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ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
Development of Learning Media Using Sketchware on The
Topic of New Crescent Moon Observation and Calculation for
Undergraduate Students
Sudarwanto*, V Serevina, R F Ramadannisa, and A Yumna
Physics Education Study Program, State University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
*sudarwanto@unj.ac.id
Abstract. The purpose of this research was to develop a learning media in a form of android
application using Sketchware for students of Department of Physics Education in State
University of Jakarta taking Earth and Space Sciences course. This research used the method of
ADDIE model for research and development. This research was done through five stages. On
the first stage, questionnaire was issued to the students of Department of Physics Education for
needs assessment. The second stage, design of broad guidelines of media content for android
application development guidance such as flowchart and storyboard were made. The third stage
was the development of prototype and media validation by chosen experts. The next stage was
small group testing experiment which involved 15 participants of students, followed up with
bigger group testing experiment which involved 40 students as participants. The last stage was
evaluation and final product. Based on the results of validating the feasibility of learning media
using Sketchware on rukyat and hilal reckoning materials, the application was declared "Very
Valid" by material experts, linguists, and media experts, and received a "Very Valid" category
response from students.
1. Introduction
Earth and Space Sciences is not a new topic in the world of education and teaching in Indonesia. Wis-
en Natuurkundig Aardrijkskunde (Mathematics and Natural Sciences) which was taught in the third
grade of MULO (equivalent to junior high school) in the Dutch colonial era which then continued at the
equivalent level of SMA, AMS, separately Natuurkundig Aardrijkskunde and Kosmografie. In the
Japanese colonial era, earth science was taught in Secondary School Teacher Education, where it was
taught in the social and cultural family.
Based on data from the International Data Corporation (IDC) in 2014, Android holds 84.4% of the
smartphone market share worldwide, where this success cannot be separated from the open source nature
of Android. Android users can also adjust their choices with the availability of various paid and free
applications.
The results of a survey conducted by the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers
(APJII), to date internet users in Indonesia have reached 88.1 million, and 48 percent of them are daily
internet users (Indonesia, 2015). The Ministry of Communication and Information (KEMKOMINFO)
stated that internet users in Indonesia to date have reached 82 million people, and Indonesia is ranked
8th in the world. [1]
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
Learning is a mental activity that takes place in active interaction between a person and the
environment and produces changes in knowledge, understanding, skills, and attitude values that are
relatively constant and imprinted. Study saturation is a mental condition of a person when experiencing
extreme boredom and tiredness, resulting in a feeling of sluggishness or lack of enthusiasm for learning
activities.
Learning media in the form of android applications can be run on android-based mobile devices, so
that learning media can be run anytime and anywhere. This learning media is included in the category
of mobile learning-based learning media. This is in accordance with what was stated by O'Malley that
the development of android-based learning media allows the creation of learning multimedia that is
more interactive and effective in learning.
Sketchware builds android apps on smartphones, brings imagination to life, develops programs,
compiles, and runs regularly on the device. No need much previous programming experience, easy
connection to make logic in this application. The completed project is automatically translated into Java
and XML, the project is fully compliant with the android operating system.
Sketchware is an alternative means of making physics learning media. A research was conducted
used Sketchware to design a physics calculator application suitable for use on one-dimensional motion
material. [2]
In 2020, another research conducted to make a comic strip making workshop with Sketchware for
junior high school math teachers, where the comic strip creation could be done in five hours and the
workshop participant teachers responded enthusiastically, although some were constrained because they
were new to operating Sketchware. Workshop participant teachers are not required to have coding
program expertise. [3]
Another research which also used Sketchware to determine students' visual literacy competencies
resulted in learning media in the "Enough" category with an average percentage of students' visual
literacy skills of 63.14%. [4]
The Earth and Space Physics course is an elective course for study programs (prodi) with a weight
of 2 credits that can be taken by undergraduate students of physics education study program while
studying at Jakarta State University. This course is a means for students to improve the competence of
professional teachers so that they are able to teach IPBA subjects in schools. However, because this
subject has been omitted from the Revised 2013 Curriculum and inserted into other subjects at school
such as physics and geography as well as at the science olympiad, students take this course as a
specialization and support for physics learning materials at school. Ijtimak, also known as geocentric
conjunction, is an event where the Earth and the Moon are in the same celestial longitude, when viewed
from Earth. Ijtimak occurs once every 29.531 days, or also called a synodic month.
