
technological upgrading, and innovation.
8.3 Promote policies that support productive activities, decent job creation,
entrepreneurship, creativity, and innovation.
8.4 Improve resource efficiency in consumption and production and reduce
economic losses.
8.5 Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women
and men.
8.6 Reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education, or training.
8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end
modern slavery, and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms
of child labor.

Progress:
Economic growth has been strong in some regions, but youth unemployment
remains a significant challenge. Efforts to improve decent work opportunities
are ongoing, but inequalities in wages, working conditions, and access to
formal employment persist, particularly in developing countries.

Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

Goal: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

industrialization, and foster innovation.
Targets:
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure to support
economic development.
9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization.
9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industries and enterprises to financial
services.
9.4 Upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable,
with increased resource efficiency and cleaner production.
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade technological capabilities, and foster
innovation.

Progress:
Infrastructure development has advanced, but access remains limited in
certain regions. Industrialization in some parts of the world has been inclusive,
but global inequalities in technology access, financial services, and innovation
persist. Environmental sustainability in the industry remains a challenge.

Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities

Goal: Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Targets:
10.1 Achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at
a rate higher than the national average.
10.2 Empower and promote the social, economic, and political inclusion of all.
10.3 Ensure equal opportunities and reduce inequalities of outcome.
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage, and social protection policies, and
progressively achieve greater equality.
10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and
institutions.

Progress:
Inequality within countries has increased in many places, and global disparities
remain significant. Policies aimed at reducing inequality are still inconsistent,
and the gap between rich and poor continues to widen, especially in
developing countries.

Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Goal: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable.
Targets:
11.1 Ensure access for all to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic
services.
11.2 Provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport
systems for all.
11.3 Enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization.
11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural
heritage.

Progress:
Urbanization is accelerating, and some cities have improved infrastructure and
services. However, challenges like slums, pollution, and inadequate housing
persist in many regions. Sustainable urban planning is a priority, but the pace
of transformation is slow.

Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

Goal: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Targets:
12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable
consumption and production.
12.2 Achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural
resources.
12.3 Reduce food waste at the consumer and retail levels.
12.4 Ensure that businesses and consumers have the information they need to
make sustainable choices.
12.5 Substantially reduce waste generation.

Progress:
The transition toward sustainable consumption and production is gaining
momentum, but resource consumption remains high, particularly in developed
countries. Efforts to reduce waste, particularly food waste, are ongoing, but
much more needs to be done to shift global production practices toward
sustainability.

Goal 13: Climate Action

Goal: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Targets:
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards.
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and
planning.
13.3 Improve education, awareness, and capacity on climate change mitigation
and adaptation.

Progress:
Global climate change continues to accelerate, with increasing frequency of
extreme weather events. While many countries are adopting climate policies,
the global response is insufficient to meet the targets outlined in the Paris
Agreement. Mitigation and adaptation efforts need to be scaled up
dramatically.

Goal 14: Life Below Water

Goal: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development.

Targets:
14.1 Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution.
14.2 Protect and restore marine ecosystems.
14.3 Minimize ocean acidification.
14.4 End overfishing and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing.
14.5 Conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas.

Progress:
Marine pollution, overfishing, and habitat loss continue to threaten ocean
health. Significant progress has been made in creating marine protected areas,
but the overall health of marine ecosystems remains a major concern.

Goal 15: Life on Land

Goal: Protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial

ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, combat desertification, halt and
reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss.

Targets:
15.1 Protect and restore ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, and
mountains.
15.2 Promote sustainable management of forests, combat desertification, and
halt land degradation.
15.3 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural
habitats and halt the loss of biodiversity.

Progress:
Deforestation and biodiversity loss continue at alarming rates. Efforts to restore
ecosystems are underway, but the pace of restoration is too slow to prevent
irreversible damage to critical habitats. More sustainable land management
practices are urgently needed.

Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

Goal: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,

provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive
institutions.

Targets:
16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence.
16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking, and all forms of violence against and
torture of children.
16.3 Promote the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice for all.
16.4 Reduce illicit financial and arms flows.

Progress:
Violence, conflict, and insecurity remain significant problems globally.
Institutions in many countries are weak, and the rule of law is not fully realized
in many areas. Efforts to combat corruption and improve justice systems are
ongoing but uneven.

Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals

Goal: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global

partnership for sustainable development.

Targets:
17.1 Mobilize resources to implement the SDGs.
17.2 Strengthen the financing of developing countries.
17.3 Enhance multilateralism and strengthen the global partnership for
sustainable development.

Progress:
International cooperation has improved, with many countries and
organizations working together on various SDG-related initiatives. However,
financing gaps remain, and a stronger, more coordinated global response is
needed to achieve the SDGs by 2030.

Conclusion
While notable and outstanding progress has been in implementing and
achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, there is still a big gap between
what has been achieved and what remains to be achieved. The 2030 deadline is
approaching, so filling gaps will require more effort and national and
international cooperation. Many significant challenges will still require
increasing finance and a shift toward more sustainable development models.

SUBMITTED BY: JAI JOSHI

COURSE: B.COM (P); SECTION: B
ROLL NO.: 24BPB019
SUBJECT: EVS