Your Word

Is
Your Bond
Sheriff,

We the People ask that you take a few minutes of your time to read this material to educate you and
refresh your knowledge of your Constitutional duties. Do you know your Constitutional duties? Do you
recall the oath that you swore or affirmed before God? The nature of the solemn oath requires that the
actions you take in the performance of your duty must conform to the Constitution of the United States
and your state constitution.

These documents describe the powers entrusted to civil government by the consent of the people, and
provide limits to those powers which are absolute, permanent and perpetual. These documents are based
upon and informed by a philosophy of law and government set forth in the Declaration of Independence.

Read through the attached Open Letter to the Sheriff, written in 2015 to learn more. Read the attached
sample Judicial Notice to learn about some of the unconstitutional actions that have transpired
perpetrated by agency workers, state judges, state legislators, attorneys an other officials, many of whom
have taken oaths similar to the one you took, yet chose to ignore it. Read through the attached founding
documents to learn how important the principles on which this country was founded are to We the
People. We call upon you to uphold your oath and these principles.

After you read through these materials, please reread your oath of office. We pray that having read the
Open Letter and the founding documents will shed a new light on the oath that you swore or affirmed to
God when you took office. If you are not a child of God, then we pray that you are moved to seek His
promise of eternal salvation immediately.

The founding documents included are as follows:

-The Virginia Beach Covenant 1607 dedicated the land and people to the purpose of spreading the Gospel
of Jesus Christ.
-The Mayflower Compact 1620 established a covenant with God, and combined the group together into a
civil body politic.
-The Lee Resolution 1776 declared: “Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States…”
-The Declaration of Independence 1776 declared: “We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these
are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”
-Articles of Confederation 1777, passed by the Continental Congress 15 November 1777 and Ratified by
the 13 states 2 February 1781, and enacted by the Continental Congress 1 March 1781 was the founding
constitution of the united States of America, and established the united States of America as a sovereign
republic of nation states.
-The Organic Constitution 1787 is a Compact or Contract between the Federal Government and the
“States” of the Union, which clearly defines 19 services or powers and no more for which the Federal
Government will operate. This includes Article VI, Clause 2, which states:
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all
Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the
Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
1
 -The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 declared a bill of rights protecting religious freedom, the right to a writ of
habeas corpus, the benefit of trial by jury, and other individual rights; in addition, the ordinance encouraged
education and forbade slavery.
-The Bill of Rights, 1791 - of the 12 amendments originally proposed, the final 10 were ratified to become
the Bill of Rights to prevent tyranny by the central government.
-The Second Declaration of Independence 2020 was signed by President Donald John Trump on 4 July
2020. This declaration puts We the People and the shareholders of the US CORP, THE CITY OF LONDON, the
BRITISH CROWN and THE VATICAN and their OPERATIVES on notice that the US CORP was formed
illegally, that it is foreign-owned and that its shareholders have been quietly at war with America for over
150 years. It repudiates the US Corp’s satanically-inspired plan for world governance and states that
America and its assets were quietly hijacked, and the coverup resulted in unthinkable crimes against THE
PEOPLE and humanity.
-The Declaration of Dependence 2022 declares our belief in and a fresh dependence upon God our Father,
Yeshua and renewed surrender to Robert Hunt’s 1607 prayer in the Virginia Beach Covenant.
- Public Law 97-280 1982 is a formal acknowledgement by Congress that the Bible, the Word of God, made
a unique contribution in shaping the United States and many concepts in the Declaration of Independence
and the (organic) Constitution were inspired by Biblical teachings.

Sheriff’s oath of office examples:

“I do swear that I will faithfully execute all writs, warrants, precepts, and
processes directed to me as sheriff of this county, or which are directed to all
sheriffs of this state, or to any other sheriff specially, which I can lawfully execute,
and true returns make, and in all things well and truly, without malice or
partiality, perform the duties of the Office of Sheriff of _______ County, during
my continuance therein, and take only my lawful fees. So help me God.”

“I, _______________________, do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the duties of the
office of ___________________ of the State of _______________, and will to the best of my ability preserve,
protect, and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States and of this State, so help me God.
I, _______________________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have not directly or indirectly paid, offered,
promised to pay, contributed, or promised to contribute any money or thing of value, or promised any
public office or employment for the giving or withholding of a vote at the election at which I was
elected or as a reward to secure my appointment or confirmation, whichever the case may be, so help
me God.”

Download the Sheriffs Handbook here:

https://www.nationallibertyalliance.org/sites/default/files/sheriffs_handbook_03-22-21.pdf

Sincerely,

We the People

2
FROM: We the People; www.PoweroftheCountySheriff.com

TO: County Sheriff; (3133 counties)

COPIED: All State Court Judges/Magistrates; U.S. Congress [435]; U.S. Senate [100];
Assemblymen [50 States]; Senators [50 States]; Governors [50]; Federal Special
Agent in Charge [94]; U.S. Marshal [94]; Joint Chiefs of Staff; State Militias:

RE: Open letter to the County Sheriff

Dear Sheriff;

Do you know your Constitutional Duties? Do you understand that the County Sheriff is a
Constitutional Officer, elected by the People, bound by oath as guardian of the Peoples’
unalienable rights secured by the Constitution? Do you know the Constitution is the Law of the
Land? Do you know that if the Sheriff is ignorant to the Constitution, “which is common law,” it
would stand to reason that he is in violation of his oath, not comprehending when judges and
other servants violate the Law of the Land, and thereby technically guilty of treason?

Do you know that the duties, responsibilities and authorities of the Sheriff cannot be diminished
by those in the legislature, courts and state constitutions? Do you know that being a
constitutional law enforcer means you are to be looking for and understand when elected,
appointed and hired servants violate their oath of office by abusing the People, and that it is your
duty to protect the victim?

Do you know that the Sheriff is the “Chief Executive and Administrative Officer” of a county,
his principal duties being to aid in the criminal and civil courts of record [common law courts];
such as serving process, summoning juries, executing judgments, holding judicial sales and the
like; and that he is also the chief conservator of the peace within his county? Do you know that
you are not to be looking for code violations by the People but for constitutional violations by
elected, appointed and hired servants?

Do you know that when federal agents come into your county to execute a warrant that they are
to notify you first and show documents proving due process has been met and that without such
documents it is your duty to prevent the execution or you would be a co-conspirator? Do you
know that it is your duty to arrest federal agents that execute unlawful warrants that violate due
process? Do you know what due process looks like? Do you know that most federal warrants do
not meet due process and that makes you co-conspirator?

Do you know that you should have direct contact with the Grand Jury and that you should not
seek approval of the prosecutor or the judge and that it is your duty to seek an indictment from a
Grand Jury? Do you know that when a prosecutor or a judge interferes with your relationship

WWW .P OWEROFTHE C OUNTY SHERIFF .COM P AGE 1 OF 3 U.S. C ONSTITUTION ARTICLE VI

with the Grand Jury or attempts to stop your pursuit of an indictment that, that is felony rescue
and that you should arrest the prosecutor or the judge for the same or you would be guilty of the
same?

Do you know that if a prosecutor or a judge try’s to block you from seeing the Grand Jury that
you can call twenty-five (25) People out of the phone book or any other list of People within the
county and have them meet you at the courthouse to consider an indictment and that if thirteen
(13) or more agree you have your indictment? There is no magic in calling a Grand Jury any
twenty-five People within your county will do.

Do you know that the judge and the prosecutor by monopolizing on the calling of the Grand
Jury, controls who gets indicted and who doesn’t and that, that puts them above the law and
eliminates you out of the process altogether and by allowing this to happen you violate your
oath? How many times do we hear Sheriffs say, “I cannot arrest a judge without first getting the
prosecutor to agree otherwise the prosecutor may refuse to prosecute”; so, if the Sheriff needs
to ask permission, he’s not the Chief and he passes his duties to others, and any Sheriff that does
that is in violation of his oath.

