Raman Board Introduction

and Commissioning Guide

Trainer: Mohamed Fathy/ M84118088

Date: 22/10/2022

Security Level:
 CONTENTS

• Principle of Raman Amplifier

• Introduction of Raman Boards

• Raman Boards Deployment Guide

• Raman System Commissioning Guide

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Principle of Raman Amplifier

 When light of a certain intensity is incident into the fiber, it will cause the molecular vibration of the fiber material, and then
the intensity of the incident light is modulated, resulting in sidebands whose interval is exactly the frequency of the molecular
vibration. The low-frequency sideband is called Stokes lines, and the high-frequency sideband is called anti-Stokes lines. In
this way, when two light waves with an exact frequency interval of the Stokes frequency are incident on the fiber at the same
time, the low-frequency wave will become stronger, the high-frequency wave will be attenuated, and its energy will be
transferred to the low-frequency wave, which is stimulated Raman scattering (SRS ).

 Raman amplifier is an important application of SRS. Because the silica fiber

has a very broad SRS gain spectrum, and has a broad main peak near 13THz
(in the 1550nm band, the wavelength shift is about 100nm). If a weak signal
light and a strong pump light are transmitted in the fiber at the same time,
and the difference between their frequencies is within the Raman gain
spectrum of the fiber, the weak signal light can be amplified. This optical
amplifier based on the SRS mechanism is called Raman amplifier.

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 Principle of Raman Amplifier
Raman principle: In the transmission long fiber link (gain medium), through the SRS effect,
Raman Coefficient (1/W-km)

0.60 the energy of the pump light is transferred to the signal light, and the signal light is
NZDSF1
amplified.
NZDSF2
SMF Raman gain: The Raman gain depends on the pump power and the quality of the fiber
PSC
link (especially the near-end insertion loss).
Raman classification: According to the position of the Raman system, the Raman system
can be divided into forward Raman and backward Raman. The figure shows a backward
Raman amplifier, and the direction of the pump light and the signal light is opposite.
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 Fiber
Signal OUT
Frequency (THz)
MON

Advantages of Raman amplifier: The biggest advantage of Raman amplifiers is low

noise figure, distributed amplification, and the equivalent noise figure can be negative
under typical gain. With EDFA, it can slow down the degradation of system OSNR and
improve system performance.
Disadvantages of Raman amplifier: High requirements for the quality of optical
fibers. Fiber splicing is required at the near end, and connectors are not allowed.
Therefore, engineering delivery is difficult.
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Introduction of Raman Boards - SRAPXF

 TNG3SRAPXF: Extended C-band Super Backward Raman and Pluggable Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Hybrid Unit
 TNG2SRAPXF: Super C-band Super Backward Raman and Pluggable Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Hybrid Unit

• The SRAPXF board consists of the Raman unit, OTDR drive and
receiving module, VOA, pluggable EDFA optical module, filter, drive
and detection module, control and communication module, and power
module.
• Compared with the TNG3SRAPXF board, the TNG2SRAPXF board
integrates the functions of the TC interface.

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Introduction of Raman Boards - Parameter Comparison
Feature TNG2DAPXF TNG2SRAPXF

EDFA Supported, pluggable Supported, pluggable

Raman amplifier Not supported Support

Application Scenarios Forward, Backward Backward

Raman Types and Pump first-order Raman,

Non-Raman
Sources double pump

Pump Wavelength (nm) 980 / 1480 1427 / 1459

Support FCD self-check \ Support

Support the OTDR \ Support

gain locking, gain locking,

Working mode
power locking pump power locking
Support the interlock
\ Support
switch

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Typical networking of Raman boards
200G-e16QAM@50GHz
With the attenuation/distance of the fiber span increases, the Raman single-span transmission capability
boards combination becomes more complex. wave Maximum transmission
Configuration
OACU25/32H number loss(dB)
OTU
OTU
M BA <32 dB. PA
1 57
MUX

DEMUX
4
0
4
M 2 56.5
4 55
8 54.5
OTU OACU25/32H OTU 10 54
M BA <45 dB. SRAPXF PA OACU(32H)+forward
20 53.5
MUX

DEMUX
4
0
4
RPC03//ERPC+SRAPXF
30 53
M

48 52.5
OTU
OACU25/32H 60 52
<50 dB. OTU
M BA RPC SRAPXF PA 96 50
MUX

DEMUX
4 4
0 M 120 49

Note: This specification is evaluated based

OTU on G.652 optical fibers. The external design
OTU
in different scenarios must be evaluated by
M BA RPC <55 dB. ERPC SRAPXF PA
R&D engineers.
MUX

DEMUX
4 4
0 M

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Raman Boards Deployment Guide
Interlock switch: Increase Raman security,
- FCD Button Detection when the Raman protective cover is
opened, the interlock switch is activated,
and the laser is forcibly turned off.

