ST CLEMENT’S SECONDARY SCHOOL

Hardware of the computer system

Senior Secondary Grade 10

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 hardware
▪ Hardware refers to the physical components of a
computer that you can see and touch. Such as
keyboard, mouse.

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 TYPES OF INPUT
DEVICES

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 INPUT DEVICES
❑These are devices that are used to enter data
into a computer system.
▪ Mouse
▪ Keyboards
▪ Scanners
▪ Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
▪ Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
▪ Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
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 Mouse
▪ It is a pointing device.
▪ Pointing devices minimize the amount of
typing user has to do to enter data or
interact with the computer.

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 Types of computer mouse
▪ Bluetooth mouse
▪ Trackball mouse
▪ Optical mouse
▪ Laser mouse
▪ Magic mouse
▪ USB mouse
▪ Vertical mouse
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 Bluetooth Trackball Optical Laser
mouse mouse mouse mouse

Magic mouse
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Vertical mouse USB mouse
 Wheel button

Right mouse
Left mouse button
button

▪ A Right-click displays a shortcut menu

▪ A Left double-click starts a program
▪ A left triple-click selects a paragraph
▪ The wheel scrolls up or down
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▪ An optical mouse has no moving mechanical
parts and uses light technology to detect
movements.
▪ A wireless (codeless) mouse is a battery-
operated mouse uses wireless technology.

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 Exercise
1.What is an hardware?
2.State three examples of hardware.
3.List two input devices.
4.Give two types of mouse.

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Keyboards

▪ A keyboard is an input device that contains keys

(buttons) that user presses to enter data and
instructions into a computer.
▪ A typical keyboard has 101 to 105 keys.
▪ Keyboard has a standard QWERTY layout similar
to typewriter.

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 Types of keyboards
▪ There are two main types of computer
keyboards Basic and Extended keyboards.
Other types
▪ Ergonomic keyboard
▪ Wireless keyboard
▪ Membrane keyboard
▪ Virtual keyboard
▪ QWERTY keyboard
▪ Numeric keypads
▪ USB keyboards
▪ Bluetooth keyboard
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 USB
Wireless keyboard
keyboard

Ergonomic
keyboard
Bluetooth keyboard

Membrane
keyboard
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Virtual keyboard
Advantages of a keyboard

▪ Keyboards are cheap

▪ Keyboards come standard when buying a
computer
▪ Specialized keyboards are available

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 Disadvantages of keyboards
▪ User must learn how to type
▪ Prolonged frequent use cause injuries to the hands
and wrists, known as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs)
▪ They are difficult for people wit paralysis or muscular
disorder to use.

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 Scanners
▪ An optical scanner scans an image, printed text,
handwriting or an object and converts it into a digital
image.
▪ Most scanners have optical character recognition (OCR)
software, which enables the scanner to read and convert
text document into electronic files.
▪ OCR software saves time for the user by not having to
retype information.
▪ It increases productivity and efficiency in the workplace.

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 Advantages of a scanner
▪ Scanned images can be included in electronic
documents or can serve as attachments for
further use.
▪ Scanned images can be manipulated using
graphics application.
▪ Old documents can be stored in digital form.

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 Disadvantages
▪ Images can take a lot of memory space.
▪ Images lose some quality in the scanning process.
▪ The quality of the final image is dependent on the
quality of the original image.

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 Types of scanners
▪ Flatbed scanner
▪ Handheld scanner
▪ Photo scanner
▪ Portable scanner
▪ Film scanner
▪ Drum scanner
▪ Barcode scanner
▪ 3D scanner

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portable
scanner
drum scanner
Flatbed
scanner
barcode film scanner
scanner

handheld
scanner photo
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3D scanner scanner
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
▪ Is a technology that can read typewritten, computer printed or
handwritten characters from hardcopy documents and convert
them into images, which computer can process.
▪ OCR devices contain a small optical scanner or OCR software
to analyse what is read.
▪ During the scan, an ORC device determines the shape of
characters by detecting patterns of light and dark, then
compares each shape with predefined shapes stored in
memory
▪ Companies use OCR characters on turnaround documents.
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 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR)
▪ Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) reads the
magnetic ink characters that are printed at the bottom of
each check in the bank check book.
▪ When a bank receives a check for payment, it uses an
MICR inscriber to print the amount of the check in MICR
character in the lower right corner.
▪ Each check is inserted into an MICR reader, which converts
the magnetic ink characters into a form that can be
processed by a computer.
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 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
▪ It captures human-marked data from printed forms,
such as surveys, test forms or questionnaires.
▪ It is used where large volumes of hand-marked forms
have to be captured quickly and accurately

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 The elements of the input phase
▪ Input refers to any data or instructions that you enter into a computer’ s
primary memory. (RAM)
▪ Data is a collection of unprocessed facts , images, video or audio.
▪ Instructions entered into a computer can be inform of programs,
commands or user responses.
▪ A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer how to execute
the task.
▪ A command is an instruction that causes the computer to perform a
particular action.
▪ A user response is an instruction given by the user to a particular question
displayed by the program, the response to the question instructs the
program to perform certain functions.

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 PROCESSING
PHASE

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 Elements of processing phase
▪ In data processing cycle, processing refers to the
operations performed on data to produce information.
1.Memory
2.Random Access Memory (RAM)
3.Read Only Memory (ROM)
4.Cache memory
5.Central processing Unit (CPU)
6.System clock speed
7.Registers
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Memory

▪ Memory of the computer stores data and

programs during processing.
▪ Memory is divided into RAM and ROM

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 Random Access Memory (RAM)
▪ It is also referred to as main memory, primary or temporal
memory.
▪ It consists of one or more chips that are slotted into a predefined
slots.
▪ It is volatile memory, this means its content is lost when the
computer is switched off.
▪ It holds the operating system instructions that control the basic
functions of the computer.
▪ It holds the program instructions and data waiting to be
processed, displayed or printed.
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 Read-Only Memory
▪ This is the chip that stores data and instruction permanently
and has a small set of instruction called the ROM BIOS (basic
input/output system)
▪ The ROM BIOS includes the start-up (boot) instructions and
data used when a computer is first turned on and usually
execute without user intervention.
▪ The boot process is complete once the operating system is
loaded into RAM
▪ ROM is non-volatile, which means that it does not lose its
content when the computer is switched off.
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 Cache memory
▪ It is a high speed memory that is either stored as a
block of RAM or appears as a memory on its own.
▪ It stores frequently used instructions and data
▪ A level 1 (L1) cache is built into the processor chip.
▪ A level 2 (L2) cache is located on a separate chip.
▪ Its capacity is usually measured in megabytes (MB).

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 EXERCISE
1.Define a memory.
2.What does it mean the memory is non-
volatile?
3.List three elements of processing phase.
4.State the two categories of computer
memory
5.Explain the cache memory
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 Central processing Unit (CPU)
▪ Its is also called processor.
▪ It is the brain of the computer and responsible for processing
data into information in a systematic manner.
▪ It is most expensive single component of the computer.
▪ It can house more than one processing unit on a single chip is
called a multi-core processor.
▪ Multi-core processors such as dual-core and quad-core
processors are faster than processor with a single core.
▪ The CPU only responsible for processing and overall control of all
components in the computer.
▪ It contains the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit
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 Control Unit (CU)
▪ It’s a part of the CPU that directs the operation of the
processor.
▪ It directs the flow of data sequence between the processor
and other devices.
▪ It interprets the instructions.
▪ It has the responsibility to control the execution units such as
the ALU.
▪ It transfers data, communicates with the input and output
devices and controls all the units of the computer. It directs
and coordinates the operations in he computer.
▪ It fetches the data and instructions stored in the memory for
processing.
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 3. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
▪ It is a functional part of the computer that carries out
arithmetic and logic operations on the machine words that
represents operands.
The ALU Performs simple:
▪ addition,
▪ Subtraction
▪ Multiplication
▪ Division
▪ logic operations.

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 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
▪ It performs arithmetic operation. e.g.
Addition, subtraction etc.
▪ It performs logical operations. e.g.
comparing two numbers
▪ It uses the registers to hold data that is
being processed.

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 System clock speed
▪ It controls the timing of all computer operations in the
CPU.
▪ It is measured in the number of clock pulses per
second
▪ The faster the clock speed, the more instructions the
processor can execute.
▪ Current computers are measured in gigahertz. A
gigahertz equals one billion clock pulses.
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 Registers
▪ Registers are high-speed accessible
locations available to a computer’s
processor.
▪ They are used to when an instruction is
fetched from memory, decoded and then
executed.

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 Types of Registers
▪ Program counter(PC)
• It is special-purpose that is used by a processor to
hold the address of the next instruction to be
executed.
▪ Memory Data Register (MDR)
• This is the register that fetches and hold data from
RAM so that the ALU can have quick access data for
processing.
▪ Memory Address Register (MAR)
• it holds the addresses of data kept in MDR for
sequential processing by ALU.
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 Types of registers
▪ Current instruction Register (CIR)
• It holds current instructions from control unit (CU) to be
executed by ALU in a sequential way.
▪ Accumulator
• this is a pocket-like register that hold-processed data
from ALU so that data can be transferred back to
RAM when space is created in the RAM as data
move from RAM to cache memory.

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 Exercise
1.Define a register.
2.State two registers.
3.Describe the registers you have
mentioned in question 2.
4.Explain briefly why CPU needs cache
memory.
5.Describe how cache memory works.

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 The fetch-execute cycle
▪ The term machine cycle, instruction cycle or fetch-
execute cycle refers to the process in which a
computer executes a single instruction.
Step 1
fetch

Step 4 Step 2
Store Decode

Step 3
Execute
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 Step 1: Fetch
▪ The instruction is fetched from the memory.
▪ The address of the next instruction to executed
which is stored in in the PC is copied to the MAR.
▪ The instruction is currently held at that address is
placed in the MBR.
▪ Simultaneously, the content of the PC in
incremented by 1 to get read for the next instruction.
▪ The content of the MBR is copied to IR, which freeze
up the MBR for the execution phase.
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 Step: 2 Decode
▪ The CU can interpret the instructions stored
in the instruction Register, gather the
specified data or instruct the ALU to begin
processing.

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 Step: 3 Execute
▪ The instruction is executed- the ALU
performs logical and arithmetic
calculations on the data and results are
stored in the Accumulator Register.
▪ Results to be stored in the memory are
moved from AR to the memory buffer
register.
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 Step: 4 Store
▪ The content of the MBR is copied to
memory if necessary
▪ Personal Computers support pipelining.
This means when the processor begins
fetching a second instructions before it
completes the fetch-execute cycle for the
first instruction.

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 Exercise
The school secretary as asked you to explain
what happens during the fetch-execute cycle.
(a)Briefly explain what the fetch-execute cycle
is.
(b)explain the four basic operations.
(c)Briefly explain what pipelining is.

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 TYPES OF
OUTPUT DEVICES

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▪ Output devices are used to communicate output
(information) to the user.
▪ It is any device that communicates results of data
processing to the outside world.
▪ Output can be in form of text, video, audio and
graphics.
▪ Hardcopy (printout) output refers to a physically
printed copy of information from your computer.
▪ Softcopy output to electronic information that is
displayed on the screen.
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 Output devices
▪ Monitors
▪ Printers
▪ Speakers
▪ Fax machines
▪ Fax modem
▪ Multifunction devices
▪ Data projectors

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 Printers
▪ It produces a hardcopy of a text or graphics.
▪ Impact printer produces a copy using a mechanism
that hits against an inked ribbon, which strikes the
paper.
▪ A non-impact printer produces a copy without
physically striking the paper.
▪ Non-impact like laser printers are faster and quieter
than impact printers.

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 Laser printers
▪ It is a high-speed and high-quality printer
▪ It is a non-impact printer that operates by shining a
laser beam to produce an image on a drum.
▪ The drum is the rolled in toner (powdered ink) and
the electrically charged portions of the drum pick
it up the ink
▪ Finally, using the combination of heart and pressure
the ink is transferred to the paper.

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 Inkjet printers
▪ It is also known as Officejet, Bubblejet or Deskjet.
▪ It is a non-impact printer in which tiny drops of ink
are sprayed onto a page to create an image.
▪ These are popular colour printers for use in homes
or small businesses because of their lower cost
and good-quality prints.

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 Multifunction printers
▪ Its is also called an all-in-one device.
▪ It is a single device that offers combination of
functions such as copying, printing, faxing and
scanning.
▪ Its advantage is that it is convenient and offers
many functions.
▪ It is less expensive
▪ It is space-saving
▪ The disadvantage is that all its functionality is lost
when the printer malfunctions.
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 Purchasing a printer
▪ Purpose
▪ Inkjet or LaserJet
▪ Colour
▪ Cost
▪ Quality
▪ Speed
▪ Printer RAM
▪ Duplex printing
▪ Multifunction or standalone
▪ Standalone functions without a computer
▪ Network features
▪ Wireless printing
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 Monitors
▪ It is a device that displays text, graphics
and video.
▪ It is a visual window for the user.
▪ There are two types of monitors
1.Cathode ray tube (CRT)
2.Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

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Exercise

the school purchased two new printers.

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Cathode Ray Tube Liquid Crystal
Monitor
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Display
Factors to determine the quality of a
monitor

▪ Resolution
▪ Screen size
▪ Refresh quality
▪ Response time

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 LCD Projectors
A data projector receives signals from the
computer and projects them as images onto the
screen.
The produce low quality images.
Digital Light Processing projectors use tiny mirrors
to reflect light which produces sharper, brighter
and more colourful images.

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