ASSIGNMENT

Module V: The Wireless Revolution

1. Illustrate the various wireless network technologies in detail.

Answer:

There are several wireless network technologies that have revolutionized connectivity and
communication. Let's delve into each of them in detail:
1. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity): Wi-Fi is the most popular wireless networking technology used
in homes, offices, and public spaces. It operates on the IEEE 802.11 standard and allows
devices to wirelessly connect to the internet or local area networks (LANs). Wi-Fi operates
on various bands, including 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, providing high-speed data transfer rates for
web browsing, streaming, and file sharing.
Wi-Fi is basically just radio waves broadcast from a Wi-Fi router, a device detecting and
deciphering the waves, and then sending back data to the router. It works very similarly to an
AM/ FM radio but it is two-way communication channel.
Wi-Fi works over longer distances than bluetooth or infrared and is also a low power
unobtrusive technology, making it suitable for portable devices such as laptops and palmtops.
Wi-Fi is governed by the Wi-Fi Alliance, an association of manufacturers and regulators
defining standards and certifying products as Wi-Fi compatible.

2. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is designed for short-range wireless communication (typically within

10 meters). It enables devices to establish connections for data transfer and communication.
Bluetooth is commonly used for wireless audio streaming, connecting peripherals like
keyboards and mice to computers, and interconnecting mobile devices for file sharing.
In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it a
very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM bands,
from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz.
It is mainly used as an alternative to wire connections, to exchange files between nearby
portable devices and connect cell phones and music players with wireless headphones.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than
35,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and
consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer
maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification,
manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must
meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply
to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices. As of 2021, 4.7 billion
Bluetooth integrated circuit chips are shipped annually

3. Zigbee: Zigbee is a low-power wireless networking technology that primarily serves the
needs of home automation and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It operates on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard, providing reliable and energy-efficient communication between devices.
Zigbee is suited for controlling smart home devices, such as lights, thermostats, and door
locks, due to its low power consumption and ability to form mesh networks.
4. Z-Wave: Z-Wave is another wireless protocol used extensively in home automation. It
operates in the sub-GHz range, providing longer range and better building penetration
compared to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Z-Wave is reliable, secure, and supports a wide range of
devices, making it a suitable choice for smart home solutions like lighting control, security
systems, and energy management.
The Z-Wave brand and technology are owned by Silicon Labs. Over 300 companies involved
in this technology are gathered within the Z-Wave Alliance.
Like other protocols and systems aimed at the residential, commercial, MDU and building
markets, a Z-Wave system can be controlled from a smart phone, tablet, or computer, and
locally through a smart speaker, wireless keyfob, or wall-mounted panel with a Z-Wave
gateway or central control device serving as both the hub or controller.

5. Cellular Networks: Cellular networks, such as 4G LTE and 5G, provide wireless
connectivity to mobile devices over vast geographic areas. These networks transmit data
using radio waves to cellular towers, which connect to a wired core network. Cellular
networks offer high-speed internet access, voice communication, and support for various
mobile applications. They play a crucial role in mobile communications, enabling us to make
calls, send messages, browse the internet, and use mobile applications on our smartphones
and tablets.

6. Satellite Communication: Satellite communication uses orbiting satellites to relay signals

and provide wireless connectivity over a global scale. It is particularly useful in remote areas
where terrestrial networks are unavailable or impractical to deploy. Satellite networks enable
communication for broadcasting, telephony, and internet services around the world.

7. NFC (Near Field Communication): NFC is a short-range wireless technology commonly

employed in contactless payment systems, access control, and data transfer between devices.
It operates at a range of a few centimeters, allowing users to tap or bring their devices close
together for communication. NFC is widely used in mobile payments, public transportation
cards, and sharing data between smartphones or other NFC-enabled devices.
An NFC-enabled device can operate under three different modes: reader/writer mode, peer-
to-peer mode, and card emulation mode .
Reader/Write Mode:
A reader/writer is an NFC-enabled device that manages and coordinates information sent
between and received by two or more NFC devices and a handful of other devices that do
not yet feature NFC technology. Examples of reader/writers include point-of-sale (POS)
systems, cell phones, tablets, and RFID-enabled cards. In reader/writer mode, NFC-enabled
devices communicate and exchange data based on instructions from the reader/writer.
Peer-to-Peer Mode:
This P2P mode enables two NFC-enabled devices to exchange information directly. For
example, a peer-to-peer device may exchange data with an RFID-enabled device or some
other type of NFC device without the assistance of a reader/writer.
Card Emulation Mode:
In this mode, an NFC-enabled device functions as an NFC payment card or virtual
credit/debit card. When an NFC-enabled device is activated in this mode, it emulates a
payment card or other physical card in card readers, magnetic-stripe readers, and contactless
card readers used to make payments directly from your mobile device.
These wireless network technologies have transformed how we connect, communicate, and
interact with various devices and systems. Each technology has its unique characteristics,
applications, and range of operation, catering to different communication needs and
scenarios.

2. What is the technology behind WI-MAX success?

Answer:

The technology behind the success of WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access) primarily lies in its advanced wireless communication capabilities. WiMAX is an
innovative broadband wireless technology designed to provide high-speed internet access
over large areas, surpassing the limitations of traditional wireless networks.

The key technology components enabling WiMAX's success are as follows:

1. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA): WiMAX utilizes OFDMA as
its basic air interface technology. OFDMA enables multiple users to simultaneously
transmit/receive data across different frequency channels, ensuring efficient spectrum
utilization and maximizing data throughput.
2. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO): MIMO technology is employed in WiMAX to
improve spectral efficiency and enhance link reliability. It utilizes multiple antennas at both
the transmitter and receiver ends to transmit multiple data streams simultaneously, leading to
increased capacity and better signal quality.
3. Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC): WiMAX incorporates AMC to dynamically
adjust the modulation scheme and coding rate based on the prevailing channel conditions.
This adaptive approach ensures optimized data transmission, even in environments with
varying signal quality and interference levels.
4. Quality of Service (QoS) Support: One of the key strengths of WiMAX technology is its
robust QoS support. It enables network operators to prioritize different types of traffic based
on specific requirements such as voice, video, and data. This ensures that critical
applications receive the necessary bandwidth and latency, resulting in a better user
experience.
5. Scalability and Backward Compatibility: WiMAX offers scalable network deployments,
allowing operators to expand coverage and capacity as per demand. Additionally, it supports
backward compatibility, enabling seamless integration with existing networks and devices,
reducing the need for extensive infrastructure upgrades.
6. Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) Connectivity: Another crucial factor contributing to WiMAX's
success is its ability to provide reliable wireless connectivity even in non-line-of-sight
scenarios. By utilizing advanced signal processing techniques and higher-frequency bands,
WiMAX can overcome obstacles such as buildings and foliage, extending the reach of
broadband access.
7. Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum: WiMAX operates in both licensed and unlicensed
spectrums, providing flexibility and cost-effectiveness in deploying networks. Licensed
spectrum ensures interference-free operation and reliability, while unlicensed spectrum
allows for rapid deployment and innovation in certain scenarios.
Combining these technological elements, WiMAX has been able to deliver high-speed, long-
range wireless connectivity for various applications including fixed broadband access,
mobile broadband, and backhaul for cellular networks. This has fueled its widespread
adoption in many regions, particularly for bridging the digital divide in underserved or rural
areas where wired infrastructure is challenging to deploy.

3. Describe the various application of M-Commerce with the help of suitable

example?

Answer:

Mobile commerce (M-commerce) refers to the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones
and tablets, to conduct commercial transactions over the internet. M-commerce has rapidly
evolved, and it has various applications across different industries.
Here are some examples of M-commerce applications:
1. Mobile Banking:
Example: Mobile banking apps provided by banks and financial institutions.
Use Case: Customers can check account balances, transfer funds, pay bills, and even deposit
checks using their mobile devices. For instance, you can use your bank's mobile app to
transfer money to a friend or pay your utility bills.
2. Mobile Payments:
Example: Mobile payment services like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay.
Use Case: These services allow users to make instore and online purchases securely using
their smartphones. For instance, you can pay for groceries at a store by tapping your phone
on a contactless payment terminal.
3. Mobile Shopping:
Example: Ecommerce apps like Amazon, eBay, and Etsy.
Use Case: Shoppers can browse, search, and purchase products or services directly through
mobile apps. For example, you can buy clothing, electronics, or books through an
ecommerce app on your smartphone.
4. Mobile Ticketing:
Example: Ticket booking apps for airlines, buses, trains, concerts, and events.
Use Case: Users can purchase, store, and display tickets on their mobile devices. For
instance, you can book a flight and use your smartphone as your boarding pass.
5. Mobile Food Delivery:
Example: Food delivery apps like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Grubhub.
Use Case: Customers can order food from local restaurants and have it delivered to their
doorstep using mobile apps. You can use these apps to order a meal from your favorite
restaurant and have it delivered to your location.

6. Mobile Wallets:
 Example: Digital wallets like PayPal and Venmo.
Use Case: Users can store payment information and make peertopeer payments or split bills
with friends. For example, you can use Venmo to split the cost of dinner with your friends
after dining out.
7. Mobile Coupons and Loyalty Programs:
Example: Retailer apps with coupon features.
Use Case: Users can receive and redeem digital coupons and take advantage of loyalty
rewards through mobile apps. For instance, you can use a store's app to access exclusive
discounts and earn points for future purchases.
8. Mobile Booking and Reservations:
Example: Hotel booking apps like Airbnb and hotel chain apps.
Use Case: Travelers can book accommodations, flights, and rental cars, as well as make
restaurant reservations using mobile apps. You can use Airbnb to book a vacation rental for
your next trip.
9. Mobile Healthcare:
Example: Telehealth and healthcare appointment booking apps.
Use Case: Patients can schedule appointments, consult with healthcare professionals, and
access medical records using mobile apps. For example, you can have a video consultation
with a doctor through a telehealth app.
M-commerce has revolutionized the way people shop, pay, and manage their finances by
providing convenience and accessibility through mobile devices. These applications
illustrate how M-commerce has become an integral part of modern life across various
industries

4, What you think technology used in CRM is good for organization? Give
suggestion.?
Answer:
The technology used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) plays a pivotal role in
enhancing organizational efficiency and improving customer relationships.

Here are a few reasons why CRM technology is beneficial for organizations:
1. Centralized Customer Data: CRM software allows organizations to consolidate and
manage customer data in one centralized location. This provides valuable insights into
customer behavior, preferences, and interactions, helping businesses offer personalized
experiences and tailor their marketing strategies accordingly.

2. Streamlined Sales and Marketing Processes: CRM systems automate various sales and
marketing processes, including lead generation, contact management, pipeline tracking,
and campaign management. This streamlines workflows, increases productivity, and
enables better collaboration among teams.

3. Enhanced Customer Service: CRM technology enables organizations to track customer

inquiries, complaints, and support tickets effectively. It helps customer service teams
provide prompt and personalized support, resulting in improved customer satisfaction,
loyalty, and retention.

4. Improved Sales Forecasting and Reporting: CRM tools offer robust analytical
capabilities, allowing organizations to generate accurate sales forecasts and reports. These
insights enable better decision-making, identification of sales trends, and optimization of
sales strategies for improved revenue generation.

5. Automation and Integration: CRM platforms often integrate with other business tools,
such as email marketing software, project management systems, and customer support
tools. This integration enables seamless data flow between different departments, reduces
manual effort, and ensures data consistency across organizational functions.

When considering CRM technology for your organization, here are a few suggestions:
1. Assess your specific organizational needs and goals before selecting a CRM solution.
Identify the key features and functionalities required to meet your unique requirements.
2. Look for a user-friendly CRM platform that provides easy navigation and customization
options. It should be intuitive for your teams to adopt, minimizing training time and
resistance to change.
3. Consider scalability and flexibility. Choose a CRM system that can accommodate your
growth plans and scale with your business needs over time.
4. Integration capabilities are crucial. Ensure that the CRM solution can seamlessly
integrate with your existing software stack to maximize efficiency and avoid duplicating
efforts.
5. Prioritize data security and compliance. Select a CRM platform that adheres to industry
standards and provides robust security measures to protect sensitive customer data.
6. Take advantage of trial periods or demos to test the CRM software before making a
final decision. This will help you evaluate its effectiveness and suitability for your
organization.
By leveraging CRM technology effectively and aligning it with your organizational goals,
you can improve customer satisfaction, drive growth, and establish long-term relationships
with your customers

5. Discuss network standards in wireless network technologies.

Answer:
Wireless network technologies rely on a set of standards and protocols to ensure
compatibility, interoperability, and efficient communication between devices. These
standards define the rules and specifications that govern wireless networks. Here are some
key wireless network standards:

1. Wi-Fi Standards (IEEE 802.11):

802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax: These are different generations of WiFi standards, each with its own
specifications for data rates, frequency bands, and other features.
802.11i (WPA2) and 802.11w (WPA3): These standards define security enhancements for
WiFi networks, including encryption and authentication protocols.
802.11e (WMM): It provides Quality of Service (QoS) enhancements for WiFi, prioritizing
different types of traffic.
802.11s: Defines WiFi mesh networking for extending coverage in a scalable manner.

2. Cellular Network Standards:

2G (GSM, CDMA): The second-generation cellular networks, primarily for voice
communication.
3G (UMTS, CDMA2000): Provided faster data transfer rates and support for mobile internet.
4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution): Offers high-speed data, low latency, and support for
multimedia services.
5G NR (New Radio): The fifth-generation of cellular networks with significantly improved
speed, low latency, and support for massive IoT and ultra-reliable communication.

3. Bluetooth Standards (IEEE 802.15):

Bluetooth Classic: For short-range wireless connections between devices like smartphones,
headphones, and keyboards.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Designed for low-power, long-lasting connections used in
IoT devices and wearables.

4. Near Field Communication (NFC) Standards:

NFC defines communication protocols for short-range wireless communication, often used
for contactless payments and data transfer.

5. Zigbee Standard (IEEE 802.15.4):

Zigbee is a wireless communication standard for low-power, low-data-rate applications like
home automation and industrial control systems.
6. Z-Wave Standard:
Z-Wave is another wireless technology for low-power, home automation devices, known for
its reliability.

7. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network):

A standard for low-power, wide-area IoT communication, often used in smart city
applications and remote monitoring.

8. Satellite Communication Standards:

Various standards are used for satellite-based communication, such as DVB-S2 for satellite
television and Iridium for satellite phone services.

9. Infrared (IR) Standards:

Infrared communication standards are used for short-range data transmission between
devices like remote controls and IrDA (Infrared Data Association) for older device
synchronization.

10. CBRS (Citizens Broadband Radio Service):

Defines the use of shared spectrum in the 3.5 GHz band for private LTE/5G networks.

11. DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication):

Used for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, important for
autonomous vehicles and smart transportation systems.

12. Li-Fi (Light Fidelity):

While not standardized to the same extent as other technologies, Li-Fi uses visible light
communication for high-speed indoor data transfer.
These standards ensure that devices from different manufacturers can communicate
effectively and that networks operate reliably and securely. They are continuously evolving
to meet the increasing demands of wireless communication in various applications.
Organizations, regulatory bodies, and industry groups play a critical role in developing and
updating these standards to keep up with technological advancements and user needs.