Data
Science
Section2
String Operations
and functions
String operations and functions (cont.)
➢ To get the length of a string, use the len()
function.
➢ find() Searches the string for a specified
value and returns the position of where it was
found.
✓Note : Both index() and find() are identical in that
they return the index position of the first occurrence
of the substring from the main string.
✓The main difference is that Python find() produces
-1 as output if it is unable to find the substring,
whereas index() throws a ValueError exception.
String operations and functions (cont.)
➢ replace() Returns a string where a
specified value is replaced with a
specified value.
✓Note: this function not modified the original
variable.
➢ count() Returns the number of times a
specified value occurs in a string.
➢ F-strings provide a concise and
convenient way to embed python
expressions inside string literals for
formatting.
While loop
iterations
➢Iteration means executing the same block of code over and over,
potentially many times. A programming structure that implements
iteration is called a loop.
➢Example of basic while loop syntax:
while <expr>:
<statement(s)>
<statement(s)>: represents the block to be repeatedly executed,
often referred to as the body of the loop.
Nested while loop example
Break and continue statements
➢Python provides two keywords that terminate a loop iteration
prematurely:
• With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while
condition is true.
• With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration and
continue with the next.
For loop
For loop
➢A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a
list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a string).
For loop (cont.)
➢Looping Through a List :
➢Looping Through a String :
For loop (cont.)
➢The range() Function
✓To loop through a set of code a specified number of
times, we can use the range() function.
✓The range() function returns a sequence of numbers,
starting from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by
default), and ends at a specified number.
✓Note that range(5) is not the values of 0 to 5, but the
values 0 to 4.
✓range(2, 6), which means values from 2 to 6 (but not
including 6).
✓The range() function defaults to increment the
sequence by 1, however it is possible to specify the
increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2,
20, 2).
Functions
Function
➢In python, a function is a group of related statements that
performs a specific task.
➢Functions help break our program into smaller chunks.
➢As our program grows larger and larger, functions make it more
organized and manageable.
➢Furthermore, it avoids repetition and makes the code reusable.
➢Syntax of function :
Function Example
➢In this example we have defined a simple function named
my_function that print a message, then we call the function
using its name.
➢Keyword def that marks the start of the function header.
➢A function name to uniquely identify the function.
➢Parameters (arguments) through which we pass values to
function.
Parameters or Arguments?
➢The terms parameter and argument can
be used for the same thing: information
that are passed into a function.
➢A parameter is the variable listed inside
the parentheses in the function definition.
➢An argument is the value that is sent to
the function when it is called.
➢Parameters are optional.
➢Return statement is optional.
Functions (cont.)
➢Default Parameter Value
▪ The following example shows how to use a
default parameter value.
▪ If we call the function without argument, it
uses the default value:
➢Return multiple values
Functions (cont.)
➢Arbitrary Arguments, *args
▪ If you do not know how many arguments that
will be passed into your function, add a *
before the parameter name in the function
definition.
▪ This way the function will receive a tuple of
arguments and can access the items
accordingly.
➢Lamda function:
▪ A lambda function is a small anonymous
function.
▪ A lambda function can take any number of
arguments but can only have one expression.
Modules
Module
➢A file containing a set of functions
you want to include in your
application.
➢we can use any module by using the
import statement.
➢There are several built-in modules in
Python, which you can import
whenever you like.
➢We can use dir() function to see all
the functions that are present in a
module
Math Module
Math Module
➢The Python math module is an important feature designed to deal
with mathematical operations. It comes packaged with the
standard Python release.
➢Since the math module comes packaged with the python release,
you don’t have to install it separately.
➢Importing the module :
➢Constants are available in math module:
▪ Pi (math.pi)
▪ Tau (math.tau)
▪ Euler’s Number (math.e)
▪ infinity
Math Module Functions
➢Some Arithmetic Functions:
➢ math.factorial() :Returns the factorial of a number.
➢ math.ceil() : Rounds a number up to the nearest integer.
➢ math.floor() :Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
➢ Math.trunc() : Returns the truncated integer parts of a float number.
➢Power and logarithmic functions:
➢ math.pow(x,y) :Returns the value of x to the power of y.
➢ math.exp(x) : Returns E raised to the power of x.
➢ math.log(x) : base is e.
➢ math.log10(x): base is 10.
➢ math.log2(x): base is 2.
➢ math.log(x,y): base is y.
➢ math.sqrt(x) :Returns the square root of a number x.
➢ https://www.w3schools.com/python/module_math.asp
