Machine Translated by Google

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

(jpUj;jg;gl;l fzpjf; $W)

ghlj;jpl;lk;

fy; tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;juk;) juk; 12>13

njhopDl;gf; fy; tpj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; g Plk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; k`ufk ,yq;if

www.nie.lk
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google

juk; 12

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

1.0 Ez;zq;fpfis ,dq;fz;L 1.1 Ez;zq;fpfspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; ² gpujhd Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fs; ² gw;wPupah ² Ez;zq;fpfisg; gpujhd $l;lq;fshf tifg;gLj;Jthu;. ² Ez;zq;fpf; 12

mtw;wpd; gy;tifik $l;lq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf;

gpuNahfq;fis ² gq;fR Fwpg;gpLthu;. ² tupg;glq;fspd; cjtpAld; gpujhd Ez;zq;fpf;
tpsf;Fthu;. Mfpatw;iw ² Gul;NlhNrhth ² jdpf;fy $l;lq;fSf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.
Ma;e;jwpthu;. my;fhf;fs; ² ,ioAUg;gq;fR

² ituR

1.2 kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; ey;tho;Tf;fhf ² Ez;Zapupdtpay; ² mwpKfk; ² ² gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Ez;Zapupdtpaypd; 10

Ez;Zapupaypd; gpuNahfq;fs; ² gpuNahfq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

gpuNahfq;fis czT kw;Wk; tptrhaj;Jiw ² capupaw; rpfpr;irr; nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;. ² rf;jp%yq;fspd;
Ma;e;jwpthu;. ² kUj;Jtj; Jiw ² capupay; gupfupg;G (Biological epiyNgwhd

ghtidf;F Ez;Zapu;fspd; gpuNahfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. ² guk;giuayFg;

(kugZg;) nghwpapaypy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gpuNahfq;fis
treatment) tptupg;ghu;.
² fopTePu;g; gupfupg;G ²

capupaw; gy;gFjpaq;fs; ² guk;giuayFg;

(kugZg;) nghwpapay; njhopDl;gk; ²

rf;jpAk; Ez;zq;fpfSk;

1
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

2.0 cap; %yf; 2.1 fhNghitjNuw;wpd; ² capu;%yf;$Wfs; - mwpKfk; ² fhNghitjNuw;W ² ² capu; ,urhadtpaiy mwpKfQ; nra;thu;. ² capu;%yf;$W 04

$Wfspd; fl;likg;G> fl;likg;ig xU rf;fiul;L (nkhNdh rf;fiul;L) vd;why;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> Ma;e;jwpthu;. ² ,U rf;fiul;L (ilrf;fiul;L) ² gy; rf;fiul;L (nghyprf;fiul;L) vd;dntd tptupg;ghu;. ² fhNghitjNuw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;J

gad;ghL Mfpatw;iw nkhNdhrf;fiul;L>

Ma;e;jwpthu;. ilrf;fiul;L> nghyp rf;fiul;L vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;. ² nkhNdhrf;fiul;L>

ilrf;fiul;L> nghyp rf;fiul;L Mfpatw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;. ² fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; Mf;ff;$W %yfq;fisg;

ngaupLthu;. ² nghyp rf;fiul;Lf;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s tpNrl $l;lq;fs;>

gpizg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;. ² jug;gl;l capu; %yf;

$Wfspy; nghyprf;fiul;L %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

² vspa nty;yj;ijAk; khg;nghUisAk; Nrhjidfis ,dq;fhZk;

fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; Nkw;nfhs;thu;. ²
rpwg;gpay;Gfis
tptupg;ghu;.

2
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

2.2 Gujq; fspd; ² Gujq;fs; ² ² mkpNdhtkpy %yf;$wpd; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd njhopw;ghl;Lf; 04

fl;likg;ig mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; ² Gujq;fSk; $l;lr; Nrhbia ,dq;fhz;ghu;. ² Gujj;jpd; Mf;f %yfq;fisg;
Ma;e;jwpthu;. mtw; wpd; fl;likg;G kl;lq;fSk; ² nehjpaq;fs; ngaupLthu;. ²

Gujj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tpNrl $l;lq;fs;> gpizg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwg;

ngaupLthu;. ²

jug;gl;l capupay; %yf;$Wfspy; Guj %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. ²

Gujj;jpd; Kjyhd fl;likg;G> Jizahd fl;likg;G Mfpatw;iw

tpgupg;ghu;. ² nehjpaq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

2.3 ,ypg;gpl;Lfspd; ² ,ypg;gpl;Lfs; ² ,ypg;gpl;il mwpKfQ; nra;thu;. ² ,ypg;gpl;by; 03

fl;likg;ig ² ,ypg;gpl;Lfspd; fl;likg;Gk; mlq;fpAs;s Mf;ff;$W %yfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;. ² ,ypg;gpl;Lfspy;

Ma;e;jwpthu;. $WfSk; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

² ,Uf;if ² gpizg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLthu;. ² ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$W cUthfpAs;s

nfhOg;GfSk; vz;nza;fSk;

tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
² jug;gl;l capu; %yf;$WfSs; ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; %yk; capupfspd; clypy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;

njhopy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. ² vspa Nrhjidfs;

%yk; ,ypg;gpl;il ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

3
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

2.4 cap; %yf;$Wfspd; ² fhNghitjNuw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ² capu;Kiwikfspy; ² ² fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L> nehjpaq;fs;> tpw;wkpd; 04
ifj;njhopy;fspy; ² Gujq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ² capu;Kiwikfspy; ² Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;. ² nehjpaq;fspd;
gad;fis ifj;njhopy;fspy; ² ,ypg;gpl;bd; rpwg;gpay;ghf Cf;fy; njhopw;ghl;il
Ma;e;jwpthu;. Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ² capu;Kiwikfspy; ² tptupg;ghu;. ² nehjpaq;fspd; njhopw;ghl;by; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

ifj;njhopy;fspy; ² njhjpaq;fspd; fhuzpfis gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;. ²

Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; ² capu;Kiwikfspy; ifj;njhopy;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nehjpaq;fisg; ngaupLthu;. ²

² ifj;njhopy;fspy; ² capu;Kiwikfspy; ifj;njhopw;Wiwapy; nehjpag; gad;ghlbd; mD$yq;fis

tpw;wkpd;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; tptupg;ghu;. ²

tpw;wkpd;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fwpg;gpLthu;.

4
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

3.0 gug;G> fdtsT 3.1 Nfj;jpu fzpj js gw;wp Ma;e;jwpe;J tbtq;fs; ² Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fspd; gug;gsT ² jpz;kq;fspd; ² Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fspy; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;. 06
kw;Wk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpz;kq;fspd; ,lg;gug;ig rpwg;G ² jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf;
Nkw;gug;Gfspd; kl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;- gug;gsTfis Jthu;. Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT (cUis> rJuKfp> fdTU>
Nfhsk;> $k;gfk;> mupak;> $k;G - #j;jpuq;fisg; fhz;ghu;.
gad;gLj;jp) ² $l;Lj; jpz;kTUf;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; ² $l;Lj; jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd;
Muha;thu; gug;gsT gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
² $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;G gug;gsT njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

3.2 jpz;kq;fspd; ² jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT (cUis> rJuKfp> fdTU> Nfhsk;> ² jug;gl;l jpz;kq;fspy; fdtsitj; Jzpthu;. 06
fdtsit ehd;Kfp> $k;G> mupak; - #j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp)
Ma;e;jwpthu;. ² $l;Lj; jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT ² $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsitj; Jzpthu;. ² $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT
njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

4.0 igjfurpd; 4.1 nrq;Nfhz ² igjfurpd; njhlu;Gk; mjd; gpuNahfKk; ² igjfurpd; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fq;fspd; 04
njhlu;igg; Kf;Nfhzpapd; ePsq;fisf; fzpg;ghu;. ² gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F
gf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig igjfurpd;
Muha;thu;. njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. ² igjfurpd; njhlu;gpd; khWepiyia
gad;gLj;jp ,yFthfg; vLj;Jiug;ghu;. ² gpurpdq;fisj;
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;. jPu;g;gjw;F igjfurpd; njhlu;gpd; khWepiyiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

5
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

5.0 mstply; 5.1 nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisg; ² Ntu;zpau; ,Lf;fp ² Ez;khzp ² mstPl;L cgfuzq;fspd; ,opntz;zpf;ifiaj; Jzpthu;. ² 08

NjitfSf;fhf cupa gad;gLj;jp rpwpa jpUFf;fzpr;rp ² efUk; EZf; Ff; fhl;b ² Kj;Jyhj; cgfuzq;fspypUe;J mstPl;ilg; ngWk;NghJ cupa

mstPLfisg; ngWthu;. juhR ² ,yj;jpudpay; juhR eilKiwfisf; iff;nfhs;thu;. ² cgfuzq;fspy; G+r;rpa tOit Jzpe;J

El;gKiwfisf; iff;nfhs;thu;. mstPLfisr; nrk;ikahf;Fthu;. ² gpd;dtOit mwpKfQ; nra;J

rpwpa mstPLfis kpfr;

nrk;ikahf ngWtjd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

² rjtPj tOitf; fzpg;ghu;. ² rpwpa mstPLfisg;

ngWk;NghJ mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fspd; gad;ghl;il

kjpg;ghu;.

