Ls 1 Rotational Dynamics

Q1

angular momentum L - is conserved in the absence of external unbalanced torque  τ . This is the
principle of conservation of angular momentum.

Ls. 2 . Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Q1

Pascal’s law states that the pressure applied at any point of an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted
equally and undiminished to every point of the fluid and also on the walls of the container, provided
the effect of gravity is neglected.

Q2

Range of molecular force: The maximum distance from a molecule up to which the molecular force
is effective is called the range of molecular force.

Q3

Sphere of influence: An imaginary sphere with a molecule at its center and radius equal to the
molecular range is called the sphere of influence of the molecule.

Q4 surface tension

The tangential force acting per unit length on both sides of an imaginary line drawn on the free
surface of liquid.

Q5Angle of Contact:

The angle of contact, θ , between a liquid and a solid surface is defined as the angle between the
tangents drawn to the free surface of the liquid and surface of the solid at the point of contact,
measured within the liquid.

Q5Capillary Action:

The phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid inside a capillary tube when it is dipped in the liquid is
called capillarity. Capillarity is in action when, • Oil rises up the wick of a lamp. • Cloth rag sucks
water. • Water rises up the crevices in rocks. • Sap and water rise up to the top most leaves in a
tree. • Blotting paper absorbs ink.

Streamline flow

The smooth flow of a fluid, with velocity smaller than certain critical velocity (limiting value of
velocity) is called streamline flow or laminar flow of a fluid.
Turbulent flowThe irregular and unsteady flow of a fluid when its velocity increases beyond critical
velocity is called turbulent flow.

critical velocity.

The flow of a fluid, whether streamline or turbulent, is differentiated on the basis of velocity of the
flow. The velocity beyond which a streamline flow becomes turbulent is called critical velocity.

viscosity

Viscosity is that property of fluid, by virtue of which, the relative motion between different layers of
a fluid experience a dragging force. This force is called the viscous drag.

Coefficient of viscosity:

According to Newton’s law of viscosity, for a streamline flow, viscous force (f) acting on any layer is
directly proportional to the area (A) of the layer and the velocity gradient (dv/dx).

Stokes’ Law:

“The viscous force (Fv ) acting on a small sphere falling through a viscous medium is directly
proportional to the radius of the sphere (r), its velocity (v) through the fluid, and the coefficient of
viscosity (η) of the fluid”

Equation of Continuity:

the volume rate of flow of an incompressible fluid for a steady flow is the same throughout the flow.

Bernoulli Equation:

the work done per unit volume of a fluid by the surrounding fluid is equal to the sum of the changes
in kinetic and potential energies per unit volume that occur during the flow.

Terminal velocity

A stage where the net force is equal to zero. [fg=(fv+fu)] where the downward velocity remains constant
downward velocity terminal velocity.

Ls 3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation

Q1 laws of equipartition energy

the mean energy associated with every component of translational kinetic energy which is quadratic
in the velocity components in x, y and z directions is 1 2 k TB and therefore the total translational
energy contribution of the molecule is (3/2)kBT.

Q2 Degrees of freedom

Degrees of freedom of a system are defined as the total number of coordinates or independent
quantities required to describe the position and configuration of the system completely.
Q3 Coefficient of absorption (absorptivity) The ratio of amount of heat absorbed to total quantity of
heat incident is called the coefficient of absorption

Q4 Coefficient of reflection

The ratio of amount of heat reflected to total quantity of heat incident is called the coefficient of
reflection.

Q5 coefficient of transmission

The ratio of amount of radiant energy transmitted to total energy incident on it.

Q6 diathermanous substance

The substance through which heat energy is transmitted (pass) is know as by diathermanous.

Q7 athermanous substance

The substance which do not transmit heat radiations is called athermanous substance

Q8 perfectly (idealy) black body

A body, which absorbs the entire radiant energy incident on it, is called an ideal or perfect
blackbody.

Q9 emminsive power or radiant power

The quantity of heat radiated per unit area per unit time is called as emmnisive power

Q10 coefficient of emission (e)

It is defined as the ratio of the emissive power (R) of the surface to the emissive power of a black
body [ e= 1]

Q11 Kirchhoff’s Law of Heat Radiation

For a body emitting and absorbing thermal radiation in thermal equilibrium, the emissivity is equal
to its absorptivity.

Q12 Wien’s Displacement Law

The wavelength, for which emissive power of a blackbody is maximum, is inversely proportional to
the absolute temperature of the blackbody. This is Wien’s displacement law.

Q13 Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation

The emmisive power of a perfect blackbody is directly proportional to the fourth power of its
absolute temperature”.

