Module 05: Microwave Passive components:

Microwave Networks - ABCD, ‘S’ parameter and its properties. E-Plane

Tee, H-Plane Tee, Magic Tee and Multi-hole directional coupler.
Principle of Faraday rotation, isolator, circulator and phase shifter.

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 N Port Microwave Network

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 S Parameters are formed from ratios of reflected and incident
wave amplitudes

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  S11 S12 
S   
 S 21 S 22 

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 Properties of Scattering Parameters

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 Two Port Network

Similarly
Output reflection coefficient

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  S11 S12 
S   
 S 21 S 22 

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A microwave network has the following S matrix referred to a system impedance
of Zo. Determine whether the network is reciprocal and lossless.

0.2  j 0.4 0.8  j 0.4

S    
 0.8  j 0.4 0.2  j 0.4 

Solution

Sij  S ji  Reciprocal

Sii  S jj & Sij  S ji  Symmetric

S11  S 21  0.2  0.4  0.8  0.4  1

2 2 2 2 2 2

 Lossless network

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A microwave network has the following S matrix referred to a system impedance
of Zo. Determine whether the network is reciprocal and lossless.

0.3 j 0.25 0.4 

S   0.7 0.1 j 0.6 
0.4 0.6  0.3
Solution

Sij  S ji  So circuit is not Reciprocal

Unitary property

S11  S 21  S31  0.3  0.7  0.4  0.74  1

2 2 2 2 2 2

 Lossy network

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A microwave network has the following S matrix referred to a system impedance
of Zo. Determine whether the network is reciprocal and lossless.

0.0530  0.960 0.190  0.0590  

 
 
0.0530  0.0590  0.190  
S    0 .96 0
0.190  0.0590  0.0430  0.960 
 
0.0590 0.190  0.960 0.0530 


Solution

Sij  S ji  Reciprocal

Unitary property

S11  S 21  S31  S 41  0.05  0.96  0.1  0.05  0.9366

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 Lossless network

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A two port network has the following S matrix referred to a system impedance of Zo.
i. Determine whether the network is reciprocal and lossless.
ii. If the load is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss at port1?
iii. If the load is terminated with a mismatch load of reflection coefficient -0.3, what is
the return loss at port1?
 0.10 0.890 
S     
 0.890 
0.2 0 
Solution
Sij  S ji  Reciprocal
i
S11  S 21  0.1  0.8  0.65  1
2 2 2 2
 lossy

S 21 L S12
ii Short circuit termination L  1 in  S11 
1  S 22 L
Re turn loss  20 log in  20 log 0.633  3.97 dB

iii Mismatch load L   0.3 in  0.281

Re turn loss  20 log in  20 log 0.281  11.02 dB

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 Ferrite Devices

• Isolator

• Gyrator

• Circulator
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 Faraday’s Rotation

• The rotation of electric field of linearly polarized wave passing

through a magnetized ferrite material is called as FARADAY
ROTATION.

• where the subscript “+” is for anti-clockwise polarization and

subscript “–“ for clockwise polarization.

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Isolator

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Gyrator

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Example1. An isolator has an insertion loss of 0.5 dB and an isolation of 30 dB.
Determine the scattering matrix of the isolator if the isolated ports are perfectly
matched to the junction.

Solution:

Insertion loss = -20 log |S21|

S21 = 0.9444

Isolation loss = -20 log |S12|

S12 = 0.0316

 0 0.0316
S    
 0.944 0 

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 Three Port Network (Circulator)

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 Circulator
A three-port network cannot be lossless, reciprocal and matched at all ports.
Proof

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 Circulator
Example 1: A three-port circulator has an insertion loss of 1 dB, an isolation
of 10 dB and a VSWR of 1.2.
(a) Find the S matrix
(b) Find the output power at port 2 and port 3 for an input power of 100 mW
at port 1.

Solution 1:

VSWR  1 1.2  1
   0.09  S11  S22  S33  0.09
VSWR  1 1.2  1
Isolation loss  20 log S31  0.316  S31  S 23  S12  0.316

Insertion loss  20 log S 21  0.89  S 21  S32  S132  0.89

 0.09 0.316 0.89 

S    0.89 0.09 0.316
0.316 0.89 0.09 
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Output power at port 2 and port 3 for an input power of 100 mW at port 1.

P1
Insertion loss  10 log   1 dB
P2
P1

 10 0.1
 1.2589,
P2
100 mW
P2   79.43 mW
1.2589

P1
Isolation loss  10 log   10 dB
P3
P1

 101
 10,
P3
100 mW
P3   10 mW
10

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 Power Dividers

• Waveguide Tee Junctions

• H plane Tee

• E Plane Tee

• E-H Plane Tee / Magic Tee

• Directional Coupler

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 H Plane Tee E Plane Tee

E-H Plane Tee Magic Tee

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 H Plane Tee

This type of waveguide junction is called an H-type T junction

because the long axis of the main top of the "T" arm is parallel to the
plane of the magnetic lines of force in the waveguide. It is
characterized by the fact that the two outputs from the top of the
"T" section in the waveguide are in phase with each other.

E
E
E

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 An H-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to a
rectangular waveguide which already has two ports. The arms of rectangular
waveguides make two ports called collinear ports i.e., Port1 and Port2, while the
new one, Port3 is called as Side arm or H-arm. This H-plane Tee is also called
as Shunt Tee.

As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the magnetic field, this junction is called H-
Plane Tee junction. This is also called as Current junction, as the magnetic field
divides itself into arms. The cross-sectional details of H-plane tee can be
understood by the following figure.

S23

S13
S33= 0

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 E Plane Tee

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 E Plane Tee
An E-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple waveguide to the broader
dimension of a rectangular waveguide, which already has two ports. The arms of
rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear ports i.e., Port1 and Port2, while
the new one, Port3 is called as Side arm or E-arm. T his E-plane Tee is also called as Series
Tee.
As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric field, this junction is called E-Plane Tee
junction. This is also called as Voltage or Series junction. The ports 1 and 2 are 180° out of
phase with each other. The cross-sectional details of E-plane tee can be understood by the
following figure.

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 Characteristics of E Plane Tee

In view (K), the input is fed into arm b and the outputs are taken from the a and c arms.
When the E field arrives between points 1 and 2, point 1 becomes positive and point 2
becomes negative. The positive charge at point 1 then induces a negative charge on the
wall at point 3. The negative charge at point 2 induces a positive charge at point 4.
These charges cause the fields to form 180 degrees out of phase in the main
waveguide; therefore, the outputs will be 180 degrees out of phase with each other.

In view (L), two in-phase inputs of equal amplitude are fed into the a and c arms. The
signals at points 1 and 2 have the same phase and amplitude. No difference of
potential exists across the entrance to the b arm, and no energy will be coupled out.

However, when the two signals fed into the a and c arms are 180 degrees out of phase,
as shown in view (M), points 1 and 2 have a difference of potential. This difference of
potential induces an E field from point 1 to point 2 in the b arm, and energy is coupled
out of this arm.

Views (N) and (P) illustrate two methods of obtaining two outputs with only one input.

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 E-H Plane Tee/ Magic Tee
An E-H Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching two simple waveguides one
parallel and the other series, to a rectangular waveguide which already has two
ports. This is also called as Magic Tee, or Hybrid or 3dB coupler.

The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called collinear ports i.e.,
Port 1 and Port 2, while the Port 3 is called as H-Arm or Sum port or Parallel
port. Port 4 is called as E-Arm or Difference port or Series port.

The cross-sectional details of Magic Tee can be understood by the following figure.

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Characteristics of E-H Plane Tee

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 Example 1. A signal of power 32 mW is fed into one of the
collinear ports of a lossless H Plane Tee. Determine the
powers in the remaining ports when other ports are
terminated by means of matched loads.

Solution

P2 = 8 mW
P3 = 16 mW
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 Four Port Network (Directional Coupler)

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 Four Port Network (Directional Coupler)

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 Four Port Network (Directional Coupler)

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 Four Port Network (Directional Coupler)

Q1. A directional coupler has the scattering matrix given below. Find the
directivity, Coupling, Isolation loss and return loss at the input port when all
other ports are terminated with matched load.

0.0530 0 0.9600 0.190 0 0.0590 0 

 
 0
0.0530 0 0.0590 0 0.190 0 
S    0 .96 0
0.190 0 0.0590 0 0.0430 0 0.9600 
 0
0.0590 0.190 0 0.9600 0.0530 
0

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Solution 1:

Re turn loss  20 log in  20 log S11  20 log 0.05  26 dB

Coupling loss  20 log S31  20 log 0.1  20 dB

S 31 0.1
Directivity  20 log  20 log  6 dB
S 41 0.05

Isolation loss  20 log S 41  20 log 0.05  26 dB

or

I CD
 20  6  26 dB

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Example: Assume a directional coupler with coupling factor of 4.5dB; isolation of 56dB. Find
the directivity and scattering matrix..

Solution:

D = I – C = 56dB - 4.5dB = 51.5 dB

C  20 log | S 31 |  4.5 dB, | S 31 |  0.595

Isolation Loss  20 log | S 41 |  56 dB . | S 41 |  0.00158

Applying lossles property | S 21 |  0.803

 0 0.803 0.595 0.00158

 0.803 
S   
0 0.00158 0.595 
0.595 0.00158 0 0.803 
 
 0.00158 0.595 0.803 0 

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