Information and  Nowadays, employers expect their staff

to have basic ICT skills. This

Communication Technology expectation even applies to job roles
LESSON 1 where ICT skills may not have been an
essential requirement in the past.
 Nowadays, finding a job is different, you
can just use your smart phone, laptop,
desktop or any gadgets that is available
1. HISTORY OF ICT in the comfort of your home.

EDUCATION
 ICT, or information and communications  Information and Communications
technology (or technologies), is thin Technology (ICT) can impact student
frastructure e and components that enable learning when teachers are digitally literate
modern computing. and understand how to integrate it into
 Although there is no single, universal curriculum.
definition of ICT, the term is generally  Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to
accepted to mean all devices, networking communicate, create, disseminate, store, and
components, applications and systems that manage information.
combined allow people and organizations to  ICT has also become integral to the teaching
interact in the digital world. learning interaction.

SOCIALIZING
2. 4 USES OF ICT IN OUR  Social media has changed the world. The
DAILY LIFE rapid and vast adoption of these
technologies is changing how we find
COMMUNICATION partners, how we access information
from the news, and how we organize to
 ICT take a major role for us by means of demand political change.
communicating, way back in the past our  The internet and social media provide
parents use to make letter and send it via young people with a range of benefits,
post mail and opportunities to empower
 with the help of ICT it is easier to themselves in a variety of ways.
communicate with our loved ones.
 ICT allows students to monitor and manage 3. IMPACT OF ICT IN THE
their own learning, think critically and SOCIETY
creatively, solve simulated real-world
problems, work collaboratively, engage in
ethical decision-making, and adopt a global Positive impacts of Information and
perspective towards issues and ideas.
Communication Technology
JOB OPPORTUNITIES  Access to information: Increase in access to
 In the employment sector, ICT enables information and services that has
organizations to operate more efficiently, accompanied the growth of the Internet.
so employing staff with ICT skills is  Improved access to education, e.g. distance
vital to the smooth running of any learning and online tutorials.
business.
  New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives 3 PRINCIPLE
access to new tools that did not previously
exist
CHARACTERISTICS
 Communication: Cost savings by using e.g.  It responds to a specific set of instructions in
VoIP instead of normal telephone, email / a well-defined manner.
messaging instead of post, video  It can execute a pre-recorded list of
conferencing instead of traveling to instructions.
meetings, e-commerce web sites instead of  It can quickly store and retrieve large
sales catalogues. amounts of data.

Negative impacts of Information and

Communication Technology APPLICATION OF ICT
 Job loss: Manual operations being (COMPUTERS) IN OUR DAILY
replaced by automation. LIVES
 Reduced personal
 Reduced physical activity: This can lead BUSINESS
to health problems such as obesity, heart
disease, and diabetes.  Almost every business uses computers
 Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and nowadays. They can be employed to
software is expensive, both to purchase store and maintain accounts,
and to maintain. personnel records, manage projects,
 Competition: this is usually thought of as track inventory, create presentations
being a good thing, but for some
and reports.
organizations being exposed to greater
competition can be a problem.
EDUCATION
History of Computer:  Computers can be used to give
Basic Computing Periods learners audio-visual packages,
interactive exercises, and
LESSON 2
remote learning, including tutoring
over the internet.
HEALTHCARE
COMPUTER DEFINITION
 Healthcare continues to be
 Computer is a programmable machine.
revolutionized by computers. As well
 Computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information, or data. It has the
as digitized medical
ability to store, retrieve, and process data. information making it easier to store
 Computer is a machine that manipulates data and access patient data, complex
according to a BOO information can also be analyzed by
 Computer is any device which aids humans software to aid discovery of
in performing various kinds of computations
diagnoses, as well as search for risks
or calculations.
of diseases.
RETAIL AND TRADE
  Computers can be used to buy and sell steer.
products online - this enables sellers to reach NAVIGATION
a wider market with low overheads  Navigation has become increasingly
computerized, especially since computer
GOVERNMENT
technology has been combined with GPS
 Various government departments use technology.
computers to improve the quality and
efficiency of their
services. WORKING FROM HOME
 Computers have made working from home
MARKETING
and other forms of remote working
 Computers enable marketing campaigns to increasingly
be more precise through the analysis and common.
manipulation of data.

MILITARY
PUBLISHING
 Computers are used extensively by the
 Computers can be used to design pretty military. They are use for training purposes.
much any type of publication. These might They are
include newsletters, marketing materials, used for analyzing intelligence data.
fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers.
SOCIAL AND ROMANCE
 Social media enables people to chat in text
ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT
or audio in real time across large distances,
 Computers are now used in virtually every as well as exchange photographs, videos,
branch of the arts, as well as in the wider and memes.
entertainment industry.

COMMUNICATION BOOKING VACATION

 Computers have made real-time  Computers can be used by travelers to study
communication over the internet easy, timetables, examine route options, and buy
thanks to software and videoconferencing plane, train, or bus tickets.
services such as Skype.