Do you know that Alaska, Arizona, Vermont and Wyoming have no law requiring pistol owners
to have a permit to carry? Colorado, Iowa, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota and Virginia, according to the NRA are
considering bills in current legislative sessions to end permit requirements. The United States
Supreme Court quoting the rules of criminal and civil procedure said: “The carrying of arms in a
quiet, peaceable, and orderly manner concealed on or about the person is not a breach of the
peace. Nor does such an act of itself, lead to a breach of the peace.” Wharton’s Criminal and
Civil Procedure, 12th Ed., Vol.2: Judy v. Lashley, 5 W. Va. 628, 41 S.E. 197. How can the
Sheriff participate in gun control?

The Bill of Rights Amendment II states “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” Do
you know this Amendment protects two unalienable rights, both of which articulate the right of
self-defense, one personal, the right to protect your-self from another individual shall not be
infringed and the other to protect our-self from a rogue government, shall not be infringed? Some
may say the right to keep and bear Arms is for the militia; this makes no sense because We the
People are the militia, nor are We the People willing to give up an unalienable right to be able to
defend ourselves.

Therefore if the Sheriff does not protect the right of the People to keep and bear arms he is in
violation of his oath and subject to removal from office by the People through indictment. The
real test of the Sheriffs Constitutional fortitude in states that require permits is; is he going to
protect the People from rogue statutes and bureaucrats or compromise the Law?

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Do you know that all arrest or seizure warrants must have a wet ink signature of a Federal or
State Judge (not city, town or village) and supported by an affidavit by the injured party and that
without these two requirements cannot execute the warrant and to do so would make you a co-
conspirator and in violation of your oath?

Can you discern when the Peoples rights are being violated, when was the last time that you or
your deputies arrested an elected, appointed or hired servant for violating their unalienable
rights? We watch video after video on you-tube of rights being violated and the Sheriff is not
making arrests, why? Do you know when a video of police brutality, especially when death
occurs, turns up on you-tube or the news that the Sheriff can call the Grand Jury and get an
indictment, even when the corporate authorities won’t?

Why do federal agents file papers without due process in all 3133 counties across America and
the Sheriff does nothing?

Why do city, town, and village courts, who do not have subject matter or personam jurisdiction,
deliver People to the County Jail and you accept them, when there victims did not get due
process as required by the Constitution? Do you know the difference between Law and statutes?

If you did not know about these things before you know about them now and if you are not bold
enough to learn and perform your duties you should resign immediately. America is a nation that
depends on Law and Order to survive and it is the Sheriff that is the defender of Liberty without
which we would have no Liberty and I dare to say in the courts We the People have lost our
Liberty because the Sheriff does not know the law.

And finally do you know that by remaining ignorant to all or any of these things you are part of
the problem and you are in violation of your oath and susceptible to arrest when justice finds its
way back into the courts and it will find its way. If you would like to learn and understand these
things and more go to www.PoweroftheCountySheriff.com and we will show you the laws that
will empower you to secure Liberty on your watch.

Thank you for your time

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 JUDICIAL NOTICE IS A FORM OF EVIDENCE

It is my immediate demand, wish, and order that, you restore all that has been unlawfully
taken without constitutionally mandated due process!!!

All past cases that bypassed the common law are unlawful! - Justice Gorsuch

"In Mann v Mann, 172 P. 2d 369, 375, 76 Cal. App. 2d 32 Justice Gorsuch said, "... We don't usually
say the government can avoid a constitutional mandate merely by relabeling or moving things
around. It's as much a violation to do something indirectly as it is directly, we usually say, right?
Maxim: Maxim of Law 4b.' He who does a thing by another is considered as doing it himself.’ -
Broom, Max. 817, 818, et seq.; A Collection Maxims of Law by Charles A. Weisman."

"PLEASE TAKE NOTICE THAT, as agency workers, state judges, presiding judges, state legislators,
etc... that you are bound by the Constitutions that you have all sworn to uphold, and from this
time forward please be advised that taking children, cars. houses, weapons, rights, property, etc.
without a trial by jury in a court of record following the course of the common law is unlawful."

"PLEASE ALSO TAKE FURTHER NOTICE THAT, attorneys who don't have their name on the line,
as they are not in positions of service and contract with the people, presenting you with the idea
that it's acceptable to trample the people's rights by device or artifice does not in any way remove
your responsibility for your wrongdoings.
Furthermore, there is another element of wrong being committed when you are working in a
federal program and make money outside of your normal salary for carrying out the functions of
that program, leaving one with unclean hands – on top of taking property or rights from the
people without right!"

"All past cases that bypassed the common law are unlawful. Therefore, it is my immediate
demand, wish, and order that you restore all that has been unlawfully taken without
constitutionally mandated due process, and notify all those who were harmed, or you agree that
any wrong that is done in this regard in the future, or that has not been corrected from past
trespasses, is done purposely, with full knowledge, intent and malice, and will be recognized as
such by the People, whom you swore to serve and protect. This notice is sent to you in the peace
and love of Jesus Christ, that you may repent and do works worthy of the same." - [emphases
added]

* Maxims of Law from Bouvier's 1856 Law Dictionary -

* Lawful Path = Maxim: "Judicial notice is a form of evidence.”
Dear Sheriff,

You have received this at the request of We the People, as a means to provide you with a courtesy
copy of several original documents that our great country was founded on, an example of your
oath to We the People concerning these documents, and thereby encouraging and enabling you to
be the best man/woman in office protecting We the People.

“The Lord bless you and keep you; The Lord make His face shine upon you; The Lord lift up His
countenance upon you , And give you peace.” Numbers 6:24-26 NKJV

“that if you confess with your mouth, the Lord Jesus and believe in your heart that God has raised
Him from the dead, you will be saved.” Romans 10:9-10 NKJV

“My frame was not hidden from You, When I was made in secret, And skillfully wrought in the
lowest parts of the earth. Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed. And in Your book they
were all written. The days fashioned for me, When as yet there was none of them.” Psalm 139:15-
16 NKJV

We the People honor you and thank you for your service.
Virginia Beach Compact (1607)
First Landing at Cape Henry, Virginia April 29, 1607

Declaration by Robert Hunt

“We do hereby dedicate this Land, and ourselves, to reach the People within these shores with the Gospel of Jesus
Christ, and to raise up Godly generations after us, and with these generations take the Kingdom of God to all the
earth. May this Covenant of Dedication remain to all generations, as long as this earth remains and may this land,
along with England, be evangelists to the world. May all who see this Cross, remember what we have done here,
and may those who come here to inhabit join us in this Covenant and in this most noble work that the Holy
Scriptures may be fulfilled. From these very shores the gospel shall go forth, not only to this new world, but the
entire world.”

Psalm 22:27-28 All the ends of the world shall remember and turn to the Lord. And all the kindreds of the nations
shall worship before Thee. For the Kingdom is the Lord’s and He rules among the nations.

Jamestown Settlers Covenant Dedication, 1607

Mayflower Compact (1620)
Agreement between the Settlers at New Plymouth, 1620

In ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyall subjects of our dread
soveraigne Lord King James, by ye grace of God of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith,
&c.

Haveing undertaken for ye glorie of God, and advancemente of ye Christian Faith, and honour of our
king and countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye Northerne parts of Virginia; doe by these presents
solemnly & mutually, in ye presence of God, and one another, covenant, & combine ourselves together into a
Civill body politick; for our better ordering & preservation & furtherance of ye ends aforesaid; and by virtue
hereof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just & equal Lawes, ordinances, Acts, constitutions, & offices from
time to time, as shall be thought most meete and convenient for ye generall good of ye colonie; unto which we
promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape
≈Cod ye ~ 11 ~ of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our soveraigne Lord King James, of England, France, and
Ireland, ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye fifty-fourth. Anno Dom. 1620.