This course aims to improve students' mathematical, computational, and instrumentation mastery to
support understanding of physics concepts, therefore this course covers earth materials such as the
structure of the earth, earth's geography, the earth's atmosphere and magnetic field, geothermal sources,
and astronomy such as earth satellites, solar system, extrasolar planets, celestial coordinate system,
observational astronomy, spacecraft, stars, galaxies, cosmology, also includes calendar and amateur
astronomy. The rukyat and hilal reckoning materials are included in the Observation Astronomy
material.
Students' problems in studying this course vary, such as the dominance of theoretical studies in
lectures which has an impact on providing experience and student activities to be inadequate, the
discussion obtained by students is quantitative so that a deep understanding of earth and space science
is lacking, students' habits to work on problems without understanding the concepts contained in the
material makes students not accustomed to giving logical arguments to problems, as well as the
limitations of teaching aids to show natural phenomena that cause the phenomenon of the difficulty of
presenting phenomena that occur because of earth and space variables such as shape, the process of
forming material which takes a long time so it is very it is difficult to control all the variables and present
a real world representation in the laboratory.
2
ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
The product developed in this study is an android application on the rukyat hilal and reckoning
material for undergraduate students. The products developed need to be adapted to core competencies,
basic competencies, and the needs of lecturers and students at the university. In addition, the product
developed must be in accordance with the design model as stipulated in the rules.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Media Sketchware
Figure 1. Application preview on phone ijtimak’s variation after ghurub
Sketchware is a Scratch programming block like based on the Integrated Development Environment
(IDE) integrated development environment for developing Android mobile applications. Scratch is a
language that translates sketchware into Java code and XML sources [5]. Another study [6] that used
Sketchware as a learning medium received an assessment of the feasibility of material experts in the
very feasible category with a mean score of 77, the assessment of the feasibility of media experts in the
very appropriate category with an average score of 75. So, it can be concluded that sketchware android-
based learning media is effectively used in the classroom.
2.2. New Crescent Moon Calculation (Hisab)
Hisab means calculation. In the Islamic world the term hisab is often used in astronomy to estimate the
position of the sun and moon with respect to the earth. The position of the sun is important because it
becomes a benchmark for Muslims in determining the entry of prayer times. Meanwhile, the position of
the moon is estimated to detect the occurrence of the new moon as a marker of the entry of the new
moon period in the Hijri calendar [7]. This is especially important to determine the beginning of
Ramadan when Muslims start fasting, the beginning of Shawwal (Eid Al-Fitr), and the beginning of
Dzulhijjah when pilgrims are wukuf in Arafah (9 Dzulhijjah) and Eid al-Adha (10 Dzulhijjah). Hisab is
often used before rukyat is done. One of the results of the hisab is the determination of when ijtima
occurs, namely when the sun, moon, and earth are in a plane position or also called geocentric
conjunction. Geocentric conjunction occurs when the sun and moon are in the same celestial longitude
when viewed from Earth. Ijtima occurs every 29.531 days, or also called a synodic period[8].
2.3. New Crescent Moon Observation (Rukyat)
Rukyat according to language means to see with the eyes or with the mind [9]. Rukyat is the activity of
observing the visibility of the new moon, namely the appearance of the crescent moon which is first
seen after the ijtima occurs. Rukyat can be seen with the naked eye, or with optical aids such as a
telescope. The rukyat activity is carried out at the time of sunset for the first time after ijtima (at this
3
ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
time, the position of the Moon is on the western horizon, and the Moon sets shortly after the setting of
the Sun). If the new moon is seen, then in the evening (Maghrib) local time has entered the 1st.