The TNG2SRAPXF/TNG2RPC03 board includes the FCD function, supports online Portable screwdriver: used to open the
Raman protective cover in an emergency.
detection of fiber quality, and judges the fiber quality according to the FCD
flashing frequency and phenomenon.
FCD button: The built-in OTDR can be
After the FCD button is pressed, the system automatically uses the OTDR Intra-site started to test the quality of the fiber
without additional tools on site.
mode for detection. The meanings of different FCD indicator status are as follows:

Blinking quickly On for 500 ms, off for 500 ms, and blinking for 10s. The fiber connection detect (FCD) Pluggable EDFA optical module: support
(red) fails to be started due to a board hardware or software fault. 120-wave optical amplifier module,
OACU14S/21S/25S/32S25H/32H, etc. can
Blinking quickly On for 500 ms, off for 500 ms, and blinking for 10s. The FCD fails to be started
be selected according to needs.
(orange) because OTDR resources have been occupied.
Meaning
of the FCD On (orange) If the indicator is orange for about 30s, the fiber connection status is being detected.
indicator External OTDR meter interface: RFM
Steady red for 10 minutes. A fiber is abnormal and fails to meet the conditions for port, connected to the OTDR meter(16xx
status On (red) turning on a Raman laser. For example, the end face of an intra-site fiber is nm) for measurement
contaminated or a fiber connection introduces a large insertion loss.

Steady green for 10 minutes. The fiber connections are normal and meet the
On (green)
conditions for turning on a Raman laser.

Huawei Proprietary - Restricted Distribution Panel of the TNG2AXRP

8
Raman Boards Deployment Guide
- Quality Requirements for Near-End Fiber
Before the deployment of the Raman amplifier, we must use the Judgment conditions of FCD test:

OTDR meter to check the quality of the fiber within 40 km, to If any of the following four conditions is met, pump cannot be started.
1. Dirty: The single-point insertion loss is greater than 0.8 dB and the
ensure that the Raman laser can be normally turned on.
reflection value is greater than -43 dB.
The requirements for single-point quality within 40 km are as follows:
2. Single-point large reflection: single-point reflection value > -40dB.
1. 0 km to 10 km: The single-point insertion loss is less than 0.1 dB. 3. Single-point large insertion loss: The single-point insertion loss is greater
2. 10 km to 20 km: The single-point insertion loss is less than 0.2 dB. than 1 dB.
3. 20 km to 30 km: The single-point insertion loss is less than 0.3 dB. 4. Accumulated equivalent insertion loss: within a specific distance (30 km),
the accumulated equivalent insertion loss of each event point is greater
4. 30 km to 40 km: The single-point insertion loss is less than 0.4 dB. than 1.7 dB.
5. The single-point reflection value must be less than -40 dB. The simplified formula for calculating the accumulated equivalent insertion loss
is as follows: 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝑳𝒋 ∗ 𝜷𝒋

Accumulated equivalent insertion loss calculation

Event point j position range
weighting coefficient 𝛽𝑗
Note: When there are
j≤2km 1 loss or reflection points
2km<j≤4km 0.85
on the fiber link, even if
the FCD test passes, the
4km<j≤8km 0.73
Raman gain may be
8km<j≤12km 0.5 insufficient and cannot
reach the nominal value.
12km<j≤20km 0.35

20km<j≤30km 0.2

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Raman Boards Deployment Guide
- Fiber Connection and Cleaning Process
Device side
Near-End Fiber Connection - SRAPXF
Device side pigtail
Long-fiber side pigtail
Long-fiber

LOUT port
fusion point

fusion point LINE port

LC connector

Customer's cabinet ODF

E2000 ODF Box E2000 connector

Fiber Cleaning Procedure Comparison of the fiber endface before and after
cleaning observed by the fiber microscope

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Raman System Commissioning Guide
Backward Raman Scenarios
OTU
OTU
M OACU25/32H SRAPXF OACU25/32S 0
4

DEMUX
MUX
4
0 M

OTU
OTU

0 OACU25/32S SRAPXF OACU25/32H M

4
DEMUX

MUX
4
M 0

Commissioning Suggestions:
1. Used in scenarios where the span loss is less than 45 dB. Select high-power OAs at the transmit end. (OACU25H/OACU32H)
2. Adjust the single-wavelength adjustment point of the M60V/DWSS20 to ensure the nominal single-wavelength output optical power. (+1.7/+4dBm）
If the performance at the receive end is poor, increase the transmit optical power to less than 12dBm.
3. The Raman part of the SRAPXF board works in gain locking mode. Set the maximum gain to 18 dB. Set the gain of the OACU module of the SRAPXF
board based on the span loss to ensure the nominal output.
4. Adjust the receive optical power of the OTU at the ROADM site according to the actual situation.

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Why the Raman pump can't be too high
• Forward Raman: Too high pump will lead to high equivalent incident optical power and large nonlinear effect.

