PARUL UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering & Technology

Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities
1st year B. Tech Programme (All branches)
Mathematics-I (Subject Code: 303191101)
UNIT-4 First Order Differential Equation

❖ Differential Equation:
In many fields such as physics, biology or business, a relationship is often known or assumed
between some unknown quantity and its rate of change, which does not involve any higher
derivatives. It is therefore of interest to study first order differential equations in particular.

❖ Ordinary differential equation

An ordinary differential equation is an equation which contains derivatives of a dependent
variable, 𝑦(𝑥), w.r.t. only one independent variable.
For example:
𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
2. + 4𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
3. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑥 2 + 2)𝑦 2

Partial differential equation

A partial deferential equation is an equation which contains partial derivatives of a dependent
variables 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), w.r.t. two or more independent variables.
For example:
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
1. = 𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
2. = 𝑐 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑡
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
3. + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0
𝜕𝑥 2

❖ Order
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative occurring in that
equation.
❖ Degree
The degree of a differential equation is the highest index of the highest order derivative.
 ● Examples:
Sr. No Differential equation Order Degree
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
1. +( ) +𝑦 =0 2 1
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 3 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. 3 ( 3) + ( 2) + = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3
𝑑𝑦 2 2 3
(1+( ) ) 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
2 2 2
3. 𝑑𝑥
= 1 OR (1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ) = (𝑑𝑥 2 )
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥2

Formation of Differential Equation:

The differential equation can be formed by differentiation of ordinary equation and eliminating the
arbitrary constants by taking minimum number of differentiations of ordinary equation.

To eliminate n number of arbitrary constants, we require n number of more equations besides the given
equation. This leads us nth order derivatives. Generally, if equation consists n number of arbitrary
constants, then its differential equation has order n.

Examples: Form the differential equations of the following equations.

1. 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 2. Form the differential equation of all circles

Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 … (1) touching the x-axis at the origin.
Differentiating (1) with respect to 𝑥 Solution: Let the centre of such circle be (0, a),
𝑑𝑦 hence the equation of circle is
𝑦′ = = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑎2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ⇒𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑦 = 0 … (1)
𝑦′ = = 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 … (2) 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +𝑦
⇒ 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ⇒𝑎=
2𝑦
Differentiating (2) with respect to 𝑥 Differentiating (1) w.r.t. 𝑥, we have
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = 2 = 𝑦 ′ + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 … (3) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … (2)
𝑑𝑥 ′ (2𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑎) = 0
⇒ 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0 is required ODE. −2𝑥 −2𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
⇒ 𝑦′ = = =
2𝑦 − 2𝑎 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
2𝑦 − 2( )
2𝑦
′ 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 is required ODE.

3. Verify that 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0, where a and b are

constants.
Solution. We have
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) … (1)
𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 [𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 + 𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑥] … (2)
𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 [−𝑎 cos 𝑥 − 𝑏 sin 𝑥 + 𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑥] + 𝑒 −𝑥 [𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥]
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 [2𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑏 cos 𝑥] … (3)
′ ′′ ′′ ′
By substituting 𝑦, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 in 𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑦
= 𝑒 −𝑥 [2𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑏 cos 𝑥] − 2𝑒 −𝑥 [𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 + 𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑥]
+ 2𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)
−𝑥 [2𝑎
=𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑏 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑏 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑎 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑏 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑏 sin 𝑥]
−𝑥 [0]
=𝑒 = 0.
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0.
Exercise:

1. Form the differential equation from 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥).

2. Form the differential equation of the cardioids 𝑟 = 𝑏(1 + cos 𝜃).

𝑦
3. Verify that 𝑦 = √𝑐𝑥 is the solution of 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥

First Order Differential Equation-

A first order differential equation is an equation of the form 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦′) = 0. A solution of a first order
differential equation is a function 𝑓(𝑥) that makes 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓′(𝑥)) = 0 for every value of x.