John Carver John Tilley Gilbert Winslow

William Bradford Francis Cooke Edmund Margesson
Edward Winslow Thomas Rogers Peter Browne
William Brewster Thomas Tinker Richard Britteridge
Isaac Allerton John Rigsdale George Soule
Myles Standish Edward Fuller Richard Clarke
John Alden John Turner Richard Gardiner
Samuel Fuller Francis Eaton John Allerton
Christopher Martin James Chilton Thomas English
William Mullins John Crackstone Edward Doty
William White John Billington Edward Leister
Richard Warren Moses Fletcher
John Howland John Goodman
Stephen Hopkins Degory Priest
Edward Tilley Thomas Williams

https://thefederalistpapers.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/mayflower-compact1.jpg
Lee Resolution (1776)

Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are
absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of
Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.

That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances.

That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and
approbation

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/lee-resolution
Declaration of Independence (1776)
In Congress, July 4, 1776

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it
becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to
assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of
Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the
causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure
these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,
--That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter
or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers
in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate
that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all
experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and
usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is
their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such
has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter
their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated
injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To
prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their
operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would
relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their
public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of
the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative
powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the
mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for
Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions
of new Appropriations of Lands.

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of
their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out
their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our
laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the
Inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary
government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing
the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our
Governments:

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases
whatsoever.

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and
tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and
totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to
become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our
frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages,
sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated
Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which
may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of
attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity,
and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would
inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of
consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as
we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good
People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be
Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political
connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and
Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and
to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration,
with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our
Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/declaration-of-independence
Articles of Confederation (1777)
To all to whom these Presents shall come, we, the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send
greeting. Whereas the Delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled did on the fifteenth day of
November in the year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy seven, and in the Second Year of the
Independence of America agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of
Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia in the Words following,
viz. “Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay,
Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Article I. The Stile of this confederacy shall be, “The United States of America.”

Article II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right,
which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.

Article III. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common
defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each
other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty,
trade, or any other pretence whatever.

Article IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the
different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from
Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the
people of each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the
privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants
thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property
imported into any state, to any other State of which the Owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no imposition,
duties or restriction shall be laid by any state, on the property of the united states, or either of them.

If any Person guilty of, or charged with, treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any state, shall
flee from Justice, and be found in any of the united states, he shall upon demand of the Governor or executive
power of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offence.

Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the records, acts and judicial proceedings
of the courts and magistrates of every other state.

Article V. For the more convenient management of the general interests of the united states, delegates shall be
annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first
Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state to recall its delegates, or any of them, at
any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the Year.

No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more than seven Members; and no
person shall be capable of being delegate for more than three years, in any term of six years; nor shall any person,
being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the united states, for which he, or another for his benefit
receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.

Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the states, and while they act as members of
the committee of the states.
 In determining questions in the united states, in Congress assembled, each state shall have one vote.

Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any Court, or place
out of Congress, and the members of congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments,
during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the
peace.

Article VI. No State, without the Consent of the united States, in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or
receive any embassy from, or enter into any conferrence, agreement, alliance, or treaty, with any King prince or
state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the united states, or any of them, accept of
any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state; nor shall the
united states, in congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.

No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance whatever between them, without the
consent of the united states, in congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be
entered into, and how long it shall continue.

No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the
united States in congress assembled, with any king, prince, or State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed
by congress, to the courts of France and Spain.

No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace, by any state, except such number only, as shall be deemed
necessary by the united states, in congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or its trade; nor shall any body
of forces be kept up, by any state, in time of peace, except such number only as, in the judgment of the united
states, in congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such
state; but every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and
accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and
tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.

No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the united States in congress assembled, unless such State
be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation
of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the united states in
congress assembled, can be consulted: nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor
letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the united states in congress assembled, and
then only against the kingdom or State, and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and
under such regulations as shall be established by the united states in congress assembled, unless such state be
infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger
shall continue, or until the united states in congress assembled shall determine otherwise.

Article VII. When land forces are raised by any state, for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of
colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in
such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made
appointment.

Article VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general
welfare, and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury,
which shall be supplied by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or
surveyed for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated, according
to such mode as the united states, in congress assembled, shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes
for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several
states within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled.
Article IX. The united states, in congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of
determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article - of sending and receiving
ambassadors - entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby
the legislative power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on
foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species
of goods or commodities whatsoever - of establishing rules for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land or
water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the united Sates, shall
be divided or appropriated - of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace - appointing courts for the
trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas; and establishing courts; for receiving and determining
finally appeals in all cases of captures; provided that no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of
the said courts.

The united states, in congress assembled, shall also be the last resort on appeal, in all disputes and differences now
subsisting, or that hereafter may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other
cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or
executive authority, or lawful agent of any state in controversy with another, shall present a petition to congress,
stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given, by order of congress, to the
legislative or executive authority of the other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the
parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to
constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they cannot agree, congress shall
name three persons out of each of the united states, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately
strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not
less than seven, nor more than nine names, as congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of congress, be drawn
out by lot, and the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges,
to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges, who shall hear the cause,
shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing
reasons which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present, shall refuse to strike, the congress shall proceed to
nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent
or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court, to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be
final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or
defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall
in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case
transmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts of congress, for the security of the parties concerned:
provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administered by one of the
judges of the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be tried, “well and truly to hear and
determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favour, affection, or hope of
reward: “provided, also, that no State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the united states.

All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more states, whose
jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants
or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction,
shall, on the petition of either party to the congress of the united states, be finally determined, as near as may be,
in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between
different states.

The united states, in congress assembled, shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the
alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states - fixing the standard of
weights and measures throughout the united states - regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians,
not members of any of the states; provided that the legislative right of any state, within its own limits, be not
infringed or violated - establishing and regulating post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the united
states, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same, as may be requisite to defray the
expenses of the said office - appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of the united States, excepting
regimental officers - appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the
service of the united states; making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and
directing their operations.

The united States, in congress assembled, shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of
congress, to be denominated, “A Committee of the States,” and to consist of one delegate from each State; and to
appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the united
states under their direction - to appoint one of their number to preside; provided that no person be allowed to
serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of
money to be raised for the service of the united states, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the
public expenses; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the united states, transmitting every half year to
the respective states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted, - to build and equip a navy - to
agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the
number of white inhabitants in such state, which requisition shall be binding; and thereupon the legislature of each
state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them, in a soldier-like
manner, at the expense of the united states; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall
march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united states, in congress assembled; but if the
united states, in congress assembled, shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should
not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater
number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped
in the same manner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra
number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as
many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and
equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united states in congress
assembled.

The united states, in congress assembled, shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in
time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof nor ascertain
the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the united states, or any of them, nor emit bills,
nor borrow money on the credit of the united states, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of
vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander
in chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same, nor shall a question on any other point, except
for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the united states in congress
assembled.

The congress of the united states shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within
the united states, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six Months, and shall
publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military
operations, as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State, on any
question, shall be entered on the Journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of
them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said Journal, except such parts as are above
excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several states.

Article X. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of
congress, such of the powers of congress as the united states, in congress assembled, by the consent of nine states,
shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said
committee, for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine states, in the congress of
the united states assembled, is requisite.

Article XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the united states, shall be
admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the same,
unless such admission be agreed to by nine states.
Article XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of congress,
before the assembling of the united states, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and
considered as a charge against the united States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said united states and
the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

Article XIII. Every State shall abide by the determinations of the united states, in congress assembled, on all
questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this confederation shall be
inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter
be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the united states, and be afterwards
con-firmed by the legislatures of every state.

And Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we
respectively represent in congress, to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and
perpetual union, Know Ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for
that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely
ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the
matters and things therein contained. And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective
constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all
questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof shall be inviolably
observed by the states we respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpetual. In Witness whereof, we
have hereunto set our hands, in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the ninth Day of July,
in the Year of our Lord one Thousand seven Hundred and Seventy eight, and in the third year of the Independence
of America.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/articles-of-confederation
Organic Constitution for the United States of
America (1787)
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic
Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to
ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Article. I.

Section. 1.

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a
Senate and House of Representatives.

Section. 2.

The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the
several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most
numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven
Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he
shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this
Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free
Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all
other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of
the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The
Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse
three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New
Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five,
and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of
Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of
Impeachment.

Section. 3.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature
thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as
may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the
second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the
sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or
otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary
Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be
equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President,
or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath
or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall
be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to
hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall
nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section. 4.

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each
State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as
to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in
December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Section. 5.

Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of
each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House
may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the
Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as
may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question
shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than
three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section. 6.
The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and
paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the
Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to
and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any
other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office
under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have
been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of
either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section. 7.

All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur
with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be
presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his
Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal,
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it
shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if
approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be
determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the
Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it,
unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be
necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and
before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two
thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of
a Bill.

Section. 8.

The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide
for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be
uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the
United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be
employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers,
and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may,
by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United
States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in
which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—
And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all
other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer
thereof.

Section. 9.

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall
not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may
be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion
the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before
directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of
another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular
Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under
them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind
whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section. 10.

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money;
emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of
Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what
may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid
by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall
be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of
Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless
actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Article. II.

Section. 1.

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during
the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the
whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator
or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an
Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not
be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of
the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the
Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the
Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be
counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of
the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an
equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for
President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like
Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation
from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds
of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the
President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there
should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes;
which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this
Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall
not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the
Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law
provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring
what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a
President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor
diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any
other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly
swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my
Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section. 2.

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the
several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of
the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their
respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States,
except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of
the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall
appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of
the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by
Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the
President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting
Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Section. 3.

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their
Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions,
convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of
Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other
public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the
United States.

Section. 4.

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on
Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article. III.
Section. 1.

The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall
hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation,
which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section. 2.

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the
United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting
Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to
Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—
between a State and Citizens of another State,—between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the
same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and
foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party,
the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall
have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the
Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State
where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at
such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section. 3.

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies,
giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to
the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work
Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Article. IV.

Section. 1.

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other
State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings
shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section. 2.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in
another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be
removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in
Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered
up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section. 3.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within
the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of
States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or
other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to
Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section. 4.

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect
each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature
cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.

Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this
Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for
proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three
fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no
Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner
affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent,
shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

Article. VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid
against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties
made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and
the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary
notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all
executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or
Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office
or public Trust under the United States.

Article. VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution
between the States so ratifying the Same.
The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being
partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between
the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third
and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest William Jackson Secretary

done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the United States of
America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

G°. Washington
Presidt and deputy from Virginia

Delaware South Carolina Wm. Saml. Johnson

Roger Sherman
Geo: Read J. Rutledge
Gunning Bedford jun Charles Cotesworth Pinckney New York
John Dickinson Charles Pinckney
Richard Bassett Pierce Butler Alexander Hamilton
Jaco: Broom
Georgia New Jersey
Maryland
William Few Wil: Livingston
James McHenry Abr Baldwin David Brearley
Dan of St Thos. Jenifer Wm. Paterson
Danl. Carroll New Hampshire Jona: Dayton

Virginia John Langdon Pennsylvania

Nicholas Gilman
John Blair B Franklin
James Madison Jr. Massachusetts Thomas Mifflin
Robt. Morris
North Carolina Nathaniel Gorham Geo. Clymer
Rufus King Thos. FitzSimons
Wm. Blount Jared Ingersoll
Richd. Dobbs Spaight Connecticut James Wilson
Hu Williamson Gouv Morris
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
An Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the River
Ohio.

Section 1. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the said territory, for the purposes of
temporary government, be one district, subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future circumstances
may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.

Sec 2. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates, both of resident and nonresident proprietors in
the said territory, dying intestate, shall descent to, and be distributed among their children, and the descendants of
a deceased child, in equal parts; the descendants of a deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their
deceased parent in equal parts among them: And where there shall be no children or descendants, then in equal
parts to the next of kin in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the
intestate shall have, in equal parts among them, their deceased parents' share; and there shall in no case be a
distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving, in all cases, to the widow of the intestate her third
part of the real estate for life, and one third part of the personal estate; and this law relative to descents and
dower, shall remain in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And until the governor and judges
shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in
writing, signed and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be (being of full age), and attested by three
witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed and delivered
by the person being of full age, in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be
duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded
within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall be appointed for that purpose; and personal
property may be transferred by delivery; saving, however to the French and Canadian inhabitants, and other
settlers of the Kaskaskies, St. Vincents and the neighboring villages who have heretofore professed themselves
citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative to the descent and conveyance, of
property.

Sec. 3. Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a
governor, whose commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by
Congress; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 1,000 acres of land, while in the
exercise of his office.

Sec. 4. There shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a secretary, whose commission shall continue in
force for four years unless sooner revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate therein in 500
acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed
by the legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive
department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings, every six months, to the Secretary of
Congress: There shall also be appointed a court to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who
shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold estate in 500
acres of land while in the exercise of their offices; and their commissions shall continue in force during good
behavior.

Sec. 5. The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish in the district such laws of the
original States, criminal and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and
report them to Congress from time to time: which laws shall be in force in the district until the organization of the
General Assembly therein, unless disapproved of by Congress; but afterwards the Legislature shall have authority
to alter them as they shall think fit.
Sec. 6. The governor, for the time being, shall be commander in chief of the militia, appoint and commission all
officers in the same below the rank of general officers; all general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by
Congress.

Sec. 7. Previous to the organization of the general assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other
civil officers in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good
order in the same: After the general assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of the magistrates and
other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said assembly; but all magistrates and other civil officers
not herein otherwise directed, shall during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the
governor.

Sec. 8. For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force in all parts of the
district, and for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof; and
he shall proceed from time to time as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the
Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as
may thereafter be made by the legislature.

Sec. 9. So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants of full age in the district, upon giving proof
thereof to the governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect a representative from their
counties or townships to represent them in the general assembly: Provided, That, for every five hundred free male
inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabitants
shall the right of representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to twenty five; after
which, the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the legislature: Provided, That no
person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United
States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have resided in the district three years; and,
in either case, shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same;
Provided, also, That a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a citizen of one of the states, and
being resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years residence in the district, shall be necessary to
qualify a man as an elector of a representative.

Sec. 10. The representatives thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years; and, in case of the death of a
representative, or removal from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he was a
member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term.

Sec. 11. The general assembly or legislature shall consist of the governor, legislative council, and a house of
representatives. The Legislative Council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner
removed by Congress; any three of whom to be a quorum: and the members of the Council shall be nominated and
appointed in the following manner, to wit: As soon as representatives shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a
time and place for them to meet together; and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the
district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of land, and return their names to Congress; five of
whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and, whenever a vac ancy shall happen in the
council, by death or removal from office, the house of representatives shall nominate two persons, qualified as
aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress; one of whom congress shall appoint and
commission for the residue of the term. And every five years, four months at least before the expiration of the time
of service of the members of council, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return
their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the council
five years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative council, and house of representatives, shall have
authority to make laws in all cases, for the good government of the district, not repugnant to the principles and
articles in this ordinance established and declared. And all bills, having passed by a majority in the house, and by a
majority in the council, shall be referred to the governor for his assent; but no bill, or legislative act whatever, shall
be of any force without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the general
assembly, when, in his opinion, it shall be expedient.
Sec. 12. The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other officers as Congress shall appoint in the
district, shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity and of office; the governor before the president of congress,
and all other officers before the Governor. As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and
house assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a
seat in Congress, with a right of debating but not voting during this temporary government.

