Chapter 1: Introduction Computer

Networks & Internet

 Content

▪ The concept
▪ Components of computer networks
▪ Types of networks
▪ OSI model
 What is a network?

▪ A network consists of two or more computers that are

linked in order to share resources (such as printers and
CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light
beams.
▪ Environments
– Homes
– Small businesses
– Large enterprises
 Large enterprise network
▪ Main office
– Several buildings
– Hundreds of employee
Home Mobile ▪ Remote location
Office Users
– Branch office:
Internet • Local network resource
• Access information from
main office
– Home office
• on-demand connections to
the main or branch offices
Branch Office Main Office
– Mobile users
• Connect while traveling
 Network devices

▪ PCs: ▪ Switch:
– End devices – Connect end-devices
– Data source & destination – Transmit data in local network
▪ Connection Link ▪ Routers
– NIC – Connect different networks
– Wire: cable; wireless; digital – Routing
– subscriber line (DSL), fiber
to the home (FTTH), …
Connection Internet Style
Connection Internet Style
Connection Internet Style
 Network Security

▪ Closed network
– Secure from outside
– Misuse from inside
▪ Open network
– More threats
– Grow e-business
▪ Balance between Closed network and
Open network
Closed network
Open network
 Devices symbols

Bridge Switch Router Access ISDN Multi-layer Network

server switch switch switch

DSU/CSU

Personal File Server Data Service Unit/ Modem Web Server

computer Channel Service Unit

WAN “cloud” VLAN Hub Network Cloud or

(Color May Vary) Broadcast Domain

Ethernet Fast Ethernet Serial Line Circuit Switched

Line
 Mapping

▪ Cloud: Internet or WAN ▪ PC: server.

▪ Round Shape: router. ▪ Laptop /monitor: End-devices
▪ Straight Line: Ethernet connection
▪ Square Shape: switch.
▪ Z line: serial connection
 Question

▪ How are the PCs connect together to

share data? For example: computer lab or
internet lab,…
 Network Protocol

▪ A network protocol defines rules and

conventions for communication between
network devices.
▪ Network protocols include mechanisms
for devices to identify and make
connections with each other, as well as
formatting rules that specify how data is
packaged into messages sent and
received
 Network Protocols
▪ TCP
▪ UDP
▪ FTP
▪ HTTP
▪ HTTPS
▪ DNS
▪ SMTP
▪ POP
▪ Telnet
▪ SSH
▪ …..
 Port Numbers

F T S D T S R
Application T E M N F N I
Layer P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T

21 23 25 53 69 161 520 Port

Transport Numbers
Layer TCP UDP
 Protocol vs Standard

▪ Protocol: a set of rules that governs

data communication.

▪ Standards: agreed-upon rules.

 Classification of computer networks

▪ Environments
– LAN
– MAN
– WAN
▪ Design
– Workgroup ( Peer-to-Peer)
– Client/Server
▪ Topology
Bus ; Point to Point
Star ; Tree ; Ring
Mesh ; Hybrid
– ….
 Type of network- Environments

❑ Local Area Network (LAN): many connected

computer in a building, campus or factory.
❑ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): network
across a small region or entire a city.
❑ Wide Area Network (WAN): cover a very large
area, such as entire country or entire the
world.
Type of network- Environments
LAN models
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

▪ Cover a city
▪ Interconnecting networks for a big company in a metropolitan
area
▪ Owned by Network Operators or big companies
▪ Exp, Cable TV networks
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

▪ Cover a country or continent

 Type of network- Design

❑Workgroup ( Peer-to-Peer)
 Type of network- Design

❑Client/Server
Type of network- Topology
 Components of a computer network

▪ Hosts (PCs, laptops, handhelds)

▪ Routers & Switches (IP router, Ethernet
switch)
▪ Links (wired, wireless)
▪ Protocols (IP, TCP, UDP, HTTPS,…)
▪ Applications (network services) - Server
▪ Humans and Service agents - Internet
Service Provider(ISP)
 Characteristics of a Network
▪ Speed (data rate):
– How fast data is transmitted
▪ Cost
– Cost of components, installation, and maintenance
▪ Security
– Both storage data and transmitted data
▪ Availability
– 24/7
▪ Scalability
– Meet new needs when the network grows.
▪ Reliability
– Probability of failure
▪ Topology
 Reduce common threats
▪ Physical installation
– Room: locked, only 1 door, electronic access, security cameras,…
– Environment: temperature and humidity control systems; electrostatic and magnetic
interference; remotely monitor and alarm the environmental; …
– Electrical: UPS, …
– Maintenance: label all equipment cabling; rack-to-rack connections; do not leave a
console connected; always log off administrative interfaces
▪ Reconnaissance Attacks
– information gathering
• determine which IP addresses
• determines which services or ports are active
• determine the type and version of the application and operating system
▪ Password Attacks
– Do not allow users to have the same password on multiple systems.
– Disable accounts after a specific number of unsuccessful logins.
– Do not use plaintext passwords.
– Use strong passwords.
 OSI Introduction

▪ Multi-vendors
▪ → one standard
▪ →OSI model
 OSI Introduction
▪ Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. Almost
three-fourths of countries in the world are represented in
the ISO.
▪ An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
 OSI Introduction
▪ OSI: is a set of protocols that allow any two different
systems to communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture. Allows complete interoperability between
systems

ISO is the organization;

OSI is the model.
OSI model overview
OSI model overview
 OSI model overview

Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session
 OSI model overview

Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session

Transport Layer

Network Layer
Data Flow
Layers
Data Link

Physical
 Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES

User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
 Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES

User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP

• How data is presented ASCII

Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG
 Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES

User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP

• How data is presented ASCII

Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG
Keeping different Operating System/
Session applications’
Application Access
data separate
Scheduling
 Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES

User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP

• How data is presented ASCII

Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG
Keeping different Operating System/
Session applications’
Application Access
data separate
Scheduling
Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data Link

Physical
 Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES

• Move bits between devices

Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
 Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES

• Combines bits into bytes and

bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
 Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES

Provide logical addressing which IP

Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
 Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES

• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP

Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
• Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection (not correction)
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
 Role of Data Flow Layers
Application
Presentation
EXAMPLES
Session
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP
Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link
• Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
pin-out cables V.35
 OSI model overview
OSI model:
Upper layers (L4 – L7): implemented mostly in software
Lower layers (L2 & L3): combination of software and hardware.
Physical layer (L1): mostly in hardware.

Each layer adds header to the message except layer 2 adds header
and a trailer.
Encapsulating Data
 Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation DATA
Upper Layer Data Session
Segment
Transport
TCP Header Upper Layer Data

Network Packet
IP Header Data

LLC Header Data FCS

Data Link Frame

MAC Header Data FCS

Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
 De-encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper Layer Data
Transport
Upper Layer Data

Network
TCP+ Upper Layer Data

IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Data Link

LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Physical
0101110101001000010
 Sending Data

An exchange using the OSI model

Protocol Data Unit PDU
Protocols on each layers
 Summary

1. How to connect to the internet ?

2. Basic network devices
3. Characteristics of network
4. Network Classification
5. Components of Network
6. What is OSI model
7. Functions of each layer