6.0 ntg;g 6.1 ngsjpf khw;wq;fSld; ² ntg;g ,urhadtpaYld; njhlu;ghd njhlu;ghd ntg;g mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs; ² ntg;gk;> Ntiy> rf;jp> njhFjp> vy;iy> maw;#oy; Mfpa gjq;fis 05
,urhadtpay; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fisr; Nrhjpg;- ² ntg;gk;> Ntiy> rf;jp gjw;F ntg;g ,urhad-² njhFjp> #oy; tiuaWg;ghu;.

mbg;gil (Rw;Wg;Gw)> vy;iy tpaypd; mbg;gil ² epiy khw;wk; vz;zf;fUf;fisg; ² cUFjy;

vz;zf;fUf;fis gad;gLj;Jthu;. ² ciwjy; ² gjq;fkhjy; ² kPs; gjq;fkhjy; ² Mtpahjy; ² xLq;Fjy; ² vy;iyA+lhf rf;jpAk; rlg;nghUSk; NtiyAk; gupkhwg;gLk; njhFjpia

Ma;e;jwpthu;. jpwe;j njhFjp vd mwpKfQ;nra;thu;. ² vy;iyA+lhf rf;jpAk;

NtiyAk; gupkhwg;gLk; njhFjpia %ba njhFjp vd

mwpKfQ;nra;thu;. (vy;iy> rlg;nghUs; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F

mDkjpf;fhJ) ² vy;iyA+lhf rf;jpAk; rlg;nghUSk; NtiyAk;
gupkhwg;glhj njhFjp jdpikahf;fg;gl;l njhFjp vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

6
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

² njhFjp> #oy; Mfpad xUq;Nf mfpyk; MFk; vdf;Fwpg;gpLthu;. ²

cUfy;> ciwjy;> gjq;fkhjy;> gbjy;>

Mtpahjy;> xLq;Fjy; Mfpa ngsjpf khw;wq;fis tiuaWg;ghu;.

² epiykhw;wk; gw;wpa %yf;$w;W kl;l tpsf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

6.2 jhf;f ntg;gj;ijg; ² jhf;f ntg;gk; ² mfntg;g> ² jhf;f ntg;gk; vd;gij tptupg;ghu;. ² Gwntg;g> mf ntg;gj; 07

gupNrhjid uPjpahfj; Gwntg;gj; jhf;fq;fs; ² rf;jp tiuGfs; ² jhf;f ntg;gj;jpd; jhf;fq;fis cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld; tpsf;Fthu;. ² Gwntg;g> mfntg;g
jhf;fq;fisr; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;. ² mkpy - %y jhf;fj;jpd; jhf;f ntg;gj;ij
jPu;khdpg;ghu;. gpuNahfq;fs;
gupNrhjiduPjpahf fzpg;ghu;. ² jhf;fq;fs; rhu;e;j ntg;gkhw;wq;fis
jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wthu;. ² jhf;fq;fs; rhu;e;j ntg;g
khw;wq;fis rf;jp tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

² jhf;f ntg;gj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fis cjhuzq;fs; %ykhf tptupg;ghu;. ²

jhf;f ntg;gk; njhlu;ghd fw;if md;whl tho;tpYk; Ntiy cyfpYk;
gad;gLfpwJ vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

7
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

² fzpdpapd;
Kiwik-7.1 fzpdpia mwpKfQ; ² fzpdpia xU Kiwik vd ² fzpdp xU Kiwikahf nahd;wpdJk; mwpKfk;
mjd; 7.0 fzpdp
nra;J cs;sPl;L kw;Wk; tptupg;ghu;. ² cs;sPL tUtpisT cj;jpfis ² td;nghUs;fis> cs;sPL> tUtpisT> JizAWg;Gf;- 03

kw;Wk; nra;Kiw myfhf ² tUtpisT jpwdhd gad;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;. ² jdpahs;²fzpdpapd;

nra;Kiw fspdJk; tpidj;-
mbg; gilf; tptupg;ghu;.
Njbawpthu;. ² gadupd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; $Wfs; tifapy;
cj;jpfisj;
njupTnra;thu;. ² fhl;rpj;jpiu ² fzpdpnahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; nghJthd ² fhl;rpj;jpiu tiffs; CRT, NfhshWfisr; rupg;gLj;Jthu;.

LCD, LED ²
Kiwik myF (System Unit) ² fzpdpfis> msT kw;Wk; ² jha;g;gyif> nrayp nray;ty;yik Mfpatw;wpd; mbg; gilapy;
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
² jw;Nghf;F ngWtop epidtfk;
(RAM) ² thrpg;G kl;Lk;
epidtfk; (ROM) ² td; tl;L
² tpuptl;ilfs;> tYtyF ²
tpirg;gyif
(tpj;jpahrkhd tiffs;) ² Rl;Lk; fUtpfs;

(Pointing devices) ²
Rl;b ²
Rtl;Lg; ge;J (track ball) ² njhLifr; rhsuk;
(Touch panel)
² Vida cs;sPl;L tUtpisT cj;jpfs; ² tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs;

² mr;Rg;nghwp> tiuTg;nghwp> xypngUf;fp>

fhl;rpj;jpiu ² Nrkpg;Gf; fUtpfs;
(Storage devices)
² Nrkpg;G Clfk;

8
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

² fhe;jtpay; ²
xspapay;(Optical) ² NtW ²
cs;sPl;Lr;
rhjdq;fs; ² tUb> EZf;Fg;gd;dp> gl;ilf;

FwpKiw thrpg;ghd;
² fzpdp tiffs;

² Ez;fzpdp ²
kbf;fzpdp ^Laptop& ² Nkirf;fzpdp
^Desktop& ² cs;sq;iff; fzpdp (Palmtop)
² Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jff; fzpdp (Notebook)

8.0 fzpdpg; 8.1 fzpdp gzpnray; ² gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,d;wpahik

03
gzpnray; Kiwikia mwpKfQ; ² gzpnray;Kiwik njhopw;gLk; ² njhlq;Fjy; nrad;Kiw (Booting

Kiwikia gad;jU nra;J mjd; njhopy;fis tpjj;ijAk; mjidg;gad;gLj;Jk; Process) tpjj;ijAk; tptupg;ghu;. ² tiutpay; the year ,ilKfk; ² fzpdpapd; gy;NtW $Wfisg; ngaupl;L

tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthu;. tptupg;ghu;. (GUI -Graphical User Interface) with gzpnray; KiwikAld; ² fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; ,iltpidailAk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

(Command line interface) ² gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gzpnray; ² gy;NtW gzpnray; Kiwikfs; Kiwikfis tptupj;J gpujhdkhf

(Windows, Linux, MacOS, DOS) gzpnray; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ² jpwe;j tif gzpnray; Kiwikfs; Kiwikfisg; ngaupLthu;.

Linux, Ubuntu, Fedora, Hanthana, Unix ² gzpnray; Kiwik> gpujhd ² gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ,ay;Gfs;

epidtfj;Jld; ,iltpidailAk; (Characteristics) tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;. ² epidtf Kfhik

² Nfhg;G Kiwikfs; mtw; wpd; njhopw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw

² cghaKiw Kfhik ² Nfhg;G Kfhik tptupg;ghu;.

9
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

² guprPyid Kfhik ² ghJfhg;G Kfhik ² fzpdp kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz$Wfspd; tptuf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. ² jtW
Kfhikia tpsf;Fthu;.

² Kiwik Kfhik ² Kiwikj;

njhopw;ghl;L milT
Kfhik

² jtWfis vLj;Jf;fhl;ly; ² Vida nkd;nghUl;fSf;Fk;

gadUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.

