Chapter 5 Limitations of Euler’s Formula

1. If P/A exceeds the proportional limit the

Axially Loaded Compression Euler’s formula is not applicable
2. If L/r < 100 Euler’s formula is not valid and
Members the proportional limit is the critical stress: P/A
= proportional limit.
Axially Loaded Compression Members
Example 1
A column is a compression member that is so A column having a length of 7 m is to support an
slender compare to its length that usually it fails by axial load of 450 KN. Design a W section to carry
buckling rather than by crushing. They are classified the given loads using Euler’s formula with a
as short, intermediate and long column. proportional limit of 200 MPa., E = 200000 MPa and
Euler’s Formula a factor of safety of 3.
a. Assume both ends are hinged
b. Assume one end fixed and the other end
Buckling Stress hinged

⁄
 Example 2

The initial compressive force of a steel column can

be determined by . The proportional limit is
320 MPa. The x – axis has an unbraced length of 8m
which is pinned at the top and fixed at the bottom
with k = 0.70 to prevent sideway. The y-axis has an
unbraced length of 4 m due to the bracing at the
mid-height.

The properties of the column are the following:

A =8129 mm2
Ix = 178.3x106 mm4
Iy = 18.8 x106 mm4
Fy =345 MPa
E = 200 GPa

a. Determine the critical slenderness ratio

b. Compute the initial compressive load of the
column

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 1

 c. What is the minimum length that will not Example 3
exceed the proportional limit?
A W250 x 73 is to serve as a pin ended 12 m long
column is braced at mid-height with respect to its
weak axis. The proportional limit is 235 MPa.
Properties of safety of 2.5
A = 9280 mm
D = 253 mm
Rx = 110
Ry = 64.7
Ix =113x 106 mm4
Iy = 38.8 x 106 mm4
a. Determine the slenderness ration with
respect to y –axis
b. Determine the Euler’s buckling stress
c. Determine the allowable axial compressive
load using a factor of safety of 2.5

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 2

 Chapter 6
Welded Connection

Welded Connection
Welding is a process of joining two pieces of metal
by heating their surfaces to a plastic or fluid state
and allow the parts to fuse together usually with the
addition of other molten material.

Arc Welding is the general term for the many

processes that use electrical energy in the form of
electrical arc to generate the heat necessary for
welding.

Types of welding process

a. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

This is the most common welding method
using metallic rod which is used as the
electrode.

b. Submerged (or hidden) Arc Welding (SAW)

This method of welding is most often used in
fabrication shop. The joint is aligned and
covered with a blanket of granular fusible
material and the electrode is inserted into
the granular material, the arc produced
and the melting of electrode and base
metal takes place.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 3

 c. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
In this process the electrode is a continuous wire
that is fed from a coil through the electrode holder.
The shielding is entirely from an externally supplied
gas or gas mixture.

Three Classifications of Welds

1. Based upon the type of welds
a. Fillet welds
b. Groove welds
i. Complete penetration
ii. Partial penetration
c. Plugged welds
d. Slot welds
2. Based upon the type of joint used
a. Butt joint  Minimum effective length of fillet welds on
b. Lap joint the basis of strength shall not be less than 4
c. Tee joint times the nominal size or else the size of the
d. Edge weld should be considered not to exceed ¼
e. Corner of its effective length.
3. Based on the position of welds
a. Flat weld  Effective net area of Fillet Welds
b. Horizontal weld Ae = uAg
c. Vertical weld Where Ae = net area of member
d. Overhead weld Ag = gross area of member
U = reduction coefficient

Theoretical Throat for Fillet Weld Values of Reduction Coefficient

 For SMAW Process o When L > 2 W then U = 1.0
1. Te = 0.707 t (for equal legs of nominal size t) o When 1.5 W < L < 2W then U = 0.87
t = size of the fillet weld in mm o When W < L < 1.5W then U = 0.75
Where L = weld length
2. for unequal legs of nominal size a
√ W = plate width (distance bet welds)
and b
 For SAW Process  Lap Joints
1. When t < 10 mm The minimum lap shall be 5 time the thickness of the
Te = t thinner part joined but not less than 25 mm.
2. When t > 10 mm
Te = 0.707 t + 3 mm  End Returns
(Sometimes called Boxing)
NSCP Specifications for Fillet Welds Slide of end fillet weld terminating at ends or sides
1. Effective area shall be taken as the respectively or parts or members shall, wherever
effective length times effective throat practicable, be returned continuously around the
thickness: corners for a distance not less than 2 times the
A = 0.707 t L (SMAW Process) nominal size of the weld.
2. Effective length of fillet welds except fillet
welds in holes and slots shall be the overall Allowable Stresses of Fillet Weld
length of full size fillets including returns. 1. Tension or compression for weld metal
3. Effective throat thickness shall be the Ft = 0.60 Fy
shortest distance from the root of the joint to 2. Shear stress for fillet welds
the face of the diagrammatic weld except Fv = 0.30 Fu
that for fillet welds made by SAW process.
Te = t for t  10 mm Welding electrodes
Te = 0.707 t + 3mm for t > 10 mm Electrode numbering system which classify welding
electrodes
 Minimum and Maximum Size of welds E xxx b c
ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 4
Where E = electrode
xxx = two or three digit number indicating
the ultimate strength of the weld metal such as 60
ksi (415 MPa)
b = digit to indicate the suitability of welding
position which maybe flat, horizontal, vertical or
orverhead. (1 for all position; 2 suitable for horizontal
fillets and flat positions of work)
c = digit indicating current supply and
welding technique (1 = either ac or dc current; 2 dc
straight polarity; and 3 = dc reversed polarity) Problem 4
 Example E 6011 A welded connection is shown. An A 36 stee is used
- It is an electrode with Fu = 60 Ksi (450 MPa) and size of fillet weld is 8mm. Use E70 electrodes.
which is an all position welding and for use a. Compute the capacity of the
with either ac or dc current. connection using SMAW process
 Example E7021 b. Compute the capacity of the
connection using SAW process
Minimum tensile strength of Electrodes
Electrodes Fu
E 60 415 MPa
E 70 485 MPa
E 80 550 MPa
E 90 620 MPa
E 100 690 MPa
E 110 760 MPa
E 120 825 MPa

Problem 1 Problem 5
Determine the allowable shear force for a 12 mm An angular section 100 mm x 87.5 mm x 6 mm is
fillet weld using E 70 electrodes. connected to a 10 mm gusset plate by fillet weld as
a. Using SMAW process shown. Using NSCP Specifications and E 70
b. Using Saw Process electrodes and A 36 steel
Properties of 100 mm x 87.5 mm x 6mm
Problem 2 A = 1668 mm2
A lap joint shown is welded using fillet weld with E 60 yc = 29.46 mm
electrodes (Fu = 415 MPa and Fy = 250 MPa) Use a. Compute the design force of the
SMAW process welded connection
a. Design the size of the fillet weld b. Compute the size of weld
b. Compute the value of a appropriate for the connection
c. Compute the length of end returns c. Compute the value of L using static
b loading

Problem 3
A lap joint shown is welded using fillet weld with an
electrode E 70. Use SAW process

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 5

Problem 6
A 180 mm x 90mm x 12 mm angular section is
welded to a gusset plate having a thickness of 12
mm. An A36 steel is used with an E 70 electrodes
fillet welds.
Properties of 150 mm x 90 mm x 12 mm
A = 2903 mm2 yc = 52.83 mm
a. Compute the design force P
b. Compute for “a” using dynamic
method of analysis
c. Compute for “b” using dynamic
method of analysis

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 6