Here, 𝐹 is a function of three variables which we label 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑦′. It is understood that 𝑦′ will
explicitly appear in the equation although 𝑥 and 𝑦 need not. The variable 𝑦 itself is dependent
on 𝑥, hence it is understood that 𝑦′ must be the derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. Since only the first
derivative of 𝑦 appears, but no higher order derivative, this is a first order differential equation.

Throughout the notes, we use the independent variable 𝑥 as many applications are based on the
independent variable representing time. If no meaning is attributed to the independent variable, we may
want to write a first order differential equation in the usual manner as

𝐹(𝑡, 𝑦, 𝑦′) = 0.

Initial Value Problem: A particular solution can be obtained from a general solution by an initial
condition𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0 which determines the value of the arbitrary constant c. An ordinary differential
equation with initial condition is known as Initial Value Problem.

Or

An initial value problem (IVP) is a differential equation along with a set of initial conditions.

𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ; 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0

Exact Differential Equation:

A first order differential equation of the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called an exact
differential equation if for some function 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦.
𝜕𝑍 𝜕𝑧
Where, 𝑀 = 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑁 = 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= is a sufficient condition for 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 to be exact differential equation.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Therefore, the solution of the exact differential equation is

𝑧 = ∫𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑦 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 or

𝑧= ∫ 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑥
 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Theorem: 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝜕𝑦 , 𝜕𝑥 are continuous function of 𝑥 and 𝑦, then a necessary and sufficient exact
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
differential equation condition that 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1) is exact, is that = .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Proof. Let (1) is exact differential equation. Then by definition there exists a 𝑣 such hat

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Comparing the above equations, we get 𝑃 = 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑄 = 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑃 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕𝑄 𝜕2𝑣
These two equations lead to 𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 and = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Since 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 we get 𝜕𝑦 = .
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝜙
Let 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) be a function for which = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝜙 𝜕𝑃 𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2 𝜙 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Then, 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 =𝜕𝑦 ; ⇒ 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = = 𝜕𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

On integrating both side of this equation with respect to 𝑥 holding 𝑦 fixed we get,
𝜕𝜙
= 𝑄 + 𝑓(𝑦), where 𝑓(𝑦) is an arbitrary function of 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥

Now define a function 𝑣 as 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) − ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦,

Then
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
= 𝑑𝑥 + ( − 𝑓(𝑦)) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Hence the given equation is exact.

 For example:
1. Solve 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎. 2. Solve (𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Solution: 𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 1 + 𝑥 2 Solution: 𝑀 = (𝑥 + sin 𝑦) , 𝑁 = (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= cos 𝑦, = cos 𝑦 ⇒ = = cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 ⇒ = = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴The given ODE is exact.
∴The given ODE is exact.
∴Solution of given ODE is given by
∴Solution of given ODE is given by
∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐
∫𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑦 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑥

⇒ ∫(𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐

⇒ ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑥2
2
⇒ −𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 + =𝑐
2
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑐 which is required solution. 𝑥 2
− 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 is required solution.
2

3. Solve (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚+𝒚

4. Solve 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚+𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟏
Solution:
Solution: 𝑀 = (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ), 𝑁 = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) (𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 +
𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 ⇒ = = 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑀 = 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 + 𝑦, 𝑁 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑥

∴The given ODE is exact. 𝜕𝑀

= cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 + 1 ,
𝜕𝑁
= cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴Solution of given ODE is given by
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = = cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑦 ∴The given ODE is exact.
Therefore, the general solution is
⇒ ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥 4 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 4
⇒ + + =𝑐 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑥
4 2 4
∫(sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = 4𝑐 is required general solution.
𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 is required solution.
Using Initial condition, we have 1 + 6 + 1 = 4𝑐 ⇒
𝑐=2 Exercise: Solve the following ODE
1.(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 1.
The particular solution is 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = 8. 2. (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = −1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+1
3. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑦+2)−𝑥
Non exact Differential Equation OR Reducible to exact differential Equation:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
If ≠ then the given equation is not exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Therefore, by multiplying the given equation with integrating factor reduces it to exact. There
are four cases for finding the integrating factor.
Case-:1
If the given differential equation is homogeneous with then

