Republic of the Philippines

Tarlac State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Tarlac City

A111L – COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS AND PROGRAMMING 1

Prepared by

CID L. LAPUZ
Computer Fundamentals and Programming 1 Module 3: Computer Organization

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. To be able to identify the different parts of a computer.
2. To know the difference between hardware and software.
3. To be able to discuss the functions and interconnection of the different hardware parts of a computer.

ACTIVITY:
Choose any part of your body and imagine losing it. What do you think will its effect to your daily life?
Describe your thoughts and submit it to your instructor through e-mail.

PROCESSING:
Every part of a computer plays a vital role in its functionality. Proper interconnection of parts leads to an
efficiently running computer.

ABSTRACT:
DATA PROCESSING
DATA – the quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, being stored
and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.

DATA PROCESSING – is the manipulation of Data into a more useful form.

CATEGORIES OF DATA PROCESSING

 Mechanical Data Processing– a combination of manual procedures and mechanical equipment. The
system uses various devices as typewriters, sorters, calculators, collators, tabulators, duplicators, and
verifiers. Most of these systems operate on punched cards.
 Electronic Data Processing– uses different types of input, output, and storage devices maybe
interconnected to an electronic computer to process data.

ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP)

 Hardware – the physical parts or components of an electronic data processing, such as the monitor,
keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive, graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and
so on, all of which are tangible physical objects.
 Software – is that part of the EDP that consists of encoded information or computer instructions for telling
a computer what to do and how to do it.
TYPES OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE
o Operating System – the software that supports a computer’s basic functions, such as scheduling tasks,
executing applications, and controlling peripherals.
Functions of an Operating System
 Processor Management. To schedule programs waiting to be processed (also called jobs) as a
scheduler, the OS keeps track of the status of jobs and makes sure that these are initiated and
processed according to the user’s priority.
 Memory Management. To load programs to specific locations in the computer’s main memory and
to unload these programs once the job is completed.
 Device Management. To direct and control the operations of the input/output storage devices,
handle errors during input/output and move data between primary and secondary storage.
 File Management. Schedules and controls the simultaneous execution of several programs
(multiprogramming).
Operating System Services
 Control Basic Input and Output
- An OS controls the flow of data onto and out of the computer, as well as the flow of data to and
from peripheral devices. It routes input to areas of computer where it can be processed and routes
output to the screen, a printer, or any other output device you request.
 Allocate System Resources
- The operating system allocates system resources, so programs run properly. The OS ensures
adequate space is available for each program that is running and makes sure the processor quickly
performs each program instructions.
 Manage Storage Space
- The OS keeps track of the data stored on disks and CD-ROM.
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Types of Operating System:

 Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-
time applications. Example of Use: e.g. control of nuclear power plants, oil refining, chemical
processing and traffic control systems, air
 Single User Systems: Provides a platform for only one user at a time. They are popularly
associated with Desk Top operating system which run on standalone systems where no user
accounts are required. Example: DOS.
 Multiuser Systems: Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a database of
known users. Refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users. Another
term for multi-user is time sharing. Ex: All mainframes are multi-user systems. Example: Unix
 Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is allowed to run at
a time, the system is grouped under the single-tasking system category, while in case the
operating system allows for execution of multiple tasks at a time, it is classified as a multitasking
operating system.
 Distributed Operating System: An operating system that manages a group of independent
computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating
system. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in
a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.

Common companies providing OS:

Microsoft - Microsoft Windows is a series of graphical interface operating systems developed,

marketed, and sold by Microsoft. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named
Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing
interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the
world's personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which
had been introduced in 1984.The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the
most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile version is
Windows Phone 7.5.

Apple Macintosh (MAC)

IBM

UNIX - Pronounced yoo-niks, a popular multi-user, multitasking operating system developed at

Bell Labs in the early 1970s. UNIX was one of the first operating systems to be written in a
high-level programming language, namely C. This meant that it could be installed on
virtually any computer for which a C compiler existed.

LINUX – : Pronounced lee-nucks or lih-nucks. A freely distributable open source operating

system that runs on a number of hardware platforms. The Linux kernel was developed
mainly by Linus Torvalds and it is based on Unix. Because it's free, and because it runs on
many platforms, including PCs and Macintoshes, Linux has become an extremely popular
alternative to proprietary operating systems.
o Application Software – refers to all application programs respectively. Application program is a
computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the
benefit of the user. Ex. Word processor, spreadsheet, media player, console game, photo editor, etc.
Types of Application Programs
 Customized – a program developed to solve a specific peculiar for a particular company or user.
 Packaged – these are pre-written program for common applications that can be used by a number
of users with little or no changes.
o Utility Software – used to perform basic maintenance tasks on a computer. Ex. Defragmenters,
compressors, antivirus programs, registry cleaners, system restoration program, etc.

 Data Ware – also known as data warehouse is a central repository of data which is created by integrating
data from multiple disparate sources.
 People Ware – refers to anything that has to do with the role of people in the development or use of
computer software and hardware systems.

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

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 Speed – operates at the speed of electric flow which is measured in billionths and trillionths of second.
 Accuracy
 Automatic Operation – an electronic computer can carry out a sequence of many data processing
operations without human intervention.
 Decision Making Capability
 Compact Storage – EDP systems have the ability to store large amounts of data in a computer program.
 Discipline It Imposes – to solve a problem with a computer you must, first, understand the problem,
and second, program the computer to give the right answer(s).

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

 Input – the act of entering data into a computer. It can take a variety of forms; from commands you enter
from the keyboard to data from another computer or device.
 Logic/Processing – an instance of a program running in a computer. It contains the program code and its
current activity. Depending on the operating system, a process may be made up of multiple threads of
execution that execute instructions concurrently.
 Output – converts electronically generated information into human readable form. Here the results of the
proceeding steps are collected. The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data.

EXPANDED DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

 Origination – is a step which refers to the process of collecting the original data. An original recording
of the data is called a source document.
 Distribution – this step refers to the distribution on the output data. Recording of the output data are often
called report document.
 Storage – data processing results are frequently placed in storage to be used as input data for further
processing at a later date.

AREA OF DATA PROCESSING

 Business Data Processing (BDP) – characterized by the need to establish, retain, and process files of data
for producing useful information. Generally, it involves a large volume of input data, limited arithmetical
operations and a relatively large volume of output.
 Scientific Data Processing (SDP) –involves a limited volume of input and many logical or arithmetic
calculations. Most of the scientific problems are non-repetitive, requiring a “one-time” solution.

DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS

 Recording – refers to the transfer of data onto some form of document.
 Verifying – since recording is manual operation, it is important that recorded data be carefully checked
for any errors.
 Duplicating – consists of reproducing data onto many forms of document.
 Classifying – separates data into various categories. Identifying and arranging item with like
characteristics into groups or classes.
 Sorting – arranging data in a specific order. It is necessary to arrange or rearrange them in a predetermined
sequence to facilitate processing.
 Calculating – arithmetic manipulation of the data is known as calculating.
 Summarizing and Reporting – a collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions from the data
are represented in a meaningful format.
 Merging – this operation takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been sorted by the same key, and
puts them together to form a single sorted set of data.
 Storing – Placing similar data into files for future reference.
Methods of Storing:
- Manual – ledger book
- Electromechanical – punched card
- Electronic – magnetic tape, disk, and main memory of the computer.
 Retrieving – recovering stored data and/or information when needed.
 Feedback – comparison of the output(s) and the goal set in advance, any discrepancy is analyzed,
corrected, and fed back to the proper stage in the processing operation.

Booting
The process of loading the system files of the operating system from the disk into the computer memory to
complete the circuitry requirement of the computer system is called booting.
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Types of Booting:
There are two types of booting:
• Cold Booting: If the computer is in off state and we boot the computer by pressing the power switch ON
from the CPU box then it is called as cold booting.
• Warm Booting: If the computer is already ON and we restart it by pressing the RESET button from the
CPU box or CTRL, ALT and DEL key simultaneously from the keyboard then it is called warm booting.

LANGUAGE PROCESSORS:
Since a computer hardware is capable of understanding only machine level instructions, so it is necessary to
convert the HLL into Machine Level Language. There are three Language processors:
A. Compiler: It is translator which converts the HLL language into machine language in one go. A Source
program in High Level Language get converted into Object Program in Machine Level Language.
B. Interpreter: It is a translator which converts the HLL language into machine language line by line. It
takes one statement of HLL and converts it into machine code which is immediately executed. It eliminates
the need of separate compilation/run. However, it is slow in processing as compared to compiler.
C. Assembler: It translates the assembly language into machine code.

METHOD OF PROCESSING DATA

 Batch Processing – technique in which data to be processed or program to be executed are collected into
groups to permit convenient, efficient, and serial processing.
 On-Line Processing – the term “on-line” refers to equipment or devices under the direct control of the
processing unit of a computer. An on-line operation then is one which uses devices directly connected to
the CPU either for data entry or inquiry purposes.
 Real-Time Processing – has the capability of a fast response to obtain data from an activity or a physical
process, perform computations, and return a response rapidly enough to affect the outcome of the activity
or process.
 Distributed Processing – generally consists of remote terminal linked to a large central computer system
to help the user conduct inquiries about accounts, process jobs, or other data processing operations.

FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER

 INPUT – the act of entering data into a computer. It can take a variety of forms; from commands you
enter from the keyboard to data from another computer or device.
INPUT DEVICE
- is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control
signals to an information processing system such as a computer.
 LOGIC/PROCESS – an instance of a program running in a computer. It contains the program code and
its current activity. Depending on the operating system, a process may be made up of multiple threads of
execution that execute instructions concurrently.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)–electronic circuitry inside a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output
operations specified by the instructions.
 OUTPUT – converts electronically generated information into human readable form.
OUTPUT DEVICE
- is any piece of computer hardware item used to communicate the results of data processing
carried out by an information processing system which converts the electronically generated
information into human readable form.
 STORAGE – memory
STORAGE DEVICE
- a technology consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital data.
It is a core function and fundamental component of computers.

BASIC COMPUTER PARTS (HARDWARE)

 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

– is the brain of the computer where most calculations take place.
- electronic circuitry inside a computer that carries out the instructions of a
computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output
operations specified by the instructions.
Microprocessor:
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A microprocessor is a semiconductor chip, which is manufactured using the Large Scale integration
(LSI) or Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), which comprises Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control unit and
Central Processing Unit (CPU) fabricated on a single chip.

Top CPU Makers:

INTEL – American multinational technology company. It is one of the world’s largest and
highest valued semiconductor chip makers, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86
series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Ex. Intel Core i7,
Intel Core i5, etc.
ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC. (AMD) – American multinational company that
develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets. Ex.
AMD FX Processors, AMD APUs, etc.
CPU Structure and Implementation:
 Control Unit - circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry
out stored program instructions
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - digital circuit within the processor that performs integer
arithmetic and bitwise logic operations
 Memory Management Unit (MMU) - translating logical addresses into physical RAM
addresses
 Clock rate - clock signal to pace their sequential operations
 Integer Range
 Parallelism
 Instruction-level Parallelism
 Task-level Parallelism
 Data Parallelism
 Virtual CPU

Processor Socket- also called a CPU socket, is the connector on the motherboard that houses a CPU and
forms the electrical interface and contact with the CPU.
Types of Processor Socket:
o Land Grid Array (LGA) - is a type of surface-mount packaging for integrated circuits (ICs) that is
notable for having the pins on the socket (when a socket is used) rather than the
integrated circuit.

o Pin Grid Array (PGA) -is a type of integrated circuit packaging. In a PGA, the package is square or
rectangular, and the pins are arranged in a regular array on the underside of the package.

o Ball Grid Array (BGA) - is a type of surface-mount packaging used for integrated
circuits. BGA packages are used to permanently mount devices such as microprocessors. A
BGA can provide more interconnection pins than can be put on a dual in-line or flat package.

Registers: A register is a very small amount of very fast memory that is built into the CPU (central
processing unit) in order to speed up its operations by providing quick access to commonly used values.
All data must be represented in a register before it can be processed. For example, if two numbers are to
be multiplied, both numbers must be in registers, and the result is also placed in a register.

A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. You can
think of a bus as a highway on which data travels within a computer. When used in reference to personal
computers, the term bus usually refers to internal bus. This is a bus that connects all the internal computer
components to the CPU and main memory. All buses consist of two parts -- an address bus and a data
bus. The data bus transfers actual data whereas the address bus transfers information about where the
data should go. The control bus is used by the CPU to direct and monitor the actions of the other
functional areas of the computer. It is used to transmit a variety of individual signals (read, write,
interrupt, acknowledge, and so forth) necessary to control and coordinate the operations of the computer.
The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it determines how much data can be
transmitted at one time. For example, a 16-bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data, whereas a 32-bit bus can
transmit 32 bits

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Clock speed: Also called clock rate, the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. Every
computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate at which instructions are executed and
synchronizes all the various computer components. The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or
clock cycles) to execute each instruction. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can
execute per second.
Clock speeds are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz ((GHz).
16 bit Microprocessor: It indicates the width of the registers. A 16-bit microprocessor can process data
and memory addresses that are represented by 16 bits. Eg. 8086 processor
32 bit Microprocessor: It indicates the width of the registers. A 32-bit microprocessor can process data
and memory addresses that are represented by 32 bits. Eg. Intel 80386 processor, Intel 80486
64 bit Microprocessor: It indicates the width of the registers; a special high-speed storage area within
the CPU. A 32-bit microprocessor can process data and memory addresses that are represented by 32
bits. Eg. Pentium dual core, core 2 duo.
128 bit Microprocessor: It indicates the width of the registers. A 128-bit microprocessor can process
data and memory addresses that are represented by 128 bits. Eg. Intel core i7

 MOTHERBOARD
– is a printed circuit board containing the principal components of a computer or
other device, with connectors into which other circuit boards can be slotted.

Form Factor – is the specification of Motherboard – the dimensions, power supply type,
location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc. Ex. ATX (Advanced
Technology eXtended), mini ATX, mini ITX, etc.
 COMPUTER COOLERS – remove the waste heat produced by computer components, to keep
components within permissible operating temperature limits.
POSITIVE AIR PRESSURE – accumulated air pressure inside the case to prevent dusts and other
unwanted elements from entering the computer cage.
Positive Air Pressure = Intake CFM > Output CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute)
HEAT SINK – a device or substance for absorbing excessive or unwanted heat. It is a
passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical
device to a medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device,
thereby allowing regulation of the device’s temperature at optimal levels.

THERMAL GREASE - also called CPU grease, heat paste, heat sink compound, heat sink
paste, thermal compound, thermal gel, thermal interface material, or thermal paste. It is a kind of
thermally conductive (but usually electrically insulating) compound, which is commonly used as an
interface between heat sinks and heat sources. The main role of thermal grease is to eliminate air gaps or
spaces (which act as thermal insulator) from the interface area so as to maximize heat transfer.

BLOWERS/FANS – any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling, and may
refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from the inside, or move
air across a heat sink to cool a particular component.

Common Fan Types:

AXIAL - sometimes called muffin fan is a type of a compressor that increases the
pressure of the air flowing through it. The blades of the axial-flow fans force air to
move parallel to the shaft about which the blades rotate.

CENTRIFUGAL - May also be called biscuit blower or squirrel cage fan accelerates
air radially, changing the direction of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable and
capable of operating over a wide range of conditions.

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Blowers/fans found in a computer:

INPUT/INTAKE FANS – fans that draws cool air to the unit
EXHAUST FANS – expels warm air from the inside of the case.
CPU Fans – used in cooling the CPU
 GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT (GPU) - also occasionally called visual processing unit (VPU), is a
specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation
of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.
GRAPHICS CARD - is a type of display adaptor or video card installed within most computing devices
to display graphical data with high clarity, color, definition and overall appearance.

 COMPUTER MEMORY – any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or

permanently.
Types of Computer Memory:
 PRIMARY MEMORY – also called as volatile memory because the memory can’t store the data
permanently. Primary memory selects any part of memory when user want to save the data in
memory but that may not be store permanently on that location. It is also referred to as the RAM.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) – is a volatile memory that stores
information on an integrated circuit used by the operating system, software and
hardware.

 DYNAMIC RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (DRAM) – is a type of memory that is typically

used for data or program code that a computer processor needs to function. It is a common type
of RAM used in personal computers, workstations and servers.
 SYNCHRONOUS DRAM (SDRAM) - is a generic name for various kinds of dynamic random-
access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with the clock speed that the microprocessor is
optimized for.
 STATIC RANDOM_ACCESS MEMORY (SRAM) – is a type of semiconductor memory that
uses bistablelatching circuitry (flip-flop) to store each bit. SRAM exhibits data remanence, but it
is still volatile in the conventional sense that data is eventually lost when the memory is not
powered.
 RAMBUS DYNAMIC RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (RDRAM) – is a memory subsystem
that promises to transfer up to 1.6 billion bytes per second. It consists of the RAM, the RAM
controller, and the bus connecting RAM to the microprocessor and devices in the computer that
use it.
 DIRECT RAMBUS DYNAMIC RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY (DRDRAM) – latest
version of RDRAM and is expected to help accelerate the growth of visually intensive interfaces
such as 3D, interactive games, and streaming multimedia.
 CACHE MEMORY – is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-
speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications and
data. It stores and retains data only until a computer is powered up.
 SECONDARY MEMORY–is external and permanent memory that is useful to store the external
storage media such as floppy disk, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes and etc cache devices. It is also
called the ROM.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) – is permanent memory location that offer huge types of
standards to save data. But it works with read only operation. No data lose happen whenever power
failure occur during the ROM memory work in computers.

 PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY (PROM) – maintains large storage media but
can’t offer the erase features in ROM. This type of RO maintains PROM chips to write data once
and read many. The programs or instructions designed in PROM can’t be erased by other
programs.

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 ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY (EPROM) – is a ROM that can

be erased and re-used. Erasure is caused by shining an intense ultraviolet light through a window
that is designed into the memory chip.
 ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY
(EEPROM) – similar to EPROM but it uses electrical beam for erase the data of ROM.
HARD DISK DRIVE SOLID-STATE DRIVE

Units of Memory:
The smallest unit is bit, which mean either 0 or 1.
1 bit = 0 or 1
1 Byte = 8 bits
1 Nibble = 4 bits
1 Kilo Byte = 1024 Byte= 2^10 Byte
1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB= 2^10 KB
1 Gega Byte = 1024 MB= 2^10 MB
1 Tera Byte = 1024 GB= 2^10 GB
1 Peta Byte =1024 TB= 2^10 TB
1 Exa Byte =1024 PB= 2^10 PB
1 Zetta Byte = 1024 EB= 2^10 EB
1 Yotta Byte = 1024 ZB= 2^10 ZB

 POWER REGULATORS
 POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU) - converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated
DC power for the internal components of a computer.

 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR (AVR) - a hardware device used to maintain a voltage

to electronic devices.

 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS)

 OUTPUT DEVICES
 COMPUTER MONITOR – or computer display is an electronic visual display
for computers. It is usually comprising the display device, circuitry, casing, and power
supply.

 INPUT DEVICES
COMPUTER MOUSE - is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface.
This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth
control of the graphical user interface.
RIGHT CLICK – often used to open contextual menus, which are pop-up menus that change
depending on where you click.
LEFT CLICK – is the main mouse button and is used for common tasks such as selecting objects
and double-clicking.

Mechanical Optical and Laser Inertial and Gyroscopic

3D Tactile Surface Dial Puck

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Ergonomic Gaming

COMPUTER KEYBOARD - is a typewriter-type device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys

to act as a mechanical lever or electronic switch.
A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a key
typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols requires
pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys
produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce
actions or execute computer commands.
Types of Keyboard Keys:

REGULAR KEYS – includes numbers and letters

CURSOR MOVEMENT KEYS – refers to any of various keys on a computer keyboard
designated for cursor movement.
ARROW KEYS – generally refers to one of four specific keys, typically marked with arrows.
BOOSTER/MODIFIER KEYS -A key on a computer's keyboard that is only used in
conjunction with another key is referred to as a modifier key. Modifier keys are often used with
other keys to perform computer keyboard shortcuts and other commands. Ex. in many text editor
programs pressing the Ctrl + A will select all text.
FUNCTION KEYS- is a key on a computer or terminal keyboard which can be programmed so
as to cause an operating system command interpreter or application program to perform certain
actions, a form of soft key. On some keyboards/computers, function keys may have default
actions, accessible on power-on.

Standard Laptop-size Flexible

Handheld Thumb-size Multifunctional

Chorded Software Projection

Optical

 CABLES, CONNECTORS, PORTS AND ADHESIVES

PORT - generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports have many uses, to connect a
monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices. On the physical layer, a computer port is a
specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects.

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SERIAL AT ATTACHMENT (SATA) CABLE - is a computer bus interface that

connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives,
and solid-state drives.

VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY (VGA) CONNECTOR - is a three-row 15-pin DE-

15 connector. The 15-pin VGA connector was provided on many video cards, computer
monitors, laptop computers, projectors, and high-definition television sets. On laptop
computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port was sometimes used in place of the
full-sized VGA connector.
DIGITAL VISUAL INTERFACE (DVI) - is a video display interface developed by
the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a
video source, such as a video display controller to a display device, such as a computer
monitor. It was developed with the intention of creating an industry standard for the
transfer of digital video content.
HIGH_DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE (HDMI) - is
a proprietary audio/video interface for transferring video data and compressed or
uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant source device, such as a display
controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital
audio device.
DISPLAYPORT - is a digital display interface developed by the Video Electronics Standards
Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display
device such as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to carry audio, USB, and other
forms of data.

PS/2 Cable Ethernet Cable Audio Cable

Data Cable Power Cord

TRY ON YOUR OWN

1. What do you think are the minimum required parts to build a simple yet running computer?

2. List down the hardware and software devices and their functions.

3. Create a diagram showing the interconnection of the different hardware parts of a computer.

REFERENCES:

Brown, J. E. (1971). Introduction to computers and their development. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’
Society, 48(5), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02883750
Chivers, I. D., Sleightholme, J., Chivers, I. D., & Sleightholme, J. (1995). Introduction to Computer Systems.
Introducing Fortran 90, 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3031-4_2
Goyena, R., & Fallis, A. . (2019). 済無No Title No Title. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
(Vol. 53, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Introduction to Programming. (2006). Introduction to Programming with Fortran, 63–75.
https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-054-0_7
Pradeep, K., Sinha, K., Sinha, P., & Page, R. (n.d.). Chapter 14 Operating Systems. 1–54.
Region, A., & Material, S. (2014). अ यन - साम ी. 1–139.
To, I., & Markets, E. (1999). Chapter One INTRODUCTION TO. 1–4.
To, I., Markets, E., Chapter, I. N. T., Will, Y. O. U., About, L., Goyena, R., Fallis, A. ., Brown, J. E., Chivers, I.
D., Sleightholme, J., Chivers, I. D., Sleightholme, J., Region, A., & Material, S. (2006). in This Chapter ,
You Will Learn About. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 53(5), 63–75.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3031-4_2
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Computer Fundamentals and Programming 1 Module 3: Computer Organization

江小. (2018). No Title网空间服务业: 效率、约束及发展前景* ———以体育和文化产业为例. In 經濟研究

.
https://www.wikipedia.org/

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