8'2 fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikfis ,dq;fhzy; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.^Desktop, Explorer, ² gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ghfq;fis ² gzpnray; 04
Controls& ² Nfhg;Gf;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; ² ciwfs;^Folder)> cg ciwfis
Kiwikiag; ^sub ² gzpnray; KiwikAld; td;nghUl;fis ,izj;jy;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
folder& cUthf;Fthu;.
² nrYj;jp ^Drive& ciw> cg ciw Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;. ²
Nfhg;Gf;fspd; ghfq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. ²
Explorer / Nautilus Clhf ciw khjpupia mtjhdpg;ghu;/
khw;wpaikg;ghu;. ² nrYj;jp> Nfhg;G> ciw> Mfpatw;iw fl;lisf;
Nfhl;ilg; ^Command Line&
gad;gLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;. ² USB Mouse, Pen Drive, Printer,
HSDPA dongle Nghd;wd fzpdpAld; ,izf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
gzpnray; Kiwikapd; elj;ijia mtjhdpg;ghu;.
² Controls Ig; gad;gLj;jp nra;gzp Kiwikapd; ntt;NtW ghfq;fs;
njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpthu;. ² Rl;b (Mouse)

10
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

² xyp (Sound) ²
Personalization ²

jpfjpAk; NeuKk; ^Date & Time& ² Folder

Option ² Ngr;ir ,dq;fhzy;
^Speech Rec -ognition& ² gadu; fzf; Ffs; ^User
Accounts&
² Task Manager gad;gLj;jp Linux ,y; ps - A Ig;
gad;gLj;jp nra;gzp Kiwikapd; nra;gzpfisg; ^Process& gw;wpj;
NjbawpaTk;> nra;gzpfis epWj;jpitf;fTk; KbAk;
vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

9.0 ehshe;j 9.1 jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis ² Nfhz mstPLfshd> ghif> ² Nfhz mstPLfshf ghif> Miuad; Miuad; Mfpatw;wpd; mwpKfk;. ² ird;> Nfhird;> jhQ;rd; Mfpa ² ird;> 07
tho;f;ifj; tptupg;ghu;. Nfhird;> jhQ;rd; Mfpa jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fspd; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
NjitfSf;fhf jpupNfhz fzpj jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis tpsf;Fthu;. mwpKfk;. ² jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpurpdk; jPu;g;ghu;.
tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;jpf;

nfhs;thu;.
² Mfpa

Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fs; ^ & ² jpupNfhz

fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; ² eilKiwr;
9.2 jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ> Vw;wf; gad;gLj;jp Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd;
Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff; Nfhzk; Mfpad gf;fq;fisAk; Nfhzq;fisAk; fpilf;Fk; 06
gad;gLj;Jthu;. tpjk; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; Jzpjy;. nrYj;Jthu;.

² fhz;gjw;fhf jpupNfhz fzpj ² nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; rhu;e;j ePsq;fs;> #j;jpuj;ijg; Nfhzq;fisf;

tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
gad;gLj;jp Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpjy;

11
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

(eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; cl;gl) ² Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd;

epakd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp> Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd;

gug;gsTf;fhf>

#j;jpuj;ijg; ngWk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;. ² mr;#j;jpuj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jp> Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpthu;. (eilKiwr;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; cl;gl)

² tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhf #j;jpuj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 08

9.3 tpy;nyhd;wpd; ² tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsk; ²
vDk; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
ePsj;ijAk; Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT
²
Miur;rpiwapd;
gug;gsitAk; tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;. ²

fhz;ghu;. Miur;rpiwnahd;wpd; gug;gsitg; gpd;tUk; #j;jpuq;fs; %yk;

fzpg;ghu;.

^Miuad;fspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)

^Miuad;fspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) ,q;F A vd;gJ

Miur;rpiw ngwg;gl;l njhlf;f tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsthFk;.

(ghiffspy;msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
vd;gJ ghiffspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ikaj;jpd; vjpuikf;Fk; NfhzkhFk;. ² Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd;
gug;gsitf; fhz;gjw;fhf #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. ²
$l;Lj;jsTUtq;fs; rhu;e;j
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;gb
#j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

12
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

10.0ntg;gk; 10.1 jpz;k> jput tpupTfs; ² ntg;gk; gw;wp Muha;thu;. ² jpz;k kw;Wk; jput tpupT> tpupjfT> ntg;gepiy Mfpatw;Wf; 05
njhlu;ghd ² tpupT ² fpilapyhd njhlu;ig Kd;itg;ghu;. ² ntg;g tpupT gad;gLk;
mwpit> ehshe;jf; jpz;kq;fspy; ePl;ly; tpupTk; gug;gsT tpupTk;> re;ju;g;gq;fis tptupj;J fzpj;jy;fisr;
fUkq;fSf;fhfTk; fdtsT tpupTk; ² jput tpupT nra;thu;.
tpQ;QhdG+u;tf;
fUkq;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

10.2 ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk;> ² ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; epiykhw;wk; Mfpad ² ² ntg;g gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;. ² 05
ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT njhlu;ghfj; ² jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Njbaha;thu;. epiykhw;wnkhd;wpd;NghJ
cwpQ;rg;gLk; ntg;gk; my;yJ ntsptplg;gLk; ntg;gj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.

10.3 ntg;g ,lk;khwy; ² ntg;g ,lk;khwy; (transition) ² ntg;gepiy khwy; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspg;ghu;. ² Nfhnyhd;wpd; 06
Kiwfs; njhlu;ghfj; ² flj;jy; Njbaha;thu;. ² Nkw;fhTif ² topNaahd ntg;gf; flj;jy;

fjpu;g;G tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpthu;. ² ntg;gf; flj;jy;

tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;. ² eilKiwapy; ntg; gf; flj;jy; tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;fj;jf;f

topfisj; Njbawpthu;. ² ntg;gf; fjpu;g;gpy;
Nkw;gug;gsTk; Nkw;gug;gpd; jd;ikAk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

13
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

11.0,af;fg; gz; G 11.1 , urhadj; jhf;f tPjj;jpd;ghy; ² jhf;ftPjk; • jhf;f ² Xu; myF Neuj;jpy; eilngw;w khw;wj;jpd; msNt tPjk; vd vLj;Jf; 07
nrwpT
,urhadtpaypd; mbg;gil nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tPjk; } $Wthu;. ² tifaPl;Lf; Fzfj;jpd; cjtpAld; jhf;ftPjj;ij
fhyk;
vz;zf;fUf;fisg; fhuzpfisj; Jzpthu;. tptupg;ghu;. • jhf;f tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; ² gjhu;j;jq;fspd; mstpy;

gad;gLj;jp jhf;ftPjj;ij MSif Vw;gLk; khw;wk; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

jhf;ftPjj;ij mstpLk; mbg; gilf; • ntg;gepiy fhuzpnad
vLj;Jiug;ghu;. • nrwpT ² jhf;ftPjj;ij xg;gpLk;NghJ gjhu;j;jq;fspd; • ngsjpf
nra;thu;. epiy (jhf;fpfspd; msT my;yJ
nrwpT kPJ jq;fpAs;s gpw fhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd Nkw;gug;gsT) tpsf;Fthu;. • Cf;fpfs; ²
Neuj;ij mstpLtjd;
%ykhf jhf;f-tPjj;ij mstpl> nkJthf eilngWk; ,urhad jhf;fq;fisj; njupTnra;thu;. ²
jhf;ftPjj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzp-fshf> ntg;gepiy> nrwpT (mKf;fk;)> ngsjpf jd;ik (jhf;fpfspd; Nkw;gug;gsT)> Cf;fpfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;. ² ,urhad jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPjj;jpd;ghy; ntg;gepiyapd; nry;thf;fpidf; fhl;l nra;Jfhl;ly;fisr; nra;thu;. ²

rku;g;gpg;ghu;. jhf;ftPjj;jpy; nrwptpd; nry;thf;fpidf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisr;

² jhf;ftPjj;jpy; ngsjpf jd;ikapd; (Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsT) nry;thf;fpidf;

fhl;l nra;Jfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;. ² Vftpd> gy;ypd Cf;fpfspdhy;

jhf;ftPjk; khWgLk; tpjj;ij nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.

² xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fs;

14
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

gbKiwj; jhf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ nkhd;wpd; tPjj;jpd;kPJ

² xw;iwg;rf;jptupg;glk;
gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fSf;Fupa 11.2nry;thf;Fr;
vd tptupg;ghu;. ,urhadj; jhf;f-² xw;iwg;
nrYj;Jk; ² Vtw; rf;jp ² xw;iwg; gbKiwj;jhf;fQ; rhu;ghf> jhf;f fhuzpfis tptupg;- ² 07

jhf;fk; epfOtjw;Fj; Njitahd Ms;$Wf;F vjpNu rf;jpia tiughf;fp epge;jidfs; gjw;fhf ,af;fg;gz;G Kd;itg;ghu;. ,urhadtpaypd; ²
%yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif ² Vtw; rf;jp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. ² nghUj;jkhd jpirKfj;jpy; ² jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;F epiwTngw mbg;gil vz;zf;- NkhJjy; Ntz;ba epge;jidfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;. fUf;fisg; gad;gLj;-² Vtw; rf;jpia tpQ;rpapUj;jy; ² %yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif> %yf;$Wfs; Jthu. ² Nkw;gb Njitfis epiwT nghUj;jkhd jpirKfj;Jld; NkhJjy;>

ntg;gepiy> nrwpT> NkhJk; %yf;$Wfs;nra;tjw;fhf>

Vtw; rf;jpia Cf;fp> ngsjpfepiy Mfpad tpQ;rpapUj;jy;> Mfpad jhf;fnkhd;W
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk; G+u;j;jpailtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil epge;jidfshFk; vdf; $Wthu;. ² jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;fhf epiwTnra;a Ntz;ba epge;jidfisg;

gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fnkhd;wpid G+u;j;jp nra;jypd;ghy; ntg;gepiy> nrwpT> Cf;fp> ngsjpf epiy Mfpa fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;. ²

tptupg;ghu;. ² jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPj epu;za gbKiw vJ

² gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fs; ² tPj epu;za gbKiwfs;

vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

15
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

12.0 gy;gFjpag; 12.1 gy;NtW • gy;gFjpaq;fspd; mwpKfk; • gy;gFjpa • gy;gFjpa %yf;$WfSld; vspa %yf;$Wfis xg;gpLthu;. • 10

gjhu;j;jq;fis epajpfSf;fika tifg;gLj;jy; gy;NtW epakq;fSf;fika gy;gFjpa

Ma;e;jwpthu;. gy;gFjpaq;fspid • Njhw;Wthap mbg;gilapy; • ,aw;ifahd %yf;$Wfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
tifg;gLj;jpf; • nraw;ifahd •
fl;likg;Gf;fis Muha;thu;. fl;likg;gpd; mbg;
gilapy; • Neupa • FWf;Fg; gpizg;Gf;fs;
nfhz;l

• nghwpKiw ,ay;GfSf;fika
• kPs;jd;ik nfhz;l gFjpaq;fs; • gpshj;jpf;Fg;
gjhu;j;jq;fs; • ehu;fs; • gspq;FUj;
jd;ikf;fika •
gspq;FUthdit • gspq;FUtw;wit

13.0 ehshe;j 13.1 Mtzkhf;fYf;fhf nrhy; Kiw • nrhy; Kiw topg;gLj;jy; (word ² nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;Jk;nkd;nghUisj; processing)nkd;nghUs; mwpKfk; jpwe;J 10

tho;f;ifapy; gpur; topg;gLj;jy; Nfhg;Gf;fisr; Nrkpj;jy;> ² nrhy; Kiw topg;gLj;jy; nkd;- mbg;gilahd gjpg;gpj;jy; gzpfisr; nghUisj; njhlf;Fjy;
rpidfs; nkd;nghUisg; nra;jy;> tbtikj;jy; (Formatting)> ² Gjpa Mtznkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jy; ghlq;fisAk; ,yf;Fg; nghUs;fisAk; ² Mtznkhd;wpid
jPu;g;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jthu;. ntt;NtW (objects) gpujpnra;jy;> efu;j;Jjy; Nfhg;Gtiffspy; (File type) Nrkpj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;thu;.
gpuNahf
nkd;nghUs;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
(Save). ² ge;jpfisAk; gf;fq;fisAk; tbtikg;ghu;. ² tiutpay; the year Kfg;ig mwpKfQ; ml;ltizfisr; nrUFthu;.
nra;jy;. (Graphical User Interface) gl;bay;fis mikg;ghu;. ² mbg;gilahd gjpg;gpj;jy;(Editing) ² tiutpay;fs;>
xspg;glq;fisr; ² epiy fhl;b (Cursor) nrUFthu;. ² ghlj;ij (Text) cl;gLj;jy;

16
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

² ghlj;ij mopj;jy; (Deleting) ² vOj;Jr; rupghu;j;jy;> nrhw;fsQ;rpak;> ² ghlj;ij efu;j;Jjy; (Move) fhl;rp tiffisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

² Undo, Redo Mfpatw;iwr; ² gf;f mikg;Gf;fhf (Page Setting) mr;R nra;jy; Kd;fhl;rpiag; ( Page Preview) •
tbtikg;G ^Formatting& gad;gLj;Jthu;. • ghlq;fisj; njupTnra;jy; ² Mtznkhd;wpid mr;rpLthu;.

^Selecting&

• vOj;JUf;fis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; • vOj;JUtifia khw;Wjy;

• vOj;JU msT khw;Wjy; • vOj;JU epwq;fs; •
tbtikg;ig ePf;Fjy;(clear format) • ghlq;fis

Neu;g;gLj;jy; ^Aligning)
• ,yf;Fg; nghUs;fisAk;(objects) ghlq;fisAk;
gpujpnra;jYk; efu;j;JjYk; ^Copy and Move) •

khw;wpLjy; ^Replacing& • efu;j;Jjy; ^Moving& •

gpbg;Gg;gyif ^Clip board& gad;gLj;jy; • ,Oj;Jf;

iftply; (Drag & Drop) • gjpg;gpj;jy;

(Editing) rpwg;gk;rq;fs; •
vOj;Jr;rupghu;j;jy;(Spell checking)
• nrhw;fsQ;rpak; (Thesaurus) • gf;f fhl;rp

• ge;jp tbtikj;jy; (Paragraph

Formatting) •

Neu;g;gLj;jy; khw;wQ;nra;jy;

(Changing alignment)

17
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

• cgge;jpaikj;jy; (Indents) • vy;iyaplYk;

epow;WjYk; ^Bordering and shading&

• ghzpfs; gpuNahfk; ^Apply
styles) • ge;jpfSf;fpilNaAk; tupfSf;-

fpilNaAk; ,ilntsptpLjy;.

(Paragraph spacing) •
tiutpay; glq;fisAk; ml;ltizfisAk; (Pictures and Tables)
nrUFk; ntt;NtW Kiwfs; • ml;ltizfs; Mf;fy; ^Creating

tables& • ghlj;ij ml;ltizahf khw;Wjy; • ml;ltiz tiujy;

^Draw tables) • ghlq;fisr; nrUFjy; • ml;ltizf; fUtpfs;

(Tools)

• epuy;> epiufisr; nrUFjy; (Inserting rows and

columns) •
rpw;wiwfs;> epiu> epuy;fis mopj;jy; (Deleting
cells, columns and rows) •

rpw;wiwfis xd;wpizj;jYk; Ntwhf;fYk; (Merge

and Split) • epiu mfyj;ij mikj;jy; • rpw;wiwapDs;

ghlj;ij ,lg;gLj;jy;. • vy;iyaplYk;

epow;WjYk; (Borders and shading)

18
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

• gl;bay;fs; ^Lists& •

Fz;Lf;Fwpapl;l> ,yf;fkpl;l
gl;bay;fs; ^Bullets and Numbering) • gl;bay;fs;

jahupj;jy;^Nested list) • gl;bay;fs; tbtikj;jy; • gUtiuT

Mf;Fjy; ^Creating outline& • gf;f tbtikg;G

^Page setup)

• epuy;fs; mikj;jy; (Margins) • gf;fj;jpirKfj;ijAk;

(Orientation) gf;fj;jpd; msitAk; khw;Wjy;. • gf;f

vy;iyfisj; Njb

(Borders& epwj;ij khw;Wjy; • jiyg;Gk;

mbf;Fwpg;Gk; ,Ljy;
^Header and Footers& •

gf;f Jis (Page breaker),Ljy; • ml;il (Cover page)

jahupj;jy; • ntWk; gf;fq;fs; (blank page) nrUFjy; •
mr;rply;(Printing)

• gf;f ,lg;gLj;jy; • mr;RKd; fhl;rp

(Print preview) • mr;rply;

19
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

13.2 ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa • tpupjhs; - mwpKfk; • tpupjhs; nkd;nghUspd; mtrpaj;ijAk; juTfisf; fsQ;rpag;- • tpupjhs; nkd;nghUisj; mjd; gad;ghl;ilAk; tpsq;fpf; njhlf;Fjy;. 10

nfhs;thu;. gLj;Jtjw;Fk; • tpupjhs; njhlf;f epuiy • tpupjhs; top fz;lwpjy; (Navigation) juTfisg; gFg;gha;- tjw;Fk; tpupjhs; gz;Gf;$Wfis kPsha;T nra;J ,dq;fhzy;.
nkd;nghUs;fisg; • cjtp ^Help& iag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

Ntiyj;jhnshd;iw mikg;ghu;. • Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;jpd;

Ntiyg;Gj;jfk; ^New ^Workbook& • cjtp "Help" iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;. gad;gLj;Jthu;. • juTfisr; nrUfp mtw;iw xOq;F mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs; • Gjpa

Kiwg;gb fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Workbook& Mf;Fjy;. • nrUfpa juTfisf;nfhz;L • Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;ijj; jpwj;jy; fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu; • Ntiyg; Gj;jfj;jpy;

topfz;lwpjy; • juTfis> gjpg;Gr;nra;jy;> efy;nra;jy;> (Navigation& efu;j;Jjy;> ntl;Ljy;> xl;Ljy;>

tbtikj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;thu; • Kfg;G milahsk; GFj;Jjy; • ngWkhdq;fisg; GFj;Jjy; • "Auto fill" #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• rpw;wiw tPr;Rf;fisj; njupjy; ; • rpw;wiwfis ,izf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk; ^Ranges) ikag;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk; fw;wwpthu;. •

njupT kw;Wk; nry;Ygbahf;fg;gl;l gl;bay;fisg; tha;g;ghL ^Formulae) kPl;ly; • juTg;ngau;> tPr;R> tb>
gad;gLj;jp juTfisf; ifahs;thu;. • tha;g;ghLfisAk; rhu;GfisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• tha;g;ghLfisr; nrUFjy; • "Auto sum"

gad;gLj;jy; • "Auto fill" gad;gLj;jy; •

Kw;WW> njhlu;Gepiy (Absolute,
Relative) rpw;wiw gw;wpa tpsf;fk; • tiuGfs;> glq;fs;

mikg;ghu;. • Undo & Redo gad;ghL • jiyg;GfSk; mbf;Fwpg;GfSk; • Ntiyg;Gj;jfnkhd;wpidr; nrUFthu;.