LS 4. Thermodynamics

Q1 Zeroth Law
If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other. Q2 First law of thermodynamics

When the amount of heat (Q)is added to the system its internal energy increases by the amount,
(∆U) and the remaining is lost in the form of work done (w) on the surrounding.

Q3 second law of thermodynamicsIt is impossible to extract an amount of heat QH from a hot

reservoir and use it all to do work W. Some amount of A B 103 heat QC must be exhausted to a cold
reservoir. This prohibits the possibility of a perfect heat engine. Q4 Refrigerator law :- second law td
:-

It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body to a warmer body without the work having
being done to accomplish the flow.

Q5 thermal equilibriumIf two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are
also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Q6 thermodynamic process

A thermodynamic process is a procedure by which the initial state of a system changes to its final
state.

Q7 open system

It is system that freely allows exchange of energy and matter with the surrounding is called open
system.

Q8 closed system

It is system that does not allows exchange of matter but allows the exchange of energy to be
transferred.

Q9 isolated system

It is a system in which matter as well as energy cannot be exchange

Q10 intensive variable

It do not depend on the size of the system ex:- pressure, temperature, density

Q11 extensive variable

It depends on the size of the system Ex mass, internal energy.

Q12 isothermal process

A process in which change in pressure and volume takes place at a constant temperature is called an
isothermal process.

Q13 Reversible process

A reversible process is a change that can be retraced in reverse (opposite) direction.

Q14 Irreversible process An irreversible process is a change that cannot be retraced in reverse
(opposite) direction.

Q15 Isobaric process:

It is a constant pressure process.

Q16 . Isochoric process:

It is a constant volume process

Q17 Adiabatic process:

It is a process during which there is no transfer of heat from or to the system.

Q18 Cyclic Process:

A thermodynamic process that returns a system to its initial state is a cyclic process.

Q19 Free Expansion:

It is an uncontrolled instantaneous change and the system is not in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Q20 carnot cycle:

"The Carnot engine is the most efficient heat engine. Also, all Carnot engines operating between the
same two temperatures have the same efficiency, irrespective of the nature of the working
substance"

ls5 Oscillations

Q1 linear simple harmonic motion

Linear S.H.M. is defined as the linear periodic motion of a body, in which force (or acceleration) is
always directed towards the mean position and its magnitude is proportional to the displacement
from the mean position.

Q2 second ’s pendulum

A simple pendulum whose period is two seconds is called second’s pendulum.

Q3 angular S.H.M

Angular S.H.M. is defined as the oscillatory motion of a body in which the torque for angular
acceleration is directly proportional to the angular displacement and its direction is opposite to that
of angular displacement.

Q4 damped harmonic oscillations

Oscillations of gradually decreasing amplitude are called damped harmonic oscillations and the
oscillator is called a damped harmonic oscillator.

LS 6 Superposition of WavesQ1 Superposition of Waves

When two or more waves, travelling through a medium, pass through a common point, each wave
produces its own displacement at that point, independent of the presence of the other wave. The
resultant displacement at that point is equal to the vector sum of the displacements due to the
individual wave at that point.

Q2 stationary waves

When two identical waves travelling along the same path in opposite directions interfere with each
other, resultant wave is called stationary wave.

Q3 node

The points of minimum displacement where the amplitude is minimum (zero) is called node

Q4 Antinode

The points of maximum displacement where the amplitude is maximum is called as antinode.

Q5 Difference between:

1)Free vibration:-

When a body is displaced from its rest position then it tends to oscillate about a mean position with
frequency called natural frequency so such vibration are called as free vibration.

2)Forced vibration :-

When an external periodic force is applied on a body whose natural frequency is different from the
frequency of the applied force then the body is made to vibrate with a frequency of external applied
force and such vibration called as forced vibration.

Q6 difference between

1)Harmonic:

Harmonic is a 0fundamental frequency & its integral multiple of frequencies

2)Overtone

Overtone is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency

Q7 Beats
There is superposition of two sound waves, having same amplitude but slightly different frequencies,
travelling in the same direction the intensity of sound varies periodically with time. This
phenomenon is known as production of beats.

Q8 Waving

The occurrence of maximum intensity are called waving those of maximum intensity are called
waving Ls7 Wave optics

Q1 Huygens’ Principle

Each point on a wave front acts as a secondary source of light emitting secondary light waves called
wavelets in all directions which travel with the speed of light in the medium. The new wave front can
be obtained by taking the envelope of these secondary wavelets travelling in the forward direction
and is thus, the envelope of the secondary wavelets in forward direction. The wavelets travelling in
the backward direction are ineffective.