• Backward Raman: Too high pump will cause the following conditions:

1. The nonlinear effect will increase sharply.

2. The Raman generates self-excitation, resulting in poor system stability.
3. The Raman laser will be turned off and the services will be affected.

The spectrum is smooth without Raman self-excitation Burrs and spikes are generated after Raman self- excitation

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 Requirements for Raman Fiber Links
 Fiber connectors are not recommended within the range of 0 km to 20 km,
because they may burn components and affect the Raman amplifier gain.
Therefore, it is recommended that all connecting points adopt splicing mode.

 The additional loss of a single point within the range of 0–10 km must be less than
0.1 dB (G652) or 0.2 dB (G655).

 The additional loss of a single point within the range of 10–20 km must be less
than 0.2 dB (G652) or 0.4 dB (G655).

 The additional loss of a single point within the range of 20–30 km must be less
than 0.4 dB.

 The additional loss of a single point within the range of 30–40 km must be less
than 1 dB.

 The additional loss of a single point beyond 40 km must be less than 2 dB.

 The return loss of a single point must be equal to or higher than 40 dB.

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 Alarm monitoring

 If one (or more) of the following alarms is reported, the board

is possibly faulty and services are interrupted. Then replace the
board to recover the services.
• Alarms: LSR_WILL_DIE, LOCK_CUR_FAIL,
PUMP_COOL_EXC, PUMP_BCM_ALM, and
AD_CHECK_FAIL

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 Alarm monitoring

 If any of the following alarms is reported, You need to

perform on-site check on patch cord connecting the LINE
port of the Raman board to the fiber cable. If any
abnormality is detected, replace the patch cord
• Alarms: RL_CRITICAL_HI and RL_CRITICAL_LOW

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 Performance monitoring

 the RL performance under NE explorer- RAU board-

Performance- Current performance. The value should be
around 31.5 to 33.7. (If out of this value, please refer to
Huawei Engineer).

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 Replacing RAU board

 Make sure on management that related RAU boards are

off.
 Disconnect the fibers from the existing board then unplug
it and insert the new board.
 Use a fiber connector cleaner to clean the end face of the
patch cord connected to the LINE port on RAMAN card.
 Check if the end face is properly cleaned by using a Fiber
Scope.

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 Raman Link Maintenance Tools and
Requirements
No. Tool Name Photo Requirement

1. It is used to measure fiber links to identify abnormal event points.

2. An OTDR meter must be available at each important site. For sites
that are not equipped with an OTDR meter, the methods for obtaining
1 OTDR meter an OTDR meter must be provided.
3. You are advised to configure a 2 km import fiber between the test
instrument and the tested link during the test. Ensure that the fiber
type is the same as that of the tested link.
1. It is used to splice fiber connectors in case of fiber cut repair or
connector replacement.
Fiber fusion
2 2. A fiber fusion splicer must be available at each important site.
splicer
3. For sites that are not equipped with a fiber fusion splicer, the methods
for obtaining a fiber fusion splicer must be provided.
1. It supports high-power measurement, and the maximum power of the
measurement range is 32 dBm.
Optical power
3 2. An engineer must carry an optical power meter when maintaining
meter
Raman links and ensure that the meter is normal and has sufficient
batteries before visiting a site.
1. It is used to check whether the pigtail end face is burned,
contaminated, or damaged.
4 Fiberscope 2. An engineer must carry a fiberscope when maintaining Raman links
and ensure that the fiberscope is normal and has sufficient batteries
before visiting a site.
1. It is used to clean fiber end faces.
Fiber end face 2. An engineer must carry a fiber end face cleaning tool when
5
cleaning tool maintaining Raman links and must check whether the fiber cleaning
tissue needs to be replaced before visiting a site.

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 Raman link fault handling
 Make sure on management that related RAU boards are off.
 Cut the splicing point of E2000 patch cord and street fiber
point.
 Splicing OTDR 2km dump fiber with street fiber.
 Test street fiber cut point and fix the fiber.
 Use OTDR with 2km dump fiber to test fiber status which
should match Raman requirement.
 Cut the splicing point and splice street fiber with E2000 patch
cord. Make sure the splicing point is 0.01dB from splicing
machine.
 Turn on the RAU Line port and query to confirm the status.

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  If a return loss alarm (RL_CRITICAL_LOW or RL_CRITICAL_HI) is
generated or the Raman laser cannot be turned on, ensure that
the Raman laser is turned off and check the street fiber again
until the laser can be turned on.
 Check the RL performance under NE explorer- RAU board-
Performance- Current performance. The value should be
around 31.5 to 33.7. (If out of this value, please refer to Huawei
Engineer).
 Confirm RAU power on and gain is like the recorded value.
 Check NE alarm, If there is any abnormal alarm, shut down the
RAU and refer to Huawei Engineer.

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