Nrkpj;jy; ^Save) • Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ijr; Nrkpg;ghu;> gf;f • Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;jpd; mr;RKd;fhl;rp gz;Gf;$Wfs; (Features)mikg;ghu;>

ghu;j;J mr;rply; mr;rpLthu;. • Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ij %Ljy;

20
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

• Ntiyj;jhisg; gjpg;Gr;nra;jy;
• rpw;wiw cs;slf;fj;ij gjpg;Gr; nra;jy;> rpw;wiwfis
efnyLj;jy;> ntl;Ljy;> xl;Ljy; • fyq;fis
tifFwpj;jYk; efu;j;JjYk; - Rl;bapd; %yk; •
gpbg;Gg; gyif (Clip board) gad;gLj;jy; • "Past
special" fl;lisiag; gad;gLj;jy; • vOj;Jr;
rupghu;j;jy; (Spell check) • fyq;fs;> epiufs;>
epuy;fs; nrUFjy;
• "Find and Replace" fl;lisiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; •
Ntiyj;jhnshd;iw tbtikj;jy;

• rpw;wiwfis tbtikj;jy; (Cell formatting) • Kfg;G

tbtikj;jy; •
ngWkhdj;ij milahsj;ij
tbtikj;jy;

(Number formatting)
• epiu cauKk; epuy; mfyKk;
(Row height and column width) •
rpw;wiwfis Neu;g;gLj;jy;
(Aligning)
• rpw;wiu vy;iy> gpd;dzp epwk;>
Njhuzp (Pattern) Nru;j;jy; •
"Format painter" gad;gLj;jy; • rpw;wiwg;
ghzpiag; gad;gLj;jy;
^Cell style&

21
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

• Mtzf; fUg;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jy; ^Theme& • tiuglq;fs;

mikj;jYk; tiuglq;fSld; nraw;glYk;
^Charts) • tiuglk; cUthf;fy; • tiuglj;jpy; khw;wq;fisr;
nra;jYk; ngau;j;jYk; • tiugl tifia khw;Wjy; ^Chart

type)
• nghJthd tiuglq;fis kPsj; jpl;lkplYk; ghzpfis ,LjYk; •
tiuglj;jpd; Kfg;gilahsq;- fSld; nraw;gly; ^Show
label) • tiuglj;jpd; mr;Rf;fSld;

nraw;gly; ^Axis)
• tiuglj;jpd; gpd;dzpAld; ^Background) nraw;gly;. •
tiuglj;jpd; gFg;gha;Tf; fl;lisfSld;
njhopw;gly; • tiuglj;jpd; %yfq;fis ^Elements)
khjpupag;gLj;jy; • tiuglj;jpd; %yj;juTfis
^Source data) khw;Wjy; • gzpj;jhis mr;rply; • gf;f
tbtikg;G (Page setup) • mr;R Kd;fhl;rp
(Print Preview) • mr;rply; jpirKfk; (Orientation) •
mr;rply;

22
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

13.3 ,yj;jpudpay; epfo;j;- • epfo;j;Jif (Presentation) mwpKfk; Jiff;nfd epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUl;fisg; • mbg;gil epfo;j;Jiffisj; jpl;lkpl;L • epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUisj; mjd; 06

gad;gLj;Jthu;. gbkmyFfisj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;. njhlq;Fjy; • ghlk;> fUg;nghUs;. ghzp Mfpatw;Wld; • tiutpay; ,ilKfj;ij tpsq;fpf;
njhopw;gLthu;. • tiuglq;fs;> Fwpg;Gfs;> ml;ltizfs;> • mbg;gil epfo;j;Jifiaj; jahupj;jy; tbtq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. • epfo;j;Jifapd; mbg; gilfs; • Clfg; glr; nrUfy;> mirT+l;lk; (Elements)
nfhs;sy;.

Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gLthu;. • ghlj;Jld;

njhopw;gly; • fUg;nghUs;> ghzp> gpd;dzp • jiyg;G> ghzp Mfpatw;wpd; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. • epfo;j;Jif
nkd;nghUspd; gad;ghL rpwg;gpay;Gfis epfo;j;Jifia • tiuglk;> ml;ltiz Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gly;

xyp> Clfg; epUkhzpg;gjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. • Clfg; glk; (Media clip) •

cl;gLj;Jthu;. khw;wPLk;
glk; (Media
^Custom
Clip)> mirT+l;lk;
Animation, Mfpatw;iw
slide epfo;j;Jifapy; mirT+l;l cl;gLj;JifAk; • toik mirT+l;lKk; gltpy;iy
• gy;NtW khjpupaq;fSf;fika transition& epfo;j;Jifiag; gjpg;Gr; nra;thu;.

23
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

14.0 gaDWjpkpf;f 14.1 jfty;fis tifapy; jfty;- mZFtjw;fhf • ,izak; • • ,izaj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; 05

fisg; ngWjy;> ,izaj;ijg; njhlu;ghly; gad;gLj;Jthu;. mwpKfk; • fye;JiuahLthu;.

tuyhWk; tpUj;jpAk; • • ,izaj;Jld; njhlu;Gw;W nra;jpfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;thu;.
tiyNkNyhb (web browser)
nrk;ik elg;G tof;F (Protocol)
Mfpatw;Wf;nfd ,izaj;ijg; • ,iza Kftupfisg; gFj;jhuha;thu;. ² URL (Uniform
Resource Locator) • ,izaj;js Kftupapd;
gad;gLj;Jthu;. $Wfis ² IP Kftup tptupg;ghu;. • Ms;fsk; (Domain) • Njlw;nghwpiag;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
² ,iza Nrit toq;Feu; (ISP - • tiyf;flg;gplj;jpd;
njhopw;ghLfis Internet
Service Provider) tptupg;ghu;. • ,iza Nritfs; • tiyf;flg;gplq;fspYs;s jfty;fisg;
• kpd;mQ;ry; gad;jUk; tpjkhfj; NjLthu;. ² WWW
(cyfshtpa tiy) • gy;NtW tifg;gl;l tiyf;flg;gplq;fis • tiyf;flg;gplq;fs;
(Web sites) • Njlw; nghwpfs;
(SearchEngines) • ,izar; Nritfis
tptupj;J

,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• ciuahL miw (Chat room) • nra;jpf;
FOf;fs; (Newsgroups) mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

kpd; mQ;ry; vd; why; vd;dntd • kpd; •mQ;ry;

kpd; mQ;rw; Nritiag;
fzf;nfhd;iw gad;gLj;jy; 14.2 kpd;
gupkhw;wj;jpw;nfd nra;jpg; •
tptupg;ghu;. 05

Muk;gpj;jy; ^ yahoo, gmail, • kpd; mQ;rypy; cs;s gy;NtW mQ;riyg; hotmail Nghd ;w)

mQ;ry; Kftup • kpd; Nritfis ,dq;fz;L gad;gLj;Jthu;. gad;gLj;Jthu;. • kpd;

mQ;ry; Kftupfs; cUthf;Fthu;. • kpd; mQ;riy mDg;GjYk; • kpd; mQ;rypy; nra;jpfisg; mDg;Gjy;> ngWjYk; ngWjy; Mfpatw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;thu;. • gjpyDg;GjYk; kpd; mQ;riy Kd;Kfg;gLj;jYk; ^Forwarding& ² Nfhg;Gfis ,izj;jy; ² CC kw;Wk;
BCC ² ,iza xOf;fhw;wpay; ^Ethics&

24
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

15.0 tpir kw;Wk; mjd; tpirnahd;wpd; jpiria tptupg;ghu; iaAk; • tpir • tpirnahd;wpd; gUkd; vd;gij tptupg;ghu; 15.1 tpirapd; jd;ik-• 12

tpisTfs; mjd; • tpirapd;

epa+w;wdpd; • tpirnahd;wpd; njhopw;gL fhtpj;jd;ik • tpjpfs;
Nfhl;il epa+w;wd; tpirapd; njhopw;gL Gs;spia jhf;fq;fisAk; • tpirapd; myFfs; ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd • ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd
%yk;
gw;wpa mwpit • ,Otpir • epa+w;wdpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia F = ma • cijg;G tbtpy; Kd;itj;J tpjpfs; tptupg;ghu;. tptupg;ghu;. • jhNd nrg;gkhjy;fspd; • tpirapd; SI myFfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

md;whl tho;f;ifj; vspa gpurpdq;fis • cuha;T jPu;g;ghu;. • jhNd nrg;gkhFk; tpirfspd; jd;ikia tptupg;ghu;. • ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

NjitfSf;nfdg; cuha;T gw;wp tptupg;ghu;. • tpirnahd;wpid epiyapay; cuha;T> vy;iy cuha;T> ,af;f cuha;T Mfpa gjq;fis tpsf;fp>

gad;gLj;Jthu;. xd;Wf;nfhd;W
Vw;gLj;Jjy;> ,af;fj;jpd; jd;ikia khw;Wjy; Mfpatw;iw nrq;Fj;jhd
epa+w;wdpd; ,uz;L
tpjpfs; jpirfspw; gpupg;ghu;. • ,af;fj;ij
%yk;
tpsf;Fthu;.