Sec. 13. And, for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon
these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all
laws, constitutions, and governments, which forever hereafter shall be formed in the said territory: to provide also
for the establishment of States, and permanent government therein, and for their admission to a share in the
federal councils on an equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with the
general interest:

Sec. 14. It is hereby ordained and declared by the authority aforesaid, That the following articles shall be
considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said territory and
forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit:

Art. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his
mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory.

Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and
of the trial by jury; of a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature; and of judicial proceedings
according to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses, where the
proof shall be evident or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual punishments
shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of
the land; and, should the public exigencies make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take any person's
property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just
preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force
in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with or affect private contracts or engagements,
bona fide, and without fraud, previously formed.

Art. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind,
schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed
towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their
property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by
Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being
done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.

Art. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this
Confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations
therein as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress
assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of
the federal debts contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be
apportioned on them by Congress according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments
thereof shall be made on the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the
authority and direction of the legislatures of the district or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within
the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those districts or new States,
shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with any
regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall
be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and, in no case, shall nonresident proprietors be taxed
higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places
between the same, shall be common highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to
the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without
any tax, impost, or duty therefor.

Art. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five States; and the boundaries
of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become fixed and
established as follows, to wit: The western State in the said territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio,
and Wabash Rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents, due North, to the territorial line
between the United States and Canada; and, by the said territorial line, to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi.
The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio,
by a direct line, drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami, to the said territorial line, and by the said
territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
the said territorial line: Provided, however, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these
three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have
authority to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn
through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty
thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United
States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a
permanent constitution and State government: Provided, the constitution and government so to be formed, shall
be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles; and, so far as it can be consistent
with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there
may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand.

Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the
punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person
escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such
fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of the 23rd of April, 1784, relative to the subject of
this ordinance, be, and the same are hereby repealed and declared null and void.

Done by the United States, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of their
sovereignty and independence the twelfth.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/northwest-ordinance
Bill of Rights (1791)
Ratified December 15, 1791
Amendment I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the Government for a redress of grievances.

Amendment II

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear
Arms, shall not be infringed.

Amendment III

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Amendment IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Amendment V

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual
service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without
just compensation.

Amendment VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the
State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance
of Counsel for his defence.

Amendment VII

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be
preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than
according to the rules of the common law.

Amendment VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained
by the people.

Amendment X

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved
to the States respectively, or to the people.

https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript
Second Declaration of Independence (2020)
A 2nd Declaration of Independence, By the 50 United States of America Signed by President Donald Trump on July
4, 2020. To the New Republic of the United States

Trusting our cause is just and having prayed for the fortitude to brave spiritual wickedness in high places, we
citizens of America make this announcement to the shareholders of US CORPORATION, including THE CITY OF
LONDON, THE BRITISH CROWN, and the VATICAN, and their operatives in the media, government and society.

With the utmost respect and admiration for the founders of America and the framers of the original Declaration of
Independence, the American people humbly emulate their thoughtful measured response to certain perpetual and
ascending tyranny and despotism. We too believe it is the moral obligation of those privileged with knowledge and
opportunity to work on behalf of the people; that the people are served best when their benefactors choose unity
over division, nationalism over globalism, sovereignty over submission, and liberty over oppression; that all human
beings are equal in their innate value; that America was founded under God, that the God of America is just,
peaceable and tolerant, that our natural rights as sovereigns come from God and that our God-given rights may not
be revoked, suspended, negated or abridged without due process. What distinguishes the 2nd Declaration of
Independence from its progenitor is the object from which we seek independence.

Regrettably, to our great misfortune, shame and dismay, and despite the recurrent warnings, and accorded
safeguards, a cabal of foreign investors and privateers have managed to gain possession of our land, our wealth,
our labor, our well-being, our future, and even our children.

Although history has become muddied with varied interpretations of cardinal events, including the surreptitious
adoption of a second “corporate” constitution, and uncertain ratification of several amendments destructive to the
people, it matters only that one or more alien groups lay claim to America and its assets. Rather than speculate on
motives, and weigh unprofitably the biased accounts, unverifiable information, and plenteous theories and
opinions, we engage a perfect solution, wherein we exact independence from all claimants, past and present,
proclaimed, identified, or veiled. As such, the usurpers named in this declaration are representative, and not
specific, or exhaustive, regardless of supposed ancestry precedent, instrument or process.

Although simply enumerating transgressions and usurpations would suffice to justify insularity, recounting
significant events reveals important facts that are missing from history. These forgotten facts add insight,
perspective, and clarity, illuminating our best way forward:

1. The inevitable Civil War destroyed America’s economy, ripped families apart, and cast a questionable
shadow on the future of a once promising nation. America was in trouble financially and needed a massive
infusion of capital to get back to its feet.
2. A cabal of nation-building venture capitalists from Europe agreed to finance America’s recovery but
demanded an active role in government to ensure their investment. In 1871, mired in debt, Congress
worked out a partnership. In exchange for boundless financial support, the foreign investors would handle
America’s administrative needs.
3. Although initially it seemed to be an innocuous concession, the consequences of allowing the nation-
building venture capitalists to conduct America’s business beyond the protections of the United States
Constitution proved catastrophic. The investors quickly embedded operatives throughout the foreign-
owned corporate government, and Washington D.C. began serving the interests of America’s financiers
over the people. In 1871, America effectively lost its independence, and the nation-building venture
capitalists became our new masters.
4. By the early 1900’s, the foreign investors that bankrolled America controlled the major newspapers and
news services, enabling them to shape what is reported and how it is to be framed. They had to cover
their tracks, before being exposed and repudiated by the people.
5. The nation-building venture capitalists worked to soften America’s imperturbable elevated system of
government. The founders had formed a Constitutional Republic instead of a democracy specifically to
prevent citizens in the majority from oppressing those in the minority. By doing what is best for their
District or State, rather than enforce the majority will, representatives serve all citizens equally,
eliminating the noise, division, and violence intrinsic to democracies. Being in control of the narrative, the
foreign investors ingeniously promoted the fallacy that America is a democracy, trusting that the
deception would lead to unrest and chaos that would make America vulnerable, creating additional
opportunities for infiltration and manipulation.
6. In 1913, the foreign investors established the Anti-Defamation League, to slander anyone who exposed
them and their infiltration into American politics.
7. In 1913, by the way of the 16th Amendment, the foreign investors were granted the authority to tax the
American people directly, something expressly prohibited by the original Constitution. That the people
would willingly subject themselves to forced confiscation of their property (their labor) is illogical, putting
the legitimacy of ratification in question.
8. In 1913, by way of the 17th Amendment, the foreign investors breached an important safeguard that
protected our Constitutional Republic from infiltration of enemy forces. Previously, Senators were
“Statesmen” appointed by the respective State Legislatures as a check on the House of Representatives
raiding the public treasury. Henceforth, Senators would run as glorified House Representatives, reduced to
promising “free” public money and services for votes. The authenticity of ratification is unlikely because
the State Legislatures would not willingly surrender their authority to bridle the appetite of the people’s
house nor would they accede to transfer more power to the Federal Government, opening yet another
door for the international bankers to buy the influence they need, to further their grip on America.
9. In 1913, the foreign investors gained control of our currency by pushing through Congress the Federal
Reserve Act, establishing a foreign-owned central banking system despite the dire warnings of Presidents
Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, James Garfield, and William
McKinley. The Federal Reserve Act passed with the help of compromised legislators between 1:30AM to
4:30AM on December 22nd, when most members were away on the Christmas holiday.
10. In 1920, Congress, by way of the independent Treasury Act, turned over the United States Treasury
Department, and its assets (our gold and silver), to the Federal Reserve - the central banking system
owned by the foreign investors, established 1913.
11. In 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations was formed under cover of advancing America’s interests in the
world. In fact, the CFR is sponsored by THE CITY OF LONDON, and serves to advance the interests of the
foreign-owned Federal Reserve, by direction the President, Congress, and the narrative through operatives
in their news and information networks.
12. In 1925, the owners of the Federal Reserve formed the UNITED STATES corporation. Just 5 out of the 100
shares issued were identified, with the balance of the shareholders of US CORP remaining anonymous, yet
the money trail leads to THE CITY OF LONDON, THE BRITISH CROWN, and THE VATICAN. The tax dollars we
send to the Internal Revenue Service go to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which
are under their control.
13. The official formation of US CORP set the stage for the transformation of America from a Constitutional
Republic of the people to a corporation owned by foreign interests and their families. Over the next few
years, the individual States were registered as corporations as well, making them franchises of US CORP.
Representatives and Senators neither represent nor work for the American People. Rather, they are
managers of US CORP. and, as such, they are obligated first to serve its best interests. The President is not
just the President of America. He is the CEO of US CORP.
14. The abbreviated term “United States” was purposely used to represent both America and US CORP to blur
the distinction between them. Similarly, the original United States Constitution was quietly supplanted by
an impostor “corporate (all-capital letters) constitution” that bears a similar name and appearance, again,
to confuse and deceive the American people. Specifically, the “Constitution for the united states of
 America” was replaced by “THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES,” with the latter’s corporate
statutes becoming the supreme law of America.
15. In 1933, the U.S. federal government declared bankruptcy, and President Roosevelt, its acting CEO, signed
over to US CORP America and its assets, including the people and our labor. The bankruptcy of 1933, that
was arguably unnecessary, ceremonial in nature, and contrived and orchestrated without the consent of
the people, completed the heist and transfer of America and its assets to the same foreign interests who
own US CORP.
16. In the bankruptcy of 1933, US CORP forced the American people to surrender their gold in trade for debt
notes called “Dollars”, Fiat currency that has no real value, and that is depreciated continually through
inflation to where it is worth just 4 cents today.
17. The bankruptcy of 1933 put US CORP in a state of emergency, allowing it to implement Admiralty Law,
made evident by the gold fringe around the American Flag. When in a US CORP courtroom, you are
considered at sea and not a citizen of America.
18. In 1936, US CORP began issuing Social Security Numbers to turn otherwise sovereign Americans into
trustees of corporate fictions, making our labor taxable, which would otherwise be unconstitutional.
According to US CORP, you are not a live man or woman, but rather a representation of a corporation in
your name.
19. In 1945, the anonymous owners of US CORP founded the United Nations, under the guise of spreading
peace, civility, and humanitarian assistance throughout the world. Yet the true purpose is to condition
citizens to recognize an international authority, a first step in establishing their promised “New World
Order,” in which the United States Constitution is retired to make room for a universal totalitarian
government.
20. United Nation’s publications “Agenda 21” and “Agenda 30” reveal the “New World Order” agenda, calling
for the end of nationalism, patriotism, private property, individual rights, the two-parent family,
automobiles, air travel, and the right to defend ourselves from a tyrannical government. In keeping with
their goal of “sustainable development,” they plan to reduce the population by over 90%, ridding America
and the world of dissidents and “useless eaters.” The remaining “useful servants” are to live in coastal
communities, wherein they will be stacked-and-packed in micro-apartments.
21. The only thing standing in the way of their “New World Order” is a strong, prosperous, and secure
America. To achieve their goal of world domination, America must lose its sovereignty and leadership
position, and thus why the owners of US CORP quietly work to undermine our culture, systems, beliefs,
standards, aspirations, and morals, for over 100 years, employing unrestrained methods and tactics.
22. With trillions of dollars at their disposal every year from taxing our labor, the owners of US CORP fund
leftist non-profit groups, including the Council On Foreign Relations, that work to subvert our nation and
silence anyone in opposition. They ingratiate the officials and administrators who run the largest charities
and organizations, including the AMA the APA, the CDC, the FCC, the SEC, and the FDA, and they embed
operatives in the State Department, the Department of Justice, and the intelligence agencies, official and
covert, including the NSA, FBI, and CIA.
23. In trade for generous grants and endowments, the anonymous owners of US CORP shape the curriculum,
and political sentiment of the public schools, colleges, and universities, insuring the next generations - our
children - harbor disdain for their country, their history, their culture, their families, and even their
ethnicity.
24. The anonymous owners of US CORP keep the people in the dark about the true history of America, the
greatest heist and cover-up in history, by controlling public education, the major publishers, the news
services, the airwaves, and the social and information networks.
25. The foreign owners of US CORP prop up “puppets” throughout society and government, allowing them to
make millions of dollars in trade for perpetrating their agenda of secrecy and subjugation of America.
These traitors include prominent politicians, news readers, pundits, authors, movie stars, and the heads of
the social, news and information networks, major sports teams, music, and entertainment industries, and
corporate conglomerates responsible for over 90% of the products designed, manufactured, advertised,
purchased, financed and consumed.
26. By the way of funding campaigns and fixing elections, the owners of US CORP obligate the most influential
politicians to further their agenda of breaking America socially and financially. They promote disdain for
 country, dependency on government, indulgence, lawlessness, and immorality, to spoil and dishearten
citizens, predisposing them to trade their sovereignty for the false promises of an international unelected
government, sponsored by the world elite.
27. By way of the Democrat Party, and operatives posing as television hosts, entertainers, journalists, pundits
and policy experts, the owners of US CORP brainwash and condition the people to accept invalid
arguments and pseudoscience, that call for globalism, socialism, and a godless society, in which
technology is our moral compass.
28. The operatives of the foreign-owned US CORP are deeply rooted throughout the news and information
networks, academia, government, and society. Colloquially referred to as “the Deep State,” “the Shadow
Government,” and “the Swamp,” the operatives perform with a hive mind because they are guilty of
treason, a crime punishable by death. They are desperate to hide their complicity, and thus they
systematically target, demonize, and even “suicide” all who threaten to expose their treachery and
malfeasance.
29. The operatives of US CORP favor unbridled immigration because it is the most expedient way to destroy
the country from within. Flooding America with illegal immigrants, without allowing them time to
assimilate, ensures arrogance, separation, anti-Americanism, and anger, animosity, and conflict with the
people. By design, we can also expect a steady dilution of the principles, ethics, and systems that made
America successful. Moreover, the majority of illegal immigrants are likely to vote for democrats, who
legislate according to the will of the foreign owners of US CORP.
30. Because the free, open, largely unrestrained internet reveals the hidden heist of America, and the criminal
network that operates in the shadows, the owners of US CORP, the perpetrators of crimes against America
and Humanity, are rightly concerned about exposure. To ensure the people do not wake up, organize, and
exact justice, they censor the information we see, ply us with psychoactive drugs, make us complacent
with money from the government, distract us with computerized video games, and provide us with one
meaningless sporting event after another.
31. In conjunction with skewed statistics, deceptive polls, false facts, and the omission of decisive information,
the owners of US CORP promote anti-Americanism, and their “New World Order” agenda. Fake news
keeps the people disoriented, misinformed, and divided over ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion,
and economic class. Meanwhile, their debt system enslaves us. Their grip ever lightens through
surveillance, and fluorination, vaccinations, and other technologies are deployed to weaken any
substantive opposition.
32. The owners of US CORP are working incessantly to disarm the millions of law-abiding Patriots who stand in
the way of their totalitarian, oppressive “New World Order.” By the way of orchestrated mass shootings,
the owners of US CORP will continue to terrorize the people until we assent to “comprehensive
background checks.” The word “comprehensive” is nebulous and undefined, allowing for a battery of
psychological and medical testing, ever-expanding, until targeted individuals are deemed emotionally
unstable, and a danger to society. True to the predictions of every futuristic book and movie, patriotic
Americans will be disarmed by way of political profiling, under the guise of screening for mental health.
33. Through their vast indoctrination machine, the foreign owners of US CORP have convinced the people that
America is a Democracy, and that Democracy is the highest form of government. This is problematic
because Democracy is by definition, “mob rule.” Democracies invariably fail because “the majority mob”
always demands more and more public monies and services, procured through excessive taxation and
other Socialist-like policies, resulting in economic ruin, runaway debt, fiscal collapse, and ultimately, social
implosion, opening the door for the promised, predicted, dreadful, and ever-looming “New World Order.”
Because sovereignty is not sustainable without exposing the ills of Democracy, and reestablishing our
elevated Constitutional Republic, we are compelled to make the following proclamations:
A. The word “Democracy” does not appear anywhere in the America’s founding documents, because the
framers knew that Democracy, in any form or disguise is fatally flawed, leading invariably to
oppression, unrest, societal failure, violence, and death.
B. All modern forms of government are elected democratically. They are differentiated only by who
makes the decisions after elections are over.
 C. In a Democracy, citizens in the majority make the sales, leaving those, in the minority oppressed.
Consequently, a Democracy is always noisy, divisive, divided inefficient, unsteady, combustible, fiscally
irresponsible, and short lived.
D. America was established as a Constitutional Republic to avoid the many ills of democracy. In a
constitutional Republic, those elected must not do the bidding of the citizen majority. Rather, they
must do what is best for their District or State, despite the majority will. In this way, all citizens are
represented equally, and no one is oppressed, making a Constitutional Republic quiet, steady,
efficient, and preferred.
E. Although the word “democracy” feels good, it is founded on mob rule, making it akin to socialism,
communism, and every other tyrannical form of government.
F. Finally, Article IV, Section 4 of the United States Constitution resolves any doubt, “The United States
shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican “Form of Government”.

