REVIEWER

SCIENCE 6
Skeletal System
Skeleton Integumentary System
 framework of the body Integumentary system consists of:
 consists of 206 bones (adult) that are  skin
connected by ligaments  hair – helps keep you warm
Major functions of skeletal system:  nails – give structure to the ends of the
 body support fingers
 facilitation of movement  glands – release oils for moisture and
 protection of internal organs protection
 storage of minerals and fats  nerves – send and receive messages
 blood cell formation to/from the brain

Two divisions of the skeletal system: Functions of the integumentary system:

 AXIAL SKELETON – includes skull, vertebral  barrier to protect the body from the outside
column, ribs, and sternum environment
 APPENDICULAR SKELETON – includes the  one of the first lines of defense of the body
bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, against pathogens
legs, and feet  helps retain body fluids, protect against
dehydration
Classification of bones:  helps eliminate waste products
 long bones – limbs like arms and legs  helps regulate body temperature
 short bones – wrist and ankles  acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain,
 flat bones – shoulder blades and skull heat, and cold
 irregular bones – face and vertebrae  stores water and fat

Selected bones: Parts of the skin:

 skull – consists of:  epidermis
o cranium – protects the brain o outer layer of the skin
o facial bones o outer epidermal cells secrete a protein called
 spinal column / vertebrae keratin
o protects the spinal cord  dermis
o 33 in child, 26 in adult o layer directly below the epidermis
 rib cage o connective tissues prevent the skin from
o protects the lungs and heart tearing and enable it to return to normal
o 12 pairs after stretching
o upper 7 pairs – true ribs, connected to the  hypodermis
breastbone o layer below the dermis
o 8th to 10th pairs – connected to the 7th rib o stores fats and helps the body retain heat
by cartilage  sweat glands
o last 2 pairs – floating ribs, not connected to o small tubular structures that produce sweat
sternum or other rib o also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous
 scapula – bone at the back of shoulder glands
 humerus – long bone in the upper arm  hair
 radius – the thicker of the two bones in the o hair root – part of the hair below the surface
forearm of the skin
 ulna – the longer of the two bones in the o hair shaft – visible part of the hair that
forearm protrudes through the skin
 wrist or carpals – 8 bones that connect the  melanocytes
hand to the forearm o produce melanin, the pigment responsible
 palm or metacarpals – 5 bones for skin color
Bone marrow o located in the epidermis
 found inside bones
 manufacture red blood cells Digestive System
 two types: Digestive system is composed of:
o red bone marrow – found in the humerus,  mouth
femur, pelvis and vertebrae  esophagus
o yellow bone marrow – found in many other  stomach
bones  small intestine
 REVIEWER
SCIENCE 6
 large intestine  branch off into alveoli
Mouth
 where digestion begins Alveoli
 teeth – cut and grind food  grape-like structures at the end of each
 saliva – moistens the food bronchiole
 ptyalin – enzyme in saliva that helps digest  surrounded by capillaries
starch  the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Esophagus happens between the alveoli and capillaries
 peristalsis – rhythmic, wave-like muscle
movements that push the food down Lungs
 main organ of the respiratory system
Stomach  where gas exchange occurs
 food broken down into smaller pieces
 gastric juices split proteins and fats Diaphragm
 dome-shaped muscle that controls breathing
Small intestine  located at the bottom of the lungs
 7 meters long
 where final digestion takes place and food is Circulatory System
absorbed Circulatory system consists of:
Large intestine  heart
 where undigested food goes  blood
 also temporarily stores water  blood vessels
 feces – waste products of digestion
 rectum – lower part of the large intestine Blood
that stores feces until elimination through  constantly flows throughout the body
the anus  plasma – liquid part of blood
o main component of blood
Respiratory System o consists mostly of water
Respiration  red blood cells
 the exchange of gases with the environment o also known as erythrocytes
 includes: o transport gases to and from the cells
o intake of oxygen o hemoglobin – what makes the blood red,
o delivery of oxygen to the different parts of carries oxygen
the body  white blood cells
o release of carbon dioxide o also known as leukocytes
o play a vital role in the immune system
Nasal cavity  platelets
 nostrils – opening into the nasal passages o also known as thrombocytes