15.2 tpirj; njhFjp-nahd;wpd; tpisAisf; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk; fhz;ghu;. tpisAs; • tpirapizfu tpjpfs; • xU Nfhl;L tpirfspuz;bd; tpisAspd; • xU Nfhl;L tpirfspuz;bd; 06

fhz;ghu;. rha;thd ml; ruf; fzpj • rha;thd ,uz;L tpirfspd; Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;jp>
tpisAs; ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAisf; • tpir ,izfu tpjp fhz;ghu;.

• tpirj; jpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

25
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

• tpirj; jpUg;gk; 15.3

tpirnahd;wpd; Row;rp • tpirapiznahd;wpd; • tpirnahd;wpd; jpUg;gk; vd; gij 04
jpUg;gk; tpsiit mstpLthu;. tiuaWg;ghu;.

• tpirapiznahd;wpd; jpUg;gj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

nahd;wpd; rkdpiy • %d;W tpirfspd; fPo;r;• rkdpiy

Gs;spg; nghUnshd;wpd; rkdpiy
nghUnshd;wpdJk; fPo;>
rkdpiyia 15.4 tpirj;
njhlu;ghfg; njhFjp-•
• tpiwj;j ,uz;L • ,uz;L tpirfspd; fPo;r;tpirfspd;
nghUnshd;wpd; rkdpiy Gs;spg;nghUspdJk; tpiwj;j 08

Gs;spg;nghUnshd;wpd; rkepiyf;Fupa rkdpiy tptupg;ghu;. gFj;jha;thu;. • ,uz;L tpirfspd; fPo;r; rkdpiy fPo;> • %d;W • %d;W tpirfspd; fPo;r; rkdpiy

nghUnshd;wpd;; rkdpiyf;Fupa • tpir rkhe;jukhf mikAk; Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;. • rha;thd %d;W tpirfspd; fPo; tpiwj;j re;ju;g;gk; • tpirfs; rha;thf mikAk;

rkdpiyf;Fupa Njitfis Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;. re;ju;g;gk; • rkhe;jukhd %d;W tpirfspd; fPo; tpiwj;j nghUnshd;wpd;
Kd;itg;ghu;. • jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspikahd gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;ghu;. tpirfspd;

26
Machine Translated by Google

juk; 13

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

16.0 nghwpKiwr; rf;jpia 16.1 Ntiy> rf;jp> tY • Ntiy Mfpad njhlu;ghd • • Ntiy> rf;jp> tY Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;ghu;. • Ntiy> rf;jp> tY 10

kdpjj; NjitfSf;fhfg; nghwpKiwr; rf;jp mwpit eilKiwj; • ,af;fr; rf;jp NjitfSf;fhf msT • Mfpatw;iw

gad;gLj;Jthu;. ngau;T ,af;fr; rf;jp uPjpapy; gad;gLj;Jthu;. • Row;rp ,af;fr; rf;jp msg;gjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd myFfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. • ntt;NtW
• mOj;jr; rf;jp • <u;g;G mOj;jr;rf;jp • kPspay;G mOj;jr; rf;jp NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf

tY njhlu;ghd mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. •

nga;g;G tY> gag;G tY Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L tpidj;jpwidf; fzpg;ghu;.

• tY

• nghwpKiwr; rf;jpf; fhg; Gf; Nfhl;ghL • tpidj;jpwd;

17.0 Xa;tpYs;s kw;Wk; 17.1 Xa;tpYs;s jputk; • ePupay; mirAk; ghapfs; gw;wpa • mlu;j;jp> rhulu;j;jp vDk; gjq;fis tpsf;fpg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. • jput 08

Ma;e;jwptpy; • ePupay; mKf;fk; gw;wpa mwpit Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpfs; • rhulu;j;jp md;whl Njitfs; mKf;fj;Jf;fhd Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Mfpatw;iwg; gad;- • mKf;f CLflj;jy; kw;Wk; njhopDl;g • ghRfhy; Nfhl;ghL gLj;Jthu;. • • ghapnahd;wpDs; cs;s nghUnshd;wpd; NkYijg;G> kpjj;jy;
NkYijg;G eltbf;iffSf;fhfg; • Mf;fpkpbrpd; Nfhl;ghL gad;gLj;Jthu;. • kpjj;jy; Nfhl;ghL Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

• mKf;f CLlfj;jiy tpsf;Fjy; gad;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

17.2 ghapfspd; gha;r;riy • gha;k epiyapay; Ma;e;jwpa Nfhl;- • njhlu; • gha;kg; gha;r;rypd; Ntfk;> gug;gsT Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp 08

gha;r;ry; rkd;ghL ghLfs;> tpjpfs; • NgZ}ap Nfhl;ghL Mfpatw;iwg; gad;- • ghapg; gha;r;ry; tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
gha;r;ry; gLj;Jthu;.

• nrad;Kiw re;ju;g;gq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;nfd NgZ}ap Nfhl;ghl;il

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

27
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

18.0 ,aw;ifahd 18.1 gy;NtW tifg;gl;l • ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs; - mwpKfk; • ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfs; vd; why; • ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jp tiffs; • Kjyhd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; 14

cw;gj;jpfs;> ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfs;> mtw;wpd; • ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfis Kjyhd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;> vd;dntd tptupg;ghu;.

mtw;wpd; %yq;fs;> gad;ghLfs; Jizahd • rpy Kjyhd mDNrgg; mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd gjhu;j;j tiffs; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. • rpy Kjyhd mDNrgg; • Kjyhd>

gpupj;njLg;G Mfpatw;iwj; tiffs; Jizahd mDNrg gjhu;j;j tiffspd; gjhu;j;jq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fisf;

Kiwfs; Njbawpthu;. ifj;njhopw; gad;ghL Fwpg;gpLthu;. • Jiz mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; • Kjyhd> Jizahd mDNgr • Jiz mDNrg gjhu;j;j

Mfpatw;iw gjhu;j;jq;fspd; gad;fis tptupg;ghu;. • ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfspd; %yq;fs; mDNrg

Ma;e;jwpthu;. rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. gjhu;j;jq;fspd; %yq;fSk; • ,aw;ifapd; cd;dj gilg;Gf;fs; ,aw;if cw;gj;jpfis nkr;Rthu;.

gad;ghLk;

tiffs;

• Jiz

18.2 ,aw;ifahd • ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xslj • ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xsljj;ijg; tiffs; gpupj;njLf;Fk; gbKiwfs; gpupj;njLf;Fk; gbKiwfisg; 12
%yq;fspypUe;J xslj ngaupLthu;. • ,aw;if %yq;fspypUe;J xsljj;jij • jhtug; gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gpupj;njLj;jy;. gpupj;njLf;Fk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;. •
tiffisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; ypUe;JJ}a;ikahd tpsiit • fhg;Gupikg; gj;jpuk; ngWjy; Ntwhf;fg;gl;l nkhj;jg; gpupj;njLg;gp-• J}a;jhf;fy; • njhFj;jy;
Ntwhf;Fk; El;gKiwfis tptupg;ghu;. • nraw;ifahf xsljq;fisj; njhFg;gjd; ,d;wpaikahikia tpsf;Fthu;. • vspa
gbKiwfis gpupj;njLg;G El;g Kiwfisf;
Ma;e;jwpthu;.

ifahz;L ghu;g;ghu;.

