Set 1
1. Features of Cloud Services
• Storage: Stores large amounts of data securely.
• Scalability: Adjusts resources as per demand.
• Accessibility: Accessible from anywhere via the internet.
• Backup and Recovery: Ensures data safety and recovery.
• Cost Efficiency: Reduces infrastructure costs.
2. Role of Sensors in IoT
• Data Collection: Gather data from the environment.
• Real-time Monitoring: Provide continuous updates.
• Automation: Enable smart decisions without human input.
• Integration: Connect with IoT systems for seamless operation.
• Energy Efficiency: Helps optimize resource usage.
3. Difference Between Constant and Variable
• Constant: Fixed value; does not change during execution.
• Variable: Stores data; value can change during execution.
• Usage: Constants for fixed settings, variables for dynamic data.
• Declaration: Constants use const keyword; variables don’t.
• Examples: Pi (constant), Temperature (variable).
4. Different Executive Blocks in IDE
• Editor: Write and edit code.
• Compiler: Converts code to machine language.
• Debugger: Detects and fixes errors in code.
• Terminal/Output: Displays program results.
• Project Explorer: Organizes project files.
5. Significance of Input and Output Control in Arduino
• Inputs: Read data from sensors (e.g., temperature, motion).
• Outputs: Control devices like LEDs or motors.
• Automation: Enables automated systems.
• Efficiency: Saves energy by controlling devices smartly.
• Flexibility: Supports diverse projects.
6. How Tinkercad is Used in Arduino Simulation
• Circuit Design: Create virtual Arduino circuits.
• Simulation: Test code and components virtually.
• Debugging: Fix issues before real-world implementation.
• Learning Tool: Ideal for beginners to practice coding.
• Safe Environment: No risk of damaging hardware.
7. Role of Flame Sensor in Fire Alarm
• Detection: Senses infrared light from flames.
• Alerting: Triggers alarms or notifications.
• Safety: Provides early warning for fire hazards.
• Automation: Can activate sprinklers or extinguishers.
• Integration: Works with IoT systems for remote monitoring.
8. Gases Measured by MQ2 Sensor
• Methane (CH₄)
• Propane (C₃H₈)
• Hydrogen (H₂)
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Smoke and Alcohol Vapors
9. How Temperature Control System Functions
• Sensor Input: Measures current temperature.
• Controller Logic: Compares it with the desired temperature.
• Output Action: Activates heating/cooling devices as needed.
• Automation: Maintains constant temperature efficiently.
• Feedback: Continuously adjusts based on sensor data.
10. Main Components in Interfacing Sensor with Microcontroller
• Sensor: Detects and measures physical parameters.
• Microcontroller: Processes sensor data.
• ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital.
• Power Supply: Provides energy to the system.
• Communication Lines: Transmit data between components.
Set 2
1. Importance of Communication Protocol
• Data Transfer: Ensures accurate and secure data exchange.
• Standardization: Allows devices to communicate seamlessly.
• Interoperability: Connects devices from different manufacturers.
• Efficiency: Optimizes resource usage and reduces latency.
• Reliability: Ensures consistent communication.
2. IoT Architecture Layer Processing Data
• Processing Layer: Handles data collected by devices.
• Edge Computing: Processes data near the source for quick results.
• Cloud Layer: Performs complex analysis and storage.
• Middleware: Manages device-to-cloud integration.
• Example Protocols: MQTT, HTTP.
3. How to Use Serial Monitor in Arduino Code
• Open Tool: Found in Arduino IDE under "Tools > Serial Monitor."
• Begin Communication: Use Serial.begin(9600) in setup().
• Print Messages: Use Serial.print() or Serial.println().
• Monitor Data: Displays real-time input/output from Arduino.
• Debugging: Useful for testing and debugging code.
4. What is PWM in Arduino Uno
• Pulse Width Modulation: Simulates analog output using digital signals.
• Control Speed: Used for motor speed or LED brightness.
• Pins: Available on specific pins (e.g., 3, 5, 6).
• Duty Cycle: Adjusts ON/OFF ratio to vary output.
• Efficient Control: Saves power compared to constant voltage.
5. Role of Control Statement in Arduino Programming
• Decision Making: Executes code based on conditions.
• Flow Control: Manages program sequence (if-else, switch).
• Loops: Repeats tasks efficiently (for, while).
• Automation: Responds dynamically to inputs.
• Error Handling: Prevents unexpected behavior.
6. Types of Loops in Arduino Program
• for Loop: Repeats a block a specific number of times.
• while Loop: Runs while a condition is true.
• do-while Loop: Executes at least once before checking the condition.
• loop() Function: Continuously runs after setup().
• Usage: Handles repetitive tasks efficiently.
7. Sensor Used to Detect Gas Leakage
• MQ2 Sensor: Commonly used for gas leakage detection.
• MQ3 Sensor: Detects alcohol and other gases.
• Other Options: MQ5, MQ6 for specific gases.
• Infrared Sensors: Used for specific chemical detection.
• Application: Monitors gases like methane and LPG.
8. Advantages of Wi-Fi
• Wireless: Eliminates the need for cables.
• Fast Data Transfer: Provides high-speed internet access.
• Easy Setup: Simple to connect devices.
• Wide Coverage: Supports multiple devices over a broad area.
• IoT Integration: Essential for smart devices.
9. How Gas Leakage is Detected
• Sensors: MQ series detect gases like LPG, methane, CO.
• Alarm Systems: Trigger audible or visual alerts.
• Data Analysis: Microcontroller processes sensor data.
• Automation: Activates safety measures like ventilation.
• IoT Systems: Enable remote monitoring and notifications.
10. Challenges in Integrating Technology into IoT
• Compatibility: Ensuring devices work together seamlessly.
• Data Security: Protecting sensitive information.
• High Costs: Initial setup and maintenance expenses.
• Scalability: Managing increased device numbers efficiently.
• Energy Consumption: Optimizing power usage.