 lined with hair and glands that produce o smallest of the formed components of blood
mucus that traps impurities in the air o help in blood clotting to stop or prevent
bleeding
Pharynx
 the throat Blood vessels
 common passageway for food, water, and air  vast networks of small tubes that carry blood
throughout the body
Larynx  arteries – carry oxygen-rich blood away from
 contains vocal cords that vibrate when air the heart
passes by  veins – carry deoxygenated blood back to
the heart
Trachea  capillaries – smallest blood vessels; serve as
 the windpipe connection between arteries and veins
 also filters the air we inhale
Two parts of the circulation:
Bronchi  pulmonary circulation – movement of
 the two tubes that carry air into the lungs deoxygenated blood from the heart and into
the lungs
Bronchioles
 smaller tubes after the bronchi
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SCIENCE 6
 systemic circulation – movement of  made up of nerves that branch off from the
oxygenated blood from the heart to the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the
different parts of the body body
 collects information from sense organs and
transmits it to the CNS
Heart  deliver instructions from the CNS to the body
 pumping organ of the body parts that will act on them
 average heartbeat – 60-100 beats per
minute
 atria (singular: atrium) Neuron
o upper chambers of the heart  the nerve cell
o receive blood from parts of the body  the functional unit of the nervous system
 ventricles  three parts: dendrites, cell body, axon
o lower chambers of the heart o cell body
o known as the pumping chambers o main component of the neuron
o when they contract, blood is forced away o maintains the health of the neuron
from the heart o dendrites
 valves – overlapping tissue between atria o short fibers around the cell body
and ventricles that allow blood to flow in only o carry messages into the nerve cell
one direction o axon
o long fiber of the neuron
Nervous System
Nervous system Three types of neurons:
 the body system that controls other parts of  sensory neuron
the body o typically has long dendrites and axons
 receives signals from stimuli inside and o carries messages from the receptor organs
outside of the body (skins, eyes, nose, ears, and tongue) to the
 main function: integrate and coordinate nerve center
bodily activities  motor neuron
o typically has short dendrites and long axons
 two main parts: o receives information from the nerve centers
o central nervous system (CNS) – brain and and transmits it to the effector organs
spinal cord (muscles or glands)
o peripheral nervous system (PNS)  interneurons
o connect sensory neurons to motor neurons
Brain o found only in the central nervous system
 primary organ of the nervous system Autonomic nervous system
 cerebrum  controls or regulates the body’s internal
o largest part of the brain environment, including the vital signs
o receives sensory messages  vital signs
o center of emotions, consciousness, learning o body temperature, pulse and respiration
and voluntary movement rate, and blood pressure
o reflect the condition of your internal organs
 cerebellum  two divisions:
o smaller, located beneath the cerebrum o sympathetic
o coordinates involuntary and muscle action o parasympathetic
o responsible for ability to learn habits and  sympathetic and parasympathetic
develop skills o produce opposing effects
o helps maintain sense of balance o both are directly involved in maintaining the
normal functions of cells
 brain stem
o at the base of the brain Vertebrates
o contains vital centers for autonomic  animals with backbone
functions  can be:
o viviparous – born live
Spinal cord o oviparous – hatched from an egg
 cordlike material in the backbone  vertebrate groups:
Peripheral nervous system o mammals
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SCIENCE 6
o fish  largest group in the animal kingdom
o birds  further classified based on how many pairs
o amphibians of legs
o reptiles o insects (class Insecta) – 3 pairs of legs
o arachnids (class Arachnida) – 4 pairs of legs,
Mammals ex. scorpions, spiders
 warm-blooded o crustaceans (class Crustacea) – 5 or more
 viviparous (born alive) pairs of legs, ex. crabs, barnacles
 body covering: hair or fur o class Chilopoda – 1 pair of legs per segment,
 have mammary glands to feed their young ex. centipedes
with milk o class Diplopoda – 2 pairs of legs per
segment, ex. Millipedes

Fish
 cold-blooded
 oviparous (hatched from eggs) Mollusks
 body covering: scales  soft-bodied animals
 breathe through gills  usually have a hard shell (exceptions: squid,
 have tails and fins to help them swim octopus)