28
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

19.0 njf;fhl;bd; Ms; 02

19.1 njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wj; ² ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; jsj;jpd; cjtpAld; Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; • jug;gl;l Gs;spfs; ,uz;il njhLf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd;
$w;Wj; jsj;jpd; ePsk; ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapyhd J}uj;ijj; Jzpthu;. ePsj;ijj; Jzpthu;.
cjtpAld;
Neu;NfhL
gw;wp Muha;thu;.
• kw;Wk; Gs;spfis
19.2 ,uz;L Gs;spfis ² ,uz;L Gs;spfis ,izg;gjhy; ,izg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj;Jz;lj;jpd;
,izj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; Neu;Nfhl;Lj; 02
eLg; Neu;Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lj;jpd; Gs; spapd; Ms;$Wfs; eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;- $Wfisj; Jzpthu;.
Jz;lj;jpd; eLg;Gs;spapd; Ms;$Wfisj;

Jzptjw;fhf

#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• gbj;jpwDk; (m)> ,ilntl;Lk; (c) 06

² jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ Neu;Nfhl;bd; rkd;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
19.3 Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; vd;w tifapyhd

Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwDk; ntl;Lj;Jz;lKk; rkd;ghl;il vDk; tbtpy; ² rkhe;juf; NfhLfspd;

gbj;jpwDf;F

jUthu;. •
,ilapyhd njhlu;G
Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; rkd;ghL vDk; tbtpy; ² xd;Wf;nfhd;W
nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j jug;gl;Ls;sNghJ m Ig; gbj;jpwd;
vdTk; NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fSf;F c I ,ilntl;L vdTk;
tptupg;ghu;. ,ilapyhd njhlu;G • Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd;
gbj;jpwidAk; me;Neu;NfhL x mr;rpy;> Neu;j;jpirAld;
mikf;Fk; Nfhzj;jpd; elj;ijiaAk;
tptupg;ghu;. • ,ilntl;L khwhjpUf;Fk;NghJ gbj;jpwdpd; NtWghl;bd;gb>
mf;Nfhl;bd; elj;ijia tptupg;ghu;.

• rkhe;juf;NfhLfspd; gbj;jpwd;fs; rkkhdit vd tptupg;ghu;.

• m1.m2=-1vDk; njhlu;igg;
gad;gLj;jp jug;gl;l Neu;Nfhl;bd; nrq;Fj;Jf; NfhLfspd;
gbj;jpwidj; Jzpthu;.

29
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

20.0 rlg;nghUspd; 20.1 kPspay;G gw;wpa • kPspay;G • jputpankhd;wpd; kPspay;ig tptupg;ghu;. 08

mwpitg; gad;gLj;jp Njitf;Fg; • ,OitAk; ePl;rpAk; • ,Oitj; jifg; • ,ionahd;wpd; ,OtpirAld; mjd; ePl;rp khWk; tpjj;ijg;
nghwpKiw ,ay;Gfs; nghUj;jkhd Gk; ,Oit tpfhuKk; • jifg;G - tpfhu tiuG • gupNrhjpg;ghu;. • ,Oitj; jifg;G> ,Otpir
gw;wpa mwpit khDlg; jputpaq;fisj; `_f;fpd; tpjp tpfhuk; Mfpatw;iw tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;. • ,Otpir - tpfhu
NjitfSf;nfd gad;gLj;Jthu;. njupTnra;thu;. • aq;fpd; Fzfk; • <uf;fg;gl;l fk;gpapy; tiuigg; gad;gLj;jp ePl;lj;jf;f kw;Wk; nehUq;fj;jf;f
Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputpaq;fspd; elj;ijia tptupg;ghu;. • tpfpjrk vy;iyf;fhf `_f;fpd;
tpjpia

rf;jp
Kd;itg;ghu;.
• jug;gl;Ls;s ,ionahd;wpy; my;yJ tpy;nyhd;wpy;
Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rf;jpapd; msitf; fzpg;ghu;.

• ,Otpir epge;jidfspd;NghJ nghUnshd;wpd; ePsj;jpYk;>

tbtj;jpYk;> fdtstpYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtijg; guprPypg;ghu;.

21.0kpd;Dgfuzq;fspd; 21.1 Xl;l kpd;dpaypd; guhkupg;G mbg;gil • kpd; • kpd;Ndhl;lk;> kpd;Ndw;wk; Mfpatw;Wf; fpilapyhd njhlu;igj; 18

vz;zf;fUf;- kpd;Rw;Wfis fisAk; Nfhl;ghL-jpl;lkply; fisAk; • kpd;Ndw;wKk; kpd;Ndhl;lKk; • kpd;dOj;j njuptpg;ghu;.

Ma;e;jwpthu;. NtWghL • kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il tptupg;ghu;. • flj;jpapd; jil>
tpsf;Fthu;. jputpaj;jpd; jilg; • jil • flj;jpapd; jil ngWkhdk; Mfpatw;iw
Mfpatw;Wf;F • jilapd;ghy; nry;thf;F • ntg;gepiyAld; jilj;jpwd; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; khWgLtijr; Nrhjpg;ghu;. • jilj;jpwd; •
kpd;dpay; kPflj;Jjpwd; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. • ntg;gepiyf;Fk; jilapd; khwYk; • Kjnyhd;wpd; kpd;dpaf;f tpir> • kPflj;Jjpwd;
njhlu;ghd mfj;jil> Xl;lk; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.
mwpitg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

30
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

• rkhe;jukhf> njhluhf ,izf;- fg;gl;l jilj;njhFjpfs; • • kpd;Kjypd; kpd;dpaf;f tpir> mfj;jil> Xl;lk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd

Xkpd; tpjp njhlu;igf; fhl;Lthu;.

• kpd;dpaf;f tpir • njhluhf> rkhe;jukhf ,izf;fg;gl;l kpd;Rw;Wf;fSf;fhf Xkpd;

• mfj;jil • tpjpiag; gpuNahfpg;ghu;. • jilj; njhFjpiaf; nfhz;l

kpd;Rw;W • kpd;Rw;Wf;fs;

fpUf;Nfhgpd; tpjp I,II • kpd;fyk;> jil njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;. • kpd;Rw;Wf;fSf;fhd

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l Rw;Wfs; • kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; • fzpj;jy;fSf;F fpUf;Nfhgpd; tpjpia gad;gLj;Jtu;. • jilapapy;
ntg;g tpisT gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;
ntg;gj;jpd; msit fzpg;gjw;F kpd;Ndhl;lk;> jil Mfpatw;iw ,izg;ghu;.

21.2 kpd; kw;Wk; fhe;jtpay;G • kpd;> fhe;jtpay;G Mfpatw;Wf;- Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd • fhtyplg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUSpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhuzkhf 10

fpilapyhd ,ilj;jhf;fk; ,ilj;jhf;fk; gw;wp • kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;jtpisT Ma;e;jwpthu;. cUthFk; kpd;fhe;jtpay;igr; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;. • fhe;jg;Gyj;jpy;

• fhe;jg;Gyj;jpYs;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij fhTk; flj;jpapd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpir itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijf; fhTk; flj;jpnahd;wpd; kPjhd
tpiria nra;Jfhl;l Xl;lj; juhrpidg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. • fhe;jg;Gyj;Jf;F
nrq;Fj;jhf itf;fg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUSpy; tpirapiz Njhd;Wk; tpjj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;. • vspa njhopw;ghLfs; %yk; kpd; fhe;jj; J}z;liy
tpsf;Fthu;. • kpd;fhe;j J}z;lypd;
• kpd;fhe;j J}z;ly; gpuNahfq;fshf ijdNkh> kpd;khw;wp Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ;
nra;thu;.

31
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

22.0 gy;NtW ,urhadf; 22.1 gy;NtW ,urhadf; ifj;njhopy; • ,urhadtpaw; ifj;njhopy;fs; mwpKfk; ² 5M vz;zf;fU • • 5M vz;zf;fUitf; $Wthu;. • 5M 17

ifj;njhopy;fs; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy; nrad;Kiwia rtu;f;fhuk; vz;zf;fUtpd;gb ,urhadf; ifj;njhopnyhd;iw epWTjy; gw;wp

rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy; Ma;e;jwpthu;. kw;Wk; mOf;ffw;wpfspd; Ma;e;jwpthu;. • rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpf;fhd gpujhd

cw;gj;jp • capupay; Bry; cw;gj;jp (Bio Diesel) • %yg;nghUl;fisg;

nrad;Kiwia ngaupLthu;. • rtu;f;fhu cw;gj;jpr; nrad; Kiwapd; gpujhd

Ma;e;jwpthu;. nghRg;Ngw;Wg; gris cw;gj;jp • G+r;R cw;gj;jp • fly; gbKiwfis tptupg;ghu;. • rtu;f;fhuk; kw;Wk;

ePupypUe;J vupNrhlh cw;gj;jp mOf;ffw;wp Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfis tpsf;Fthu;. •

Ma;T$lj;jpy; rtu;f;fhu khjpupnahd;wpidj;

jahupg;ghu;. • capupay; Bry; jaupg; Gr; nrad;Kiwia

tptupg;ghu;. • nghRg;Ngw;Wg; gris jahupg;Gr; nrad;Kiwia
tptupg;ghu;. •

cs;ehl;by; nghRg;Ngw;Wg; gris jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tptupg;ghu;. • epwg;G+r;R tiffspy; mlq;fpAs;s

gpujhd $Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. • epwg;G+r;R jahupg;gpd;

mbg; gilg;

gbKiwfs; tptupg;ghu;. • fly; ePupypUe;J vupNrhlh jahupf;Fk;

nrad; Kiwapd; mbg;gilahd gbKiwfis

tptupg;ghu;.