However, the new moon is not always visible. If the time interval between ijtima and the setting of
the sun is too short, then scientifically/theoretically the new moon is impossible to see, because the
illumination of the moon's light is still too dim compared to the surrounding "sky light". Danjon's
criterion state that the new moon can be seen without any tools if the minimum arc of light between the
Moon and the Sun is 7 degrees. [10], [11]
Today rukyat is also carried out using sophisticated equipment such as telescopes equipped with
CCD Imaging. but of course, it needs to be seen again how the application of the two sciences
3. Research Methods
The method used is a research and development method that aims to produce or develop a particular
product, test the effectiveness of the product and evaluate the product in the process of testing the
development of a product[12].
This research and development were carried out based on the modified ADDIE model development
procedure. Validation is carried out so that the product developed is useful for improving the quality of
learning. Validators consist of material experts, linguists, and media experts. The small group test
involved 15 students, and the large group test involved 40 students.
The stage of analyzing the needs of students of the Physics Education study program at the State
University of Jakarta was carried out in June 2021. The application development stage took place from
June 2021 to August 2021. The expert validation stage by material experts, linguists, and media experts
was carried out in August 2021. Scale field trials small scale and large-scale field trials will be held at
the State University of Jakarta in September 2021.
The ADDIE research procedure can be carried out by involving five main stages, namely:
• Analysis
• Design
• Development
• Evaluation
• Implementation
Figure 2. ADDIE Model[13]
4
ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
4. Result and Discussion
The following figure is the final product flow chart.
Figure 3. Application Flow Section to Apply to Sketchware
The following is a view of the application at the final product stage.
4.1. Application Display on Phone
Figure 4. Application preview on phone ijtimak’s variation after ghurub
5
ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
4.2. Sketchware Application Display
Figure 5. Sketchware’s operation view based on the flowchart
Based on the need’s analysis carried out on students of the physics education study program, the
following table is made:
Table 1. College Student Needs Analysis
No Questions Answer Result
1 Do you find it difficult to study earth and yes
space physics? not
2 What makes it difficult for you to study too many formulas
Earth and Space Physics? (May choose b. The explanation is still
more than one option) lacking from the lecturer
c. The lack of choice of existing
learning media.
d. Others
3 Are there many choices of learning media Yes
used in lectures? not
4 What kind of learning media are you Print Digital
more interested in using?
5 Are you interested in using learning media yes
that can be accessed from mobile phones? not
6 What material is difficult in the Earth and Rukyat and reckoning the new
Space Physics course? (May choose more moon celestial coordinate
than one option) system
calender calculation other
7 Is there a specific submaterial that is the consensus azimuth coordinates
main difficulty of the material in the lunar calender other
choice? (Can choose more than one)
6
ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
The table of the results of the needs analysis then became the basis for the questionnaire which was
distributed to physics education students. There are 80 questionnaire respondents who are students of
physics education class 2016-2018 with the composition of respondents being 10 people from the 2016
class, 45 from the 2017 class, and 25 from the 2018 class.
Figure 6. Bar chart of the results of student respondent’s questionnaires that are scattered
Based on the questionnaire, 87% of students found it difficult to study Earth and Space Physics,
where 69% felt the lack of choice of available learning media. 81% of physics education students are
interested in using digital learning media and 91% are interested in learning media that can be accessed
via mobile phones. 54% of students felt that the material for rukyat and reckoning the new moon was
difficult to understand, with 51% having specific difficulties with the concept of ijtimak.
The results of the questionnaire are then used as the basis for building material that will be included
in the application. All instruments used in expert testing and field trials were analyzed using a Likert
scale with points 1 to 5. Before each instrument was used in the process of testing material experts,
linguists, media experts, small group evaluations, and large group evaluations, the instrument had gone
through a validation process by two experts. The analysis was performed using a Likert scale. After
calculating, the next step is to interpret the score.
Table 2. Likert Rating Scale
Score weight
Number Answer Options Code
Positive Question Negative Question
1 Strongly agree SS 5 1
2 Agree S 4 2
3 Doubtful R 3 3
4 Disagree TS 2 4
5 Strongly disagree STS 1 5
Table 3. Score Interpretation with Modification
Percentage Interpretation
0%-20% Not feasible
20%-40% Not worth it
40%-60% Enough
60%-80% Worth it
80%-100% Very worth it
7
ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
This application was validated by five experts, namely one UNJ Physics Study Program Lecturer,
two State University of Jakarta Physics Education Study Program Lecturers, one State University of
Jakarta Education Technology Study Program Lecturer and one State University of Jakarta Computer
Science Study Program Lecturer. Experts are given an initial product in the form of draft 1 to be
reviewed and observed. Furthermore, the expert was given an instrument in the form of a validation
questionnaire containing an assessment of several aspects.