Birds  examples: snails, clams, squids, octopus
 warm-blooded Echinoderms
 oviparous (hatched from eggs)  marine animals
 body covering: feathers  spiny endoskeleton
 have a pair of:  radial symmetry
o limbs for hopping  tube feet
o wings for flying (some have wings but can’t  water vascular system
fly)  examples: sea stars, brittle stars, sea
 use their beak or bill to get food and protect urchins, sea cucumber
themselves Poriferans
Amphibians  sponges
 cold-blooded  pore-bearing animals
 oviparous (hatched from eggs)  attach themselves to rocks or the sea floor
 body covering: moist, scaleless skin Cnidarians
 spend part of their lives in water and part on  hollow-intestined animals (have a digestive
land cavity)
 examples: salamander, newt, toad, caecilian  have just one body opening
Reptiles  have stinging cells called nematocysts
 cold-blooded  examples: jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydra
 oviparous (hatched from eggs) Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
 body covering: dry, scaly skin  flattened, elongated worm-like animals
 some have shells  examples: flatworms, flukes, tapeworms
 examples: turtles, chameleon, snake, lizard, Nematodes (roundworms)
and gecko  elongated, unsegmented
 worm-like or thread-like
Invertebrates  can be free-living but mostly parasitic
 animals without backbones  examples: ascaris, vinegar eels, hookworms,
 8 main groups (mnemonic: CAMP PANE): pinworms
o arthropods Annelids (segmented worms)
o mollusks  elongated, segmented with ringed
o echinoderms appearance
o poriferans  have body segments that allow for
o cnidarians specialization of tissues and for efficient
o platyhelminthes movement
o nematodes  examples: earthworms, leeches, lugworms
o annelids
Arthropods Tropical Rainforests
 segmented bodies with jointed legs Living things and non-living things interact
 hardened outer skeleton (exoskeleton) with each other in an ecosystem.
 REVIEWER
SCIENCE 6
In the forest ecosystem: compete for food, sunlight, soil, nutrients,
 living things – ex. plants, animals and other needs
 non-living things – ex. soil, air, humidity,  predation
water, sunlight o one organism (predator) kills another
 organism (prey) for food
Layers of a rainforest: o example: snake eats a rat for food
 emergent – trees that are 130 to 180 feet Coral Reefs
tall Coral reef
 canopy – trees that are 60 to 129 feet tall  a marine biome that serves as a breeding
 understory ground for marine life
o 59 feet and below  ecosystem composed of:
o consists of trunks of canopy, shrubs, trees, o non-living things – ex. water, sand
and small plants o living things – ex. fish, seagrass, corals,
 forest floor sponges and other marine animals
o plant life is thin because little sunlight gets Organisms that interact with each other in a
through the thick canopy and understory and coral reef ecosystem:
reaches the forest floor  producers – ex. seagrass
o home to animals like jaguars, tigers, and  consumers – ex. sea turtles, crabs, manatees
cassowaries (dugong), fishes, other marine animals
o also contains fungi, insects, worms, and litter Factors that contribute to coral reef
from taller trees formation:
 temperature
Producers and consumers  light penetration
 producers  stable salinity
o provide food for the consumers  water movement
o include trees, shrubs and other plant life
 consumers – include: Categories of coral reefs:
o herbivores – plant-eating animals  fringing reefs – reefs that hug the shore of
o carnivores – flesh-eating animals continents or islands
o omnivores – both flesh and plant eating  barrier reefs – reefs that stand between the
animals open sea and a lagoon
 coral atolls – reefs that enclose a lagoon
Feeding relationships Interactions between organisms in a coral
 food chain – a series of feeding relationships reef ecosystem:
that includes:  commensalism
o producer o the organisms live together without harming
o series of consumers (primary, secondary, one another
tertiary) o example: barnacles attached to the skin of
o decomposers turtles – the barnacles benefit, the turtle is
 food web – results from interconnected food not harmed
chains  mutualism
Interactions between organisms in a tropical o both organisms benefit in the relationship
rainforest ecosystem: o example: corals receive oxygen from the
 commensalism algae, the algae get protection from the
o the organisms live together without harming corals
one another  competition
o example: orchids attached to the trunk of a o the organisms compete for survival
tree – the orchids benefit, the tree is not o example: fishes compete for source of food
harmed and space in the coral reef