Q2 plane polarized light

If the light is constrained so that its electric field is restricted along one particular direction then it is
called as plane polarized light

Q3 polarizer

The light waves which have their electric field along a particular direction to pass through & block all
other waves which wave their electric field in other direction. These materials are called as
polarizers.

Q4 Brewster ‘s law

The tangent of polarizing angle is equal to the refractive index.

Q5 constructive interference:

Points where the crest of one wave coincides with the crest of another wave and where the trough
of one wave coincides with the trough of another wave are shown by blue dots. At these points the
displacement is maximum and is twice that for each wave. Such are points of constructive
interference.

Q6 destructive interference

The points where the crest of one wave is coincident with the trough of another wave the
displacement is minimum such points are of the destructive interference.

Q7 Diffraction of Light:

The bend around edges of obstacles entering into the regions the geometrical shadows region is
called as Diffraction of Light.

Q8 Rayleigh’s Criterion for Limit of Resolution

 According to this criterion, two objects are just resolved when the first minimum of the diffraction
pattern of one source coincides with the central maximum of the diffraction pattern of the other
source, and vice versa.

Ls 8 electrostaticsQ1 dielectric

Dielectrics are insulates which can be used to store electrical energy when such substances are
placed in an external field, their positive and negative charges get displaced in opposite directions
and the molecules develop a net dipole moment such materials are called dielectrics.

Q2 polar molecules

A molecule in which the centre of mass of positive charges (protons) does not coincide with the
centre of mass of negative charges (electrons), because of the asymmetric shape of the molecules is
called polar molecule the dielectrics made up of polar molecules are called as polar dielectric.

Q3 non polar molecule

A molecule in which the centre of mass of the positive charges coincides with the centre of mass of
the negative charges is called a non polar molecule the dielectric made up of non polar molecule are
called as non polar dielectric.

Q4 polarization of dielectric

The dipole moment per unit volume is called polarization

Ls 9 Current Electricity

Q1 Kirchhoff’s First Law (Current law/ Junction law)

The algebraic sum of the currents at a junction is zero in an electrical network

Q2 Kirchhoff’s second law (Voltage Law)

The algebraic sum of the potential differences (products of current and resistance) and the
electromotive forces (emfs) in a closed loop is zero.

Ls 10 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current

Q1 Biot-Savart Law

1)The magnetic field acting on a point P is directly proportional to other current flowing through the
conducting wire

2) the small element of the conducting wire

3) the sin angle between the direction of `

Ls 11 Magnetic materialsQ1 gyromagnetic ratio

The ratio of {e/2me} is called gyromagnetic ratio

Q2 magnetization

The ratio of the magnetic moment to the volume of material is called magnetization

Q3 magnetic susceptibility

It is a measure of the magnetic behaviour of the material in external applied magnetic field

Q4 magnetic intensity

It is a ratio of magnetization (M) to the magnetic susceptibility.

Ls12 Electromagnetic induction

Q1 Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

First law: Whenever there is a change of magnetic flux in a closed circuit, an induced emf is
produced in the circuit.

Second law: The magnitude of induced emf produced in the circuit is directly proportional to the
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Q2 lenzs law conservation of energy

The direction of induced current in a circuit is such that the magnetic field produced by the induced
current opposes the change in the magnetic flux.

Q3 Self-Inductance:

It is the ratio of the magnetic flux linked with the circuit to the current flowing in it.

Q4 Mutual Inductance (M):

It is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux linked with the primary circuit to the current flowing in
secondary unit (si unit = Henry)

Q5 transformer (it works on the principle of mutual induction )

A transformer is a device used for changing the voltage of alternating current from low value to high
value or vice versa.

Ls 14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Q1 photoelectric effect The phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface, when
radiation of appropriate frequency is incident on it, is known as photoelectric effect.

Q2 work function of metal

The minimum amount of energy required to be provide to an electron to pull it out of the metal
from the surface is called work function of metal.

Q3 Threshold frequency

The minimum frequency required to eject an electron from the metal surface is called as Threshold
frequency.

Ls 15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei

Q1 Bohr’s postulates

1. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits where the necessary centripetal
force is balanced by the electrostatic force of attraction between the electron and the
nucleus.
2. The radius of the orbit of an electron can only take certain fixed values such that the angular
momentum of the electron in these orbits is an integral multiple of h/2π, h being the
Planck’s constant.
3. An electron can make a transition from one of its orbit to another orbit having lower energy.
In doing so, it emits a photon of energy equal to the difference in its energies in the two
orbits.

Ls 16 semiconductor Devices

Q1 Rectification

The conversion of AC voltage into a DC voltage is called as rectification