Material validation by material experts includes aspects of material presentation, content conformity
with the syllabus, material updates, and integration between material content. Language validation by
linguists includes aspects of logic, communicative language, conformity with student understanding,
conformity with language rules, and the use of terms, symbols, or icons. Media validation by media
experts covers aspects of media component integration, balance between components, font shape, color,
and application presentation.
The contents of the instrument refer to the criteria for learning materials that are in accordance with
the curriculum, the learning objectives to be achieved, and the presentation of a proportional application.
The data obtained in the form of an assessment based on expert validation and input from experts. The
assessments and inputs from experts were used as material for analysis and revision 1 for the draft 2
model. Furthermore, draft 2 was used in small group trials.
Figure 7. Material Expert Validation
Figure 8. Linguist Validation
Figure 9. Media Expert Validation
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ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
Based on the expert validation questionnaire, validation scores were obtained for material validation,
language validation, and media validation. Material validation scores for aspects of material
presentation, content conformity with the syllabus, material updates, and integration between material
content are 83%, 85%, 86%, and 81%, with input from the validator being to enrich the material content
not only discussing ijtimak. Language validation scores by linguists respectively for the aspects of
straightforwardness, communicative language, conformity with student understanding, conformity with
language rules, and use of terms, symbols, or icons are 83%, 82%, 84%, 83%, and 81%. The media
validation scores by media experts respectively for aspects of media component integration, inter-
component balance, font shape, color, and application presentation were 82%, 85%, 83%, 81%, and
80%.
Based on the results of expert validation using this 1st draft, material experts stated "Very Valid",
linguists stated "Very Valid", and media experts stated "Very Valid".
The small group test using draft 2 involved 15 students of the 2017 physics education study program
with heterogeneous abilities. Collecting data in small group trials using assessments on questionnaires.
After looking at the application, students fill out the questionnaire that has been given. Small group
evaluation questionnaires were used to determine the weaknesses and legibility of the application to be
studied. The small group trial student evaluation instrument grid covers aspects of general application
presentation, language, appearance, and material. The results of the evaluation of small group trials
through revision 2 were revised into draft 3 and used for large group trials. In addition to filling out
questionnaires, suggestions from students were given through an interview and question and answer
process.
Figure 10. Bar Chart of Small Group Evaluation Figure 11. Bar Chart of The Result of
Questionnaire Results Large Group Evaluation Questionnaire
Based on the small group evaluation questionnaire, the evaluation scores obtained successively for
aspects of application presentation in general, language, display, and material are 81%, 83%, 81%, and
82%, with input from students is handling if the display appears on the screen. truncated on some types
of cell phones. Based on the results of this small group evaluation, student respondents stated that the
application was "Very Valid".
The large group test using draft 3 involved 40 students of the 2018 physics education study program
with heterogeneous abilities. The instrument used is the same as the instrument in the small group trial.
The results of the large group trial were used as material for revision 3. The data obtained were in the
form of student questionnaire assessments.
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ICRLP-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309 (2022) 012093 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012093
5. Conclusions
Based on the results of validating the feasibility of learning media using Sketchware on rukyat and hilal
reckoning materials, the application was declared "Very Valid" by material experts, linguists, and media
experts, and received a "Very Valid".
6. Implications and Recommendations
Some of the implications found in this study are as follows:
• The display of the learning media application is user-friendly, making it easier for students to
operate the learning media application, but there are menus that cannot be opened and the screen
is cut off on some types of mobile phones.
• This application is not yet available on the Playstore, users can only download the application
via the link provided by the researcher.
Some of the recommendations for this research are as follows.
• Further research needs to be done so that learning media applications using Sketchware are
made compatible for all smart phones, so that there are no screen cuts and menu sections that
cannot be opened on some phones.
• For further researchers, it is better to add other material, not only the ijtimak sub-material.
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