32
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

23.0 tl;ltpaf;fk;> 23.1 Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; Row;rp ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd mwpit ² Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd • Row;rp ,af;fj;jpy; cs;s nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. • Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd 12

gw;wpa mwpit nrad;Kiw nrad;KiwuPjpahd NjitfSf;fhfg; ngsjpf fzpaq;fs; ² ngsjpff; fzpaq;fis tptupg;ghu;. • nghUnshd;wpd;

NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. gad;gLj;Jthu;. Nfhz ,lg;ngau;r;rp ² Nfhz Ntfk; Row;rpr; rlj;Jtj;jpd; mstPlhf rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. •
Xa;tpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghUnshd;wpy; Row;rpia
² Nfhz Mu;%Lfy; ² Row;rp Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> RoYk; nghUnshd;wpd; Row;rp tPjj;ij
kPbwd; f ² Mtu;j;jd fhyk;T khw;Wtjw;fhfTk; KWf;fnkhd;wpidg; gpuNahfpj;jy; Ntz; Lk;
² rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; I ² KWf;fk; ² vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

Row;rp ,af;fj;jpd; • Row;rp ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;ghd vspa fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

fzpaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

²
² =

10
• tl;ltpaf;fj;jpd; MiuAld; njhLiff; uPjpahd tl;ltpaf;fk; gw;wpa nghUl;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. mwpit nrad;Kiw • rPuhd tl;ltpaf;fj;jpy; cs;s ² tl;l ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd ngsjpff; 23.2

ar Mu;KLfy; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpj; ² Njit-fjpkhWgLk;

fzpaq;fs; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;. fSf;Fg; gad;- • tl;ltpaf;fj;jpy; cs;s nghUspd; gLj;Jthu;. ² ikaehl;l Mu;%Lfy;
ikaehl;l tpir F njhopw;gLk; vdf; fhl;Lthu;. ² tl;ltpaf;fj;Jf;Fk; cupa • ikaehl;l Mu;KLfiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F fzpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
ikaehl;l tpirapd; Njitia ² njhLiff; fjp v ² Nfhz Ntfk;
typAWj;Jthu;. • gy;NtW tl;l ,af;fq;fspy; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; ikaehl;l tpir gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij cjhuz q;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

F - kPbwd;
T - Mtu;j;jd fhyk;

33
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

24.0 eNdh njhopDl;gk; 24.1 eNdh njhopDl;gj;d; • eNdh jputpaq;fs; gw;wp Ma;e;jwpthu;. • mwpKfk; • eNdh njhopDl;gk; gw;wpa vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;. • gy;NtW 06

tha;g;Gf;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. Jiwfspy; eNdh

• gad;fs; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis tptupg;hu;.

25.0 tptug; 25.1 rupahd • ikaehl;l mstPLfs; ($l;lkhf;fpa • ,il • ikaehl;l msit Kiwfshf ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 12

Gs;sptpgutpaypd; jPu;khdq;fis juTfSf;fhf) • juTfSf;fhf) • ,ilak;

nghUisg; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf ika ehl;l Mfhuk; juTfSf;fhf)

gFj;jhuha;thu;. mstPLfisg; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fthu;. • ikaehl;l jd;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F ($l;lkhf;fhj ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

($l;lkhf;fhj • ika ehl;l

mstPLfisf; fzpg;ghu;. • ikaehl;l mstPLfspd; %yk; jPu;khdq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

25.2 tiuG • xU khwpj; juTfspd; tiuG • kPbwd; guk;gy; • • kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp kPbwd; guk;gy; tisafs; 08

tifFwpj;jypd; cjtpAld; jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; • tiuthu;

juTg; gFg;gha;it jpus; rjtPj kPbwd; guk;gy;
Nkw;nfhs;thu;. • jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp jpus; kPbwd;
guk;gy; tisafs; tiuthu;

• rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jp rjtPj jpus;

kPbwd; tiuGfs; tiuthu; • kPbwd; guk;gy;> jpus; kPbwd;
guk;gy;> rjtPj jpus; kPbwd; guk;gy;>

tispfisg; gad;gLj;jp juTfSf;F nghUs;NfhLthu;.

34
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

25'3 gutyhd mstPLfspd; • gutyhd mstPLfs; ($l;lkhf;fpa> cjtpAld; $l;lkhf;fhj) • tPr;R juTg;guk;giy • jug;gl;l #j;jpuj;jpd; cjtpAld; jug;gl;l juTfspd; tPr;R> fhyiz> ,ilf; 12

tptupg;ghu;. fhyiz tPr;R Mfpatw;iwf; fzpg;ghu;.

• fhyiz

• ,ilf; fhyz tPr;R

26.0 njhopDl;g tpUj;jp 26.1 njhopEl;g tpUj;jp • #oy; mwpKfk; fhuzkhf ,aw;if • ,aw;if tl;lq;fs; • #oy; vd; why; vd;dntd tiuaWg;ghu;. • ,aw;if tl;lq;fSf;fhd 05

#ow; rkdpiyapy; tl;lq;fspy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis Muha;- thu;. cjhuzq;fis rku;g;gpg;ghu;. • fhgd; tllk;> XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lk;>
• fhgd; tl;lk; iejurd; tl;lk;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; • XNrhd; - xl;rprd; tl;lk; • iejurd; tl;lk; • Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;. • #ow; rkdpiyapy; ,aw;if tl;lq;fspd;

tpjj;ij Muha;thu;. njhopDl;g tpUj;jpahdJ ,aw;if Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. • njhopDl;g tpUj;jpahdJ ,aw;if
tl;lq;fspidg; ghjpf;Fk; tpjk; tl;lq;fspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

05
26.2 G+Nfhs #oy; neUf;fb • G+Nfhs #oy; neUf;fbfSk; kw;Wk; mtw; wpd; Njhw;W-mtw;wpd; • ifj;njhopd; kakhf;fYf;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l #oy; epiyikfis
jd;ikfSk; that; Mfpatw;iw • ifj;njhopy;kakhjYf;F Kd;du; Ma;e;jwpthu;. tptupg;ghu;. • ifj;njhopy; kakhjypd; gpd;du; ,aw;if #oy;

epytpa #oy; • #oypy; kdpjdpd; jhf;fk; • ifj;njhopy;kakhjYf;F gpd;duhd fhyk; kw;Wk; jw;fhyr; epiyikfs;

#oy; khw;wkile;j Kiwia tpsf;Fthu;. • jw;Nghija #oy; epiyikfspy;

mjpfstpy; khw;wkile;Js;sikia cjhuzq;fSld; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

35
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

26.3 G+Nfhs Rw;whlw; • tsp khriljy; • tspkz;ly fl;likg;G khw;wkiltjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; 12
gpur;rpidfis • Gtp ntg;giljy; • XNrhd;gil fhuzpfisg; ngaupLthu;. • gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs;
Ma;e;jwpthu;. Nja;tiljy; • mkpy kio • xsp ,urhadg;Gfhu; tspkz;lyj;jpy;
• ePu; khriljy; • kz; NrUk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. • gy;NtW ghjfkhd thAf;fs;
khriljy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;tjdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• ePu; khrhf;fpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. • ePu; khrhf;fpfs;
#oypy; NrUk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

• kz; khrhf;fpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. • kz; khrhf;fpfs;

#oiyr; NrUk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

khw;wq;fs; • fhyepiy khw;wq;fspd; • fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; mwpKfk; 26.4 fhyepiy • fhyepiy khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;. • fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; 05
khw;wk; nry;thf;F Mfpa-• nry;thf;F kw;Wk; mtw; wpd; • gbTtPo;r;rpf; Nfhy nry;thf;Ffis tptupg;ghu;.
fly;ePu; kl;lk; cau;jy; tw;iw Muha;thu;. •
JUtq;fspYk; kiy cr;rpfspYk;
cs;s gdpf;fl;b cUFjy;

• capupdq;fspd; ,dkopjy; • fly;ePu;

Rw;Nwhl;lk; khw;wkiljy; • ghuJ}ukhd thdpiy
epfo;Tfs;

36
Machine Translated by Google

ghl

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

• #ow; ghJfhg;G 26.5 #ow; 08

ghJfhg;Gf;nfd • 3R vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;. • khrhf;fpfSk; fopTfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f • ePiug; gupfupf;Fk; Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;. • 3R vz;zf;fU • jpz;kf; fopT
Kfhikj;Jtj;ij • ePiug; gupfupj;jy; tptupg;ghu;.
• jpz;kf ; fopTg;nghUs; • capu;thA kw;Wk; $l;nlUj; Kfhikj;Jtk; njhopDl;gj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;thu;. • capu;thA kw;Wk; $l;nlUj; • Rj;jkhd cw;gj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUit
njhopDl;gk; tpsf;Fthu;. •
gbKiwfis Muha;thu;. Rj;jkhd cw;gj;jp vz;zf;fU

37