BANKING AND FINNACE SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE

 Most banking in advanced countries now  Computers are increasingly being combined
takes place online. You can use computers with other technologies to monitor people
to check your account balance, transfer and goods.
money, or pay off credit cards.
WEATHER FORECASTING
TRANSPORT
 The world's weather is complex and depends
 Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are upon a multitude of factors that are
increasingly automated with computers constantly changing.
being used to maintain safety and navigation
systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or ROBOTICS
  Robotics is an expanding area of technology  It was its limitation to addition and
which combines computers with science and subtraction.
engineering to produce machines that can  It is too expensive.
either replace humans, or do specific jobs
that humans are unable to do.
STEPPED RECKONER
 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: 1672.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS  The machine that can add, subtract, multiply
and divide automatically.

 These human computers were typically

engaged in the calculation of a mathematical JACQUARD LOOM
expression.  The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom,
 The calculations of this period were specialized invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
and expensive, requiring years of training in  It is an automatic loom controlled by
mathematics. punched cards.
 The first use of the word "computer" was
recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out ARITHMOMETER
 calculations, or computations, and the word  A mechanical calculator invented by
continued to be used in that sense until the Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
middle of the 20th century. The first reliable, useful and commercially
successful calculating machine.
TALLY STICKS  The machine could perform the four basic
mathematic functions.
 A tally stick was an ancient memory aid  The first mass-produced calculating
device to record and document numbers, machine.
quantities, or even messages.

DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND

ABACUS ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 An abacus is a mechanical device used to  It an automatic, mechanical calculator
aid an individual in performing designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
mathematical calculations.  Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and
 The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 1834
2400 B.C.  It is the first mechanical computer.
 The abacus in the form we are most familiar
with was first used in China in around 500
B.C. FIRST COMPUTER
 It used to perform basic arithmetic PROGRAMMER
operations.
 In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.
PASCALINE  She writes programs for the Analytical
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Engine.
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION  It was the first electronic general-purpose
ENGINE computer.
Completed in 1946.
 Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John
 Based on Charles Babbage's difference Mauchly.
engine.
 The first printing calculator UNIVAC 1
 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic
Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer.
TABULATING MACHINE  Designed by John Presper Eckert and John
 Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. Mauchly.
 To assist in summarizing information and EDVAC
accounting.
 EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete
HARVARD MARK 1 Variable Automatic Computer
 Harvard Mark 1 Also known as IBM  The First Stored Program Computer
Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator  Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
(ASCC).  It has a memory to hold both a stored
Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 program as well as data.
 The first electro-mechanical computer. THE FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER
Z1  Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
 Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
 The first programmable computer.Created
Corporation
by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to
1938. THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY
 To program the Z1 required that the user
 The first computer company was the
insert punch tape into a punch tape reader
Electronic Controls Company.
and all output was also generated through
Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and
punch tape.
John Mauchly.

ATTANASOFF- BERRY COMPUTER BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS –

 It was the first electronic digital computing AGE
device.
Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and PREMECBANICAL
graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa
State University between 1939 and 1942.
 The premechanical age is the earliest age of
information technology. It can be defined as
the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D.
 When humans first started communicating,
ENIAC they would try to use language or simple
picture drawings known as petroglyths
 ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical
which were usually carved in rock.
Integrator and Computer.
  Early alphabets were developed such as the  There are 4 main sections of digital
Phoenician alphabet. computing. The first was the era of vacuum
As alphabets became more popular and tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and
more people were writing information down, Mark 1.
pens and paper began to be developed.
 It started off as just marks in wet clay, but 5 GENERATION OF COMPUTER
later paper was created out of papyrus plant.

MECHANICAL
THE FIRST GENERATION 1946- 1958
 The mechanical age is when we first start to
see connections between our current  The first computers used vacuum tubes for
technology and its ancestors. circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
 The mechanical age can be defined as the and were often enormous, taking up entire
time between 1450 and 1840. rooms.
 A lot of new technologies are developed in  First generation computers relied on
this era as there is a large explosion in machine language, the lowest-level
interest with this area. programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they
could only solve one problem at a time.
ELECTROMECHANICAL  Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC
I, UNIVAC II,
 The electromechanical age can be defined as
UNIVAC 1101
the time between 1840 and 1940. These are
the beginnings of telecommunication.
The telegraph was created in the early
1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel SECOND GENERATION 1959 -1964
Morse in 1835.
 The telephone was created by Alexander  Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and
Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio ushered in the second generation of
developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. computers. One transistor replaced the
 The first large-scale automatic digital equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
computer in the United States was the Mark  Allowing computers to become smaller,
1 created by Harvard University around faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and
1940. more reliable.
 This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft  Second-generation computers moved from
wide, and weighed 5 tons cryptic binary machine language to
symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions
ELECTRONIC in words.
 Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco
 The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital
Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM
computer capable of being reprogrammed to
7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series
solve a full range of computing problems.
 computer was designed to be used by the
U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. THIRD GENERATION 1965 – 1970
 This machine was even bigger than the Mark
 The development of the integrated circuit
1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30
was the hallmark of the third generation of
tons
computers.
  Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
 It could carry out instructions in billionths of
a second. Much smaller and cheaper
compare to the second-generation
computers.
FOURTH GENERATION 1971 – TODAY
 The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single
silicon chip.
As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.

FIFTH GENERATION TODAY – FUTURE

 Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in
development. The use of parallel processing
and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
 The goal is to develop devices that respond
to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.
 There are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.