Module 1: Structured Programming Paradigm
1. Explain the steps of algorithm development with an example.
Answer:
Steps of algorithm development:
1. Understand the problem: Clearly define the input, process, and
output.
2. Plan the solution: Write logical steps to solve the problem.
3. Design the algorithm: Represent the solution step-by-step.
4. Implement the algorithm: Write the corresponding code.
Example: Algorithm to find the largest of two numbers:
o Step 1: Start.
o Step 2: Input two numbers, a and b.
o Step 3: If a > b, print a is the largest; else, print b is the largest.
o Step 4: Stop.
2. Describe the structure of a C program with an example.
Answer:
A C program typically has the following structure:
1. Preprocessor directives: Include libraries using #include.
2. Global declarations: Declare global variables/constants if needed.
3. Main function: Contains the core logic of the program.
4. User-defined functions: Additional functions to perform specific tasks.
Example:
#include <stdio.h> // Preprocessor directive
int sum(int a, int b); // Function prototype
int main() { // Main function
int x = 5, y = 10;
printf("Sum: %d\n", sum(x, y));
return 0;
}
int sum(int a, int b) { // User-defined function
return a + b;
}
3. What are preprocessor directives? Explain their types with examples.
Answer:
Preprocessor directives are instructions executed before the compilation of
code.
Types:
o File inclusion (#include): Includes libraries.
Example: #include <stdio.h>
o Macro substitution (#define): Defines constants or macros.
Example: #define PI 3.14
o Conditional compilation (#ifdef): Compiles specific code based on
conditions.
Example:
o #ifdef DEBUG
o printf("Debugging enabled\n");
o #endif
4. Explain the different types of storage classes in C.
Answer:
Storage classes define the scope, lifetime, and visibility of variables.
o auto: Default for local variables. Limited to the block in which declared.
o register: Stored in a CPU register for faster access.
o static: Retains value between function calls.
o extern: Declared outside all functions; accessible globally.
Example:
void func() {
static int count = 0; // Retains value between calls
count++;
printf("%d\n", count);
}
5. What are pointers? Write a program to swap two numbers using
pointers.
Answer:
Pointers are variables that store the memory address of another variable.
Program to swap two numbers:
#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *a, int *b) {
int temp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = temp;
int main() {
int x = 5, y = 10;
printf("Before swap: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);
swap(&x, &y);
printf("After swap: x = %d, y = %d\n", x, y);
return 0;
}
6. Explain different types of operators in C with examples.
Answer:
Operators in C are categorized as:
o Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
Example: a + b adds a and b.
o Relational operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
Example: a < b checks if a is less than b.
o Logical operators: &&, ||, !
Example: (a > 0) && (b > 0) checks if both are positive.
o Bitwise operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
Example: a & b performs a bitwise AND.
o Assignment operators: =, +=, -=, etc.
Example: a += b adds b to a.
7. What are formatted I/O functions? Give examples.
Answer:
Formatted I/O functions handle input and output with specified formats.
o printf: Outputs data with formatting.
Example: printf("Value: %d", x);
o scanf: Reads formatted input.
Example: scanf("%d", &x);
Example program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int age;
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d", &age);
printf("Your age is %d\n", age);
return 0;
Module 2: Iterative Statements and File Operations
8. What is recursion? Write a program to find the factorial of a number
using recursion.
Answer:
Recursion is a technique where a function calls itself to solve smaller
instances of a problem.
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0)
return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
int main() {
int num = 5;
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", num, factorial(num));
return 0;
}
9. Explain the difference between while and do-while loops with examples.
Answer:
o while loop: Condition is checked before executing the loop body.
Example:
o int i = 0;
o while (i < 5) {
o printf("%d\n", i);
o i++;
o }
o do-while loop: Loop body is executed at least once before checking
the condition.
Example:
o int i = 0;
o do {
o printf("%d\n", i);
o i++;
o } while (i < 5);
10. What are bitwise operators? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Bitwise operators manipulate individual bits of data.
o & (AND): Sets a bit to 1 if both bits are 1.
Example: 5 & 3 results in 1 (0101 & 0011 = 0001).
o | (OR): Sets a bit to 1 if either bit is 1.
Example: 5 | 3 results in 7 (0101 | 0011 = 0111).
o ^ (XOR): Sets a bit to 1 if bits are different.
Example: 5 ^ 3 results in 6 (0101 ^ 0011 = 0110).
o ~ (NOT): Inverts the bits.
11. Explain file operations in C with examples.
Answer:
File operations in C include:
o Opening a file: fopen().
Example: FILE *fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");
o Reading a file: fscanf(), fgets(), or fgetc().
Example: fscanf(fp, "%s", str);
o Writing to a file: fprintf() or fputc().
Example: fprintf(fp, "Hello World");
o Closing a file: fclose().
Example: fclose(fp);