1
I.F = 𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦

Case-2:
If the given differential equation is of the form with , then

1
I.F = 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦

Case-3:
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
If 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) is a function of x alone, say f(x), then

I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Case-4:
1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
If 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑦 ) is a function of y alone, say f(y), then

I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

For examples:

1.Solve: (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 1. Solve: (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0

0
Solution: (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution: 𝜕𝑀
𝑀 = 𝑥4 + 𝑦4 , = 4𝑦 3 ;
𝜕𝑦
(𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = −𝑥𝑦 3 , = −𝑦 3
𝜕𝑥
1 1 1
and 𝐼. 𝐹. = = =
𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦 𝑥 5 +𝑥𝑦 4 −𝑥𝑦 4 𝑥5

1 𝑦4 𝑦3
( + 5 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
and 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4
1 𝑦
∫ ( + 5 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
Since 𝜕𝑥 ≠ , the equation is not exact.
𝜕𝑦
Therefore 1 𝑦 4
ln 𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐

3. Solve
Multiplying throughout by I.F, the equation Solution:
becomes
and

and

Since , the equation is not exact.

Therefore

which is exact. Multiplying throughout by I.F, the equation becomes

Therefore, the solution is

which is exact.
Therefore, the solution is

Solution:
and
 and Solution:

and

Since , the equation is not exact.

Therefore

and

Since , the equation is not exact.

Therefore

Multiplying throughout by I.F, the equation

becomes

Multiplying throughout by I.F, the equation becomes

which is exact.
Therefore, the solution is

which is exact.
Therefore, the solution is

Example: 1.(xy 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

2. x 2 ydx − (x 3 + y 3 )dy = 0

3. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
 5. 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

❖ Linear Differential Equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
A first order differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) or 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑝(𝑦)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) is
called differential equation.

Differential equation Integrating factor General solution

Examples:

Solution:
Solution:
The equation is linear equation

Therefore, comparing with

The equation is linear equation
Therefore, comparing with

Therefore, the general solution is

Therefore, the general solution is

4. Solve 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥,

𝑦(0) = 1
Solution: Solution: 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
The equation is linear equation
Therefore, comparing with
The equation is linear equation
 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, comparing with 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
4𝑥 1
𝑃(𝑥) = , 𝑄(𝑥) =
1 + 𝑥2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )3 Therefore, the general solution is
4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫1+𝑥2
2 2
= 𝑒 log(1+𝑥 )
= (1 + 𝑥 2 )2

Therefore, the general solution is Given 𝑦(0) = 1

For example:
𝑑𝑦 1
1. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 6𝑒 1/𝑥
2. Solve (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
4. Solve + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

❖ Non -Linear Differential Equation or Bernoulli Equation

The equation of the form

where P and Q are functions of x or constants is known as Bernoulli’s Equation.

Dividing (1) by 𝑦 𝑛

Put

Substituting in (2)
which is linear form.
Examples

Solution:

Solution:
Dividing both the sides by
Dividing both the sides by

Taking
Taking

Therefore from (1)

Therefore from (1)

Therefore, the general solution is

Therefore, the general solution is
 3. Solve 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑦
4. Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑦 Solution: 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
Solution: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑦
Dividing both the sides by 𝑒 𝑦

Dividing both the sides by 𝑦 2

Taking 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑣

Taking 𝑦 −1 = 𝑣

Therefore from (1)

Therefore from (1)

Therefore, the general solution is

Therefore, the general solution is

Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. Solve 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑦 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
3
2. Solve 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 −4 − 𝑦 3 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