 mutualism  predation
o both organisms benefit in the relationship o one organism (predator) kills another
o example: insect sucks nectar, flower organism (prey) for food
reproduces o example: a big fish eats a small fish – the big
 competition fish benefits, the small fish is harmed
o the organisms compete for survival  parasitism
o example: the grass, shrubs, flowers, and o one organism (parasite) depends on another
trees that grow together in one area for food, protection, and reproduction
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SCIENCE 6
o one organism benefits while the other is
harmed (but not killed for food, unlike in
predation)
o example: worms in fish
Mangrove Swamps
The mangrove swamp ecosystem consists of:
 non-living things – water, sand, mud, rocks,
and sunlight
 living things – a variety of marine and
terrestrial life
o mangrove plants – main organism that
dominates the ecosystem
o in the mangrove canopy – white heron
(tagak) and other birds
o attached to the trunk and lower branches of
the mangroves – oysters, mussels
o under the mangrove roots – fishes and
crustaceans
o migratory birds such as pelicans, spoon bills,
and bald eagles
o other animals such as saltwater crocodiles,
monitor lizards, mudskippers, and
crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs
Interactions between organisms in a
mangrove ecosystem:
 commensalism
o barnacles and oysters attach themselves to
the roots of mangroves
o fish stay in the mangroves to grow and
develop into mature fish
 mutualism
o crabs and mollusks that benefit from the
mangroves also help break down plant litter
in the ecosystem through grazing
 predation
o a white heron eating a fish
Importance of the mangrove ecosystem:
 serve as breeding and nesting grounds of
animal species
 fish breed and nurse here before heading to
the open ocean
 important habitat of organisms
 many animal species find protection and
abundant food in this environment
 natural barrier and flood defense – defend
coastlines from flooding and erosion
 important source of livelihood for people
living in coastal areas
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SCIENCE 6
Encircle the letter of the best answer. c. capillaries
1. How many bones does an adult human d. none of the above
have? 14. How many chambers does the human
a. 186 b. 196 c. 206 d. 256 heart have?
2. The following are parts of the appendicular a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6
skeleton except _____. 15. The system that controls and coordinates
a. carpals c. tarsals the activities of the body is the _____.
b. ribs d. ulna a. circulatory system
3. Which of the following pairings is b. endocrine system
incorrect? c. excretory system
a. femur - long bone d. nervous system
b. pinkie finger - short bone 16. The following are parts of the brain
c. skull - flat bone except _____.
d. spinal column - irregular bone a. brain cord
4. The outermost layer of the skin is the b. brain stem
_____. c. cerebellum
a. dermis c. extradermis d. cerebrum
b. epidermis d. hypodermis 17. Which part of the nerve cell receives
5. Which of the following is NOT a function of signals and passes them on to the main part
the integumentary system? of the
a. defense against pathogens cell?
b. elimination of waste products a. axons
c. regulation of body temperature b. neurons
d. none - all are correct c. dendrites
6. Digestion begins in the _____. d. cell bodies
a. mouth c. stomach 18. Which statement is correct?
b. esophagus d. small a. Sensory neurons carry messages from the
intestine brain to the effector organs.
7. The rhythmic, wave-like movement of the b. Motor neurons carry messages from
digestive tract is called _____. receptor organs to the brain.
a. emesis c. Interneurons connect sensory and motor
b. harmonic propulsion neurons in the peripheral nervous
c. peristalsis system.
d. traction d. None - all are incorrect
8. Final digestion and food absorption take 19. The division of the autonomic nervous
place in the _____. system that produces opposing effects to the
a. stomach c. large intestine sympathetic nervous system is the _____.
b. small intestine d. rectum a. parasympathetic nervous system
9. The part of the respiratory system that is b. peripheral nervous system
also known as the windpipe is the _____. c. somatic nervous system
a. bronchi c. pharynx d. unsympathetic nervous system
b. larynx d. trachea
10. The _____ are grape-like air sacs in the 20. The following vertebrates are cold-
lungs where the exchange of oxygen and blooded except _____.
carbon dioxide takes place. a. amphibians c. fish
a. alveoli c. bronchioles b. birds d. reptiles
b. bronchi d. diaphragm 21. Crocodiles are _____.
11. The liquid part of the blood is called the a. amphibians c. flightless birds
_____. b. cnidarians d. reptiles
a. blood corpuscles c. hemoglobin 22. Which vertebrate - body covering pairing
b. hematocrit d. plasma is incorrect?
12. Leukocytes are also known as _____. a. amphibians - moist, scaly skin
a. red blood cells c. platelets b. fish - scales
b. white blood cells d. plasma c. mammals - hair or fur
13. The blood vessels that carry d. reptiles - dry, scaly skin
deoxygenated blood back to the heart are 23. Sponges belong to which group of
the _____. invertebrates?
a. arteries a. annelids c. echinoderms
b. veins b. cnidarians d. poriferans
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SCIENCE 6
24. Fishes are animals that can move easily D. have to get attached to something
in the water. What characteristic is shown in 33. Cypress and gingkoes are conifers. What
this situation? They have _________ do conifers use in order to reproduce?
A. streamline body A. seeds B. cones C. spores D. cells
B. body covered with scales 34. What happened to skin when a person
C. gills and fins gets cold or frightened?
D. long tail A. Goose bumps develop
25. Sea stars, sea urchins, and sea B. Your skin produces too much sweat
cucumbers are _____. C. The nerve cells are frozen
a. arthropods c. echinoderms D. The skin is contracted
b. coelenterates d. mollusks 35. How are the following animals grouped?
26. Which pairing is incorrect? bat dolphin
a. Crabs - arthropods whale
b. Snails - mollusks penguin
c. Tapeworms - nematodes
d. None - all are correct A. Fishes C. Mammals
27. The topmost layer of the rainforest is the B. Amphibians D. Reptiles
_____. 36. Four Animals were identified by one pet
a. canopy c. understory lover as vertebrate. Which of the animals is
b. emergent d. forest floor he referring to?
27. Pollinators such as bees drink nectar A. snail C. dog
from flowers and, as they move around, B. starfish D. corals
carry pollen from the male part of the flower 37. You and your classmates went to Manila
to the female part of the same or another Ocean Park and saw different kinds of
flower. This is an example of which type of animals. One of your classmates said that
relationship? the animals in one shelf have six legs, thorax
a. commensalism c. mutualism and abdomen. Which animal is this ?
b. competition d. parasitism A. Earthworm C. scorpion
28. The following are types of coral reef B. spider D. ant
formations except _____. 38. Animals possess body parts which are
a. atolls c. bleaching reefs distinct to them. Which characteristic best
b. barrier reefs d. fringing reefs distinguishes birds from the other
29. Mudskippers are most likely found in vertebrates? They_________
which habitat?
a. coral reefs c. tropical rainforests A. have bones C. are covered with
b. mangrove swamps d. tundra feathers
30. Which is NOT a reason why mangrove B. lay eggs with shell D. take care of their
swamps are important? young
a. They serve as breeding and nesting 39. Rearrange the following lists to show
grounds for many animal species. how the order of events in
b. They serve as natural barriers, protecting the nervous system helps to initiate
the coastline from flooding and movement:
erosion. I -Message received at muscle fibers
c. They are an important source of livelihood II-Muscle contracts
for people living in coastal areas. III-Brain decides action
d. None - all are correct IV-Body or limb performs action
31. Dog, cats and cow are examples of V-Message or impulse sent through
mammals. Which of the following is a nervous system
characteristic of mammals only? A. I,II,III.IV and V C. !,III,IV and II .
A. They have four legs. B. II,V,I,III and IV D. II,I,V,III and IV
B. They creep and live on land 40. The craftsman quickly withdrew his hand
C. They feed their young with milk when a needle pricked him. What part
D. They have scales and live on water of his nervous system worked?
32. Sponges and cnidarians are said to be A. cerebellum C. medulla
sessile or stationary. What does this mean? B. cerebrum D. spinal cord
They_____
A. are free living
B. do not move at all
C. move every now and then