Department of Electrical Engineering
EE-330 Digital Signal Processing
Lab1: MATLAB REVIEW-Signals & Systems Fundamentals
Lab1: MATLAB REVIEW-Signals & Systems Fundamentals
Objectives
The purpose of this lab is to review the fundamentals of signals and systems with MATLAB,
particularly:
Signal transformations (shifting, inversion, scaling)
Even and Odd parts of a signal
Convolution operator-the basic property of Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems
Lab Instructions
The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation
Each group shall submit one lab report on LMS within 5 days after the lab is conducted. Lab
report submitted via email will not be graded.
Students are encouraged to practice on their own in spare time to enhance their skills.
Lab Report Instructions
All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following
items:
Lab objectives
MATLAB codes
Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed.
Conclusion
1.1 Matrices/vectors in MATLAB
(a) Make sure that you understand the colon notation. In particular, explain in words what the following
MATLAB code will produce
jkl = 0 : 6;
jkl = 4 : 4 : 17;
jkl = 99 : -1 : 88;
ttt = 2 : (1/9) : 4;
tpi = pi * [ 0:0.1:2 ];
(b) Extracting and/or inserting numbers into a vector is very easy to do. Consider the following definition
of xx:
xx = [zeros(1,3), linspace(0,1,5), ones(1,5)];
[s1 s2] = size(xx);
s3 = length(xx);
Explain the results echoed from the last four lines of the above code.
What’s the difference between a length and a size statement for a matrix? To test this define a matrix X
with arbitrary inputs, having multiple rows and columns and test the output of length() and size() function
on it.
(c) Assigning selective values in a matrix differently. Comment on the result of the following
assignments:
yy = xx;
yy(4:6) = pi*(1:3);
1.2 Creating a M-file
Go to File > New > M–file. MATLAB editor will open up. Enter the following code in the editor and
then save the file as Namelab1.m
tt = -1 : 0.01 : 1;
xx = cos( 5*pi*tt );
zz = 1.4*exp(j*pi/2)*exp(j*5*pi*tt);
plot( tt, xx, ’b-’, tt, real(zz), ’r--’ ), grid on
%<--- plot a sinusoid
title(’TEST PLOT of a SINUSOID’)
xlabel(’TIME (sec)’)
Now go to Command Window and type
mylab1 %<---will run the commands in the file
type mylab1 %<---will type out the contents of
% mylab1.m to the screen
1.3 Functions-Key to Efficient Coding
It is often convenient to define functions so that they may used at multiple instances and with different
inputs. Functions are a special type of M-file that can accept inputs (matrices and vectors) and may return
outputs. The keyword function must appear as the first word in the M-file that defines the function, and
the first line of the M-file defines how the function will pass input and output arguments. The file
extension must be lower case “m” as in my func.m. The following function has a few mistakes. Before
looking at the correct one below, try to find these mistakes (there are at least three):
Matlab mfile [xx,tt] = badcos(ff,dur)
%BADCOS Function to generate a cosine wave
% xx = badcos(ff,dur)
% ff = desired frequency in Hz
% dur = duration of the waveform in seconds
tt = 0:1/(100*ff):dur; %-- gives 100 samples per period
badcos = cos(2*pi*freeq*tt);
The corrected function should look something like:
function [xx,tt] = goodcos(ff,dur)
tt = 0:1/(100*ff):dur; %-- gives 100 samples per period
xx = cos(2*pi*ff*tt);
Notice the word “function” in the first line. Also, “freeq” has not been defined before being used. Finally,
the function has “xx” as an output and hence “xx” should appear in the left-hand side of at least one
assignment line within the function body. The function name is not used to hold values produced in the
function.
1.4 Review of Basic Signals and Systems
a) Even and odd parts of a signal:
Any signal x[n] can be decomposed into its even part and odd parts as:
1
x e ( n )= [ x ( n )+ x(−n)]
2
1
x 0 ( n )= [x ( n )−x (−n)]
2
Write a simple MATLAB code (in the form of a function) that allows you to decompose a signal into its
even and odd parts.
Note: The function takes two inputs n, the timing index and x the values of the signal at the designated
time instants. The function outputs include the two sub-functions, x_e and x_o along with the timing
index.
Test your function on the following signal x[n] and compute its even and odd parts.
{
¿2 n=0
¿5 n=1
x [ n ] = ¿−1 n=2
¿4 n=3
¿−5 n=4
¿0 elsewhere
b) First order Difference equation:
Recall that one way of defining the LTI systems is through the difference equations that relate the
input x[n] to the output y[n].
Consider the first order system defined by the difference equation as follows (we’ll review the
discussion on how determination of order for a difference equation later):
y[n] = a. y[n-1] + x[n]
Write a function y = diffeqn (a, x, y[-1]) which computes the output y[n] of the system determined by
the given equation. The vectors x[n] contains the signal as defined in the upper part and y[n] = 0 for
n < 1.
c) Convolution of signals
Recall that one the most convenient ways to represent an LTI system is through its impulse response
h[n]. Once the impulse response of a system is known, the output (response) of the system to any
given input can be computed using the convolution operator as:
∞
y [ n]= ∑ x [ k ] h [ n−k ]
k=−∞
The convolution essentially involves two operations: flipping either the input signal or the impulse
response (as in above equation) and then sliding the flipped signal.
i. Write your own convolution function, myconv.m that computes the convolution between the two
signals (or the output of passing an input signal through a system). Designate all the necessary inputs
for your function, considering that the input signal and the impulse response may start at some ‘ n’
that is negative. The function output is obviously the system output along with the timing index for
the output n1, which must be set manually. Your function should work on any general signal and the
impulse response (of finite length).
ii. Test your function on the signal and the impulse response provided in the figures below and verify
the correctness of your function through a comparison of manual computation of the convolution for
the given signal and a plot of your function’s output.
h[n]
5
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
x[n]
5
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
n
iii. MATLAB has a built-in function ‘conv’ that performs the same operation. Compare the
results of part (ii) with the conv function of MATLAB.
iv. Consider now that x[n] starts from n = -1 and h[n] starts from -2. What will be the result of
convolution then? Plot the corresponding output signal using the stem command and proper
timing axis.