Having exposed the greatest heist and cover-up in history, we are able to summarize. America and its assets were
quietly hijacked, and the cover-up has resulted in unthinkable crimes against the people and humanity. Allowing
the hostile takeover to stand will lead eventually to complete and irreversible subjugation and the eradication of
truth, justice, and all that is good.

This 2nd Declaration of Independence distinguishes the United States of America from the subversive UNITED
STATES CORPORATION. It asserts that the US CORP was formed illegally, that it is foreign-owned, and that its
shareholders have been quietly at war with America for over 150 years. Treasonous operatives, embedded within
government and the “fake news” networks, purposely divide the citizenry, and facilitate conflict among the nations,
to hide that US CORP is, and always has been the only real enemy of America. This 2nd Declaration of
Independence also repudiates, with conviction, US CORP’s satanically-inspired plan for world governance. In
addition to being, of, by, and for the elite, and not the people, their falsely advertised pseudo-Utopian unelected
totalitarian “New World Order” would supplant America’s sovereignty, and extinguish forever any semblance of
liberty and prosperity.

Because natural inclinations predispose human beings to be shortsighted, malleable, and easily bamboozled, one
might presume the American people should bear responsibility for being swindled out of their homeland inherited
from their forefathers who procured and secured it at great expense and much sacrifice, and for slowly but steadily
trading their largely unappreciated blessings of liberty, opportunity, and prosperity for “trinkets” in the form of
unearned comforts, frivolous indulgences, and gluttonous pleasures.

However, the transfer of ownership from the American people was not conducted openly and with candor, but
clandestinely, through calculated design, and nefarious means, without body consent, and unconstitutionally. It is
for the latter reason that American people claim their right to rectification. That the greatest heist in history was
effected outside the constraints of the original United States Constitution, and that those who were elected to
represent America’s best interests transgressed their fiduciary responsibility, and exceeded their authority,
warrants this proclamation, that the American people are rightful owners of our land, our labor, our wellbeing, our
future, and our children, for our benefit, and the benefit of our posterity.

As with any negotiated peace, after years of atrocities committed by parties at war, we seek neither vengeance nor
demand justice for past transgressions. We simply adjure the return of what rightly belongs to the people, and
avow firmly, emphatically, publicly, and officially, that America shall forever remain a sovereign nation, free, self-
directed, and not affiliated or dependent upon any version, or variation, of the present, planned, or innovated
“New World Order”.

We entreat a bloodless solution, wherein you cease all destructive activities, including false flag events, dissolve US
CORP and other illicit legal structures and custodial instruments, return our land, and assets, including our gold and
silver, redirect the tax collected on our labor back to America, and have your “Deep State” and “Shadow
Government” operatives retire, withdrawing your influence in an orderly fashion, so society continues to thrive, in
trade for you keeping your wealth, your position, and your heads.

In response to questions regarding legitimacy, efficacy, and process, throwing off the shackles of national thralldom
is elementary and unambiguous, as evidenced by the separation of the 13 Colonies from Britain in 1776, and the
Mexican people from Spain in 1825. A formal declaration, hailed by authorized representations, procures
independence that is immediate, whole, consummate, infrangible, and unencumbered by obligation, condition, or
imposition.

As we enter grievous territory, we reflect on the precarious road our forefathers forged when they judiciously
severed the political and familial ties that bound them. Our hearts also are filled with melancholy and trepidation,
yet we too are resolute in our posture and positions from being confronted with no better option. Despite the
manifest peril, the consequences of acquiescence are graver still, compelling us to claim solemnly our
independence once again. So, in support of this Declaration with its firm reliance on the protection of divine
providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

We the People

https://www.wethepeopledeclarefreedom.com/declaration-of-independence-2020

[First Transcribed by Mark Baughman 2/9/2021 from Parchment Paper from

Original. Later errors corrected. Additional corrections for punctuation and grammar included]
Declaration of Dependence (2022)
July 4, 2022
DECLARATION OF DEPENDENCE
By PATRIOTIC CITIZENS OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AS EKKLESIA
E PLURIBUS UNUM

We declare a fresh and renewed dependence upon God our Father, Yeshua our King and Holy Spirit our co-
laborer. We declare a renewed surrender to Robert Hunt’s 1607 prayer of covenant:

“We do hereby dedicate this Land, and ourselves, to reach the People within these shores with the Gospel of Jesus
Christ, and to raise up Godly generations after us, and with these generations take the Kingdom of God to all the
earth. May this Covenant of Dedication remain to all generations, as long as this earth remains, and may this Land,
along with England, be Evangelist to the World. May all who see this Cross, remember what we have done here,
and may those who come here to inhabit join us in this Covenant and in this most noble work that the Holy
Scriptures may be fulfilled.”

We declare our fresh dependence upon God to fulfill Psalm 22:27-28, used by Robert Hunt in the establishing of his
1607 covenant: “All the ends of the earth will remember and turn to the Lord, and all the families of the nations
will bow down before him, for dominion belongs to the Lord and he rules over the nations.”

We declare America was raised up by God to be a city on a hill and a beacon of light to all nations.

We declare America was called to preach the gospel of the Kingdom of Heaven to all nations of the Earth and to
serve all nations according to Isaiah 60:1-3.

We declare that America’s founding by God, under an appeal to heaven, along with our renewed appeal to heaven
dedication will give us a rebirth!

We declare our renewed dependency upon God our Father will reconstitute America as one nation under God, a
Christian nation filled with followers of Yeshua.

We declare we have put our trust in Him and no other. We have no king but Jesus/Yeshua.

Proclaim Liberty Throughout All the Land!

The Declaration of Independence declares the “Laws of Nature and of Nature's God” and appeals to the “Supreme
Judge of the world,” “the Creator,” and “divine Providence.” We declare that the words of this founding legal
document remain true today. We declare them into the atmosphere of America!

We declare our dependency upon Leviticus 25:10 cited on the Liberty Bell: “Proclaim liberty throughout the land
to all the inhabitants thereof.” This verse, describing Christ as America’s Jubilee Redeemer, rang out at her birth
announcing our faith and destiny.
We declare this message over America again today: Christ is our Redeemer! Proclaiming His message is our
purpose!

The Lawgiver and Judge Will Restore

We decree that Yahweh is our Lawgiver, our Judge, and our King -- and that our three branches of government
were founded under this truth! We declare our renewed dependency upon God our Father will facilitate
restoration of our government to its Providential foundation. May Psalm 67 resonate loudly and joyfully from the
hearts of people everywhere!

His Love Endures Forever

We decree that His mercy endures forever over the Native First Nation and America. We declare that His mercies
are new every morning over each and every ethnicity within the borders of the United States of America.

We decree that He who began a good work in us will complete it. We decree that He had a plan for our restoration
even before we turned away from Him! We declare that nothing can stop this turnaround. Our dependency is upon
God to bring us as a Nation back to His original intent which will reestablish the ancient boundaries of our Founding
Fathers.

We declare our renewed dependency upon God will release a wealth transfer for Kingdom purposes. We decree
that God’s redeeming power is greater than satan’s deceiving lies. We decree God’s truth will prevail! We activate
Psalm 94 over America -- may it reverberate throughout nations.

We decree that salvation belongs to God and that He loves to save, taking no pleasure in judgment! We decree
Mercy triumphs over judgement. We celebrate the Restoration of our Constitution and all the provisions and
protections it provides to We the People.

We Have His Keys of Authority

We decree as representatives of the government of Jesus/Yeshua on Earth that we, His Ekklesia, have His keys of
authority to bind & loose and to open & close.

As we claim Isaiah 22:22, we decree that no weapon formed against this nation, nor against the purposes of God
in our generation will prosper! We decree that satan is under our feet and that we are seated with
Christ/Messiah, far above all principalities, powers, and rulers of darkness! We denounce the kingdom of
darkness and all demonic influence brought by coercion, compulsion, corruption, cancellation, curses, or
compromises.

As a follower of Yeshua, dedicated to function as His Ekklesia by being a part of legislative assemblies, I do hereby
renew my “dependence” upon God Almighty Creator of the Universe.

As a follower of Yeshua, We vow our dependence upon God’s guidance totally.

As a follower of Yeshua, We vow our dependence upon God’s provisions.
As a follower of Yeshua, We vow our dependence upon God to appoint our footsteps daily.
As a follower of Yeshua, We vow our dependence upon God’s love to establish our identity.
As a follower of Yeshua, We vow our dependence upon God’s living word.
As a follower of Yeshua, We vow our dependence upon God our Father to establish His independence in
our lives.
We declare that AMERICA SHALL BE SAVED AND PRESERVED by Faith, Repentance, Mercy, Unity, Reverence and
DEPENDENCE on our SUPREME GOD ALMIGHTY!!!

Clay Nash Tom Schlueter

Jim Hodges Becca Greenwood

Ken Malone Mary Glazier

Jane Hamon Flynn Johnson

Jacquie Tyre Timothy Carscadden

Dwain Miller Greg Hood

https://lighthousechurchinc.org/2022/07/04/declaration-of-dependence-by-patriotic-citizens-
of-the-united-states-of-america-by-clay-nash-and-others/
Public Law 97-280 (1982)
PUBLIC LAW 97-280—OCT. 4, 1982 96 STAT. 1211

Public Law 97-280 97th Congress

Joint Resolution
Authorizing and requesting the President to proclaim 1983 as the "Year of the Bible".

Whereas the Bible, the Word of God, has made a unique contribution in shaping the United States as a distinctive
and blessed nation and people;

Whereas deeply held religious convictions springing from the Holy Scriptures led to the early settlement of our
Nation;

Whereas Biblical teachings inspired concepts of civil government that are contained in our Declaration of
Independence and the Constitution of the United States;

Whereas many of our great national leaders—among them Presidents Washington, Jackson, Lincoln, and Wilson—
paid tribute to the surpassing influence of the Bible in our country's development, as in the words of President
Jackson that the Bible is "the rock on which our Republic rests";

Whereas the history of our Nation clearly illustrates the value of voluntarily appl3dng the teachings of the
Scriptures in the lives of individuals, families, and societies;

Whereas this Nation now faces great challenges that will test this Nation as it has never been tested before; and

Whereas that renewing our knowledge of and faith in God through Holy Scripture can strengthen us as a nation
and a people: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That
the President is authorized and requested to designate 1983 as a national "Year of the Bible" in recognition of both
the formative influence the Bible has been for our Nation, and our national need to study and apply the teachings
of the Holy Scriptures.

Approved October 4, 1982.

February 3, 1983; Proclamation 5018 -- Year of the Bible, 1983

A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America

Of the many influences that have shaped the United States of America into a distinctive Nation and people, none
may be said to be more fundamental and enduring than the Bible.
Deep religious beliefs stemming from the Old and New Testaments of the Bible inspired many of the early settlers
of our country, providing them with the strength, character, convictions, and faith necessary to withstand great
hardship and danger in this new and rugged land. These shared beliefs helped forge a sense of common purpose
among the widely dispersed colonies -- a sense of community which laid the foundation for the spirit of
nationhood that was to develop in later decades.

The Bible and its teachings helped form the basis for the Founding Fathers' abiding belief in the inalienable rights of
the individual, rights which they found implicit in the Bible's teachings of the inherent worth and dignity of each
individual. This same sense of man patterned the convictions of those who framed the English system of law
inherited by our own Nation, as well as the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence and the
Constitution.

For centuries the Bible's emphasis on compassion and love for our neighbor has inspired institutional and
governmental expressions of benevolent outreach such as private charity, the establishment of schools and
hospitals, and the abolition of slavery.

Many of our greatest national leaders -- among them Presidents Washington, Jackson, Lincoln, and Wilson -- have
recognized the influence of the Bible on our country's development. The plainspoken Andrew Jackson referred to
the Bible as no less than ``the rock on which our Republic rests.'' Today our beloved America and, indeed, the
world, is facing a decade of enormous challenge. As a people we may well be tested as we have seldom, if ever,
been tested before. We will need resources of spirit even more than resources of technology, education, and
armaments. There could be no more fitting moment than now to reflect with gratitude, humility, and urgency upon
the wisdom revealed to us in the writing that Abraham Lincoln called ``the best gift God has ever given to man . . .
But for it we could not know right from wrong.''

The Congress of the United States, in recognition of the unique contribution of the Bible in shaping the history and
character of this Nation, and so many of its citizens, has by Senate Joint Resolution 165 authorized and requested
the President to designate the year 1983 as the ``Year of the Bible.''

Now, Therefore, I, Ronald Reagan, President of the United States of America, in recognition of the contributions
and influence of the Bible on our Republic and our people, do hereby proclaim 1983 the Year of the Bible in the
United States. I encourage all citizens, each in his or her own way, to reexamine and rediscover its priceless and
timeless message.

In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this third day of February, in the year of our Lord nineteen
hundred and eighty-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and seventh.

Ronald Reagan

https://www.nationallibertyalliance.org/sites/default/files/public_law_97-
280_oct._4_1982_0.pdf