INTERNSHIP REPORT ON “INTERNET OF THINGS” Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Ee ere BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINE: AT Tis By Rta ied DR. RAKESH JOON NL SNP HOD , ECE 20ECEO30 eur Reema tect Cry (Director Of cas) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENGANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT SESSION — 2019-2023 A PROJECT REPORT ON INTERNET OF THINGS Submitted to DR. RAKESH JOON (HOD, ECE) By VIVEK ANAND (19ECE030) in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of BACHELOR TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONIC & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JHAJJAR, HARYANAGANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT JHAJJAR, HARYANA DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE | Vivek Anand, hereby declare that | have completed my six weeks summer training at CQS Training Pvt. Ltd. from 21° August 2021 to 5" October 2021 under the guidance of MrShekhar Bhatia.l have declare that | have worked with full dedication during these six weeks of training and my learning outcomes fulfill the requirements of training for the award of degree of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIOMN ENGINEERING, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, kablana, Jhajjar, Haryana Date: Place : DELHI Name of Student : Vivek Anand Roll no : 19ECE030 B.Tech ECE 5"" SemCERTIFICATE Cristo No, 2021122 teret OF Things2286 c@s CAREER QUEST SOLUTIONS Certificate of Participation 7 = Rises take pls sri th candida hs Patpted a Internship On 1OT From 21st August 2021 to 5th October 2021 QS Training Me Ld -1624, Block BI, Jah, Delhi 10088 weg coe,ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many individuals have contributed to this report with their advice, interest, time and support. | would like to thanks my worthy guide Mr. Shekhar Bhatia (Director of CQS Training Pvt. Ltd.) Who supervised me to complete this project. His technical advice, ideas and constructive criticism contributed to the success of this report. He suggested me many ideas and solved my problems when | was in need. His motivation and help has been of great inspiration to me. | would also thanks my respected HOD (ECE) and faculty members of ECE department for providing me the opportunities, support and the necessary help to complete this project work. Name of Student: Vivek Anand Roll no: 19ECEO30 B.Tech ECE 5" SemINDEX S.no TOPIC DATE REMARKAbstract This report is detailed overview of my internship journey at CS Training Pvt. Ltd. During my internship | have learned a lot about communication, software testing, programing and there different applications. | have known about the workflow of import based companies along with the function the microprocessor and sensors. | have learn to work in a corporate space, which not only enriched me professionally but also helped me grow personally as well. My supervision and other members of the department appreciated my contribution. The career path | would be selecting for myself is quite influenced from my internship as | have had a great opportunity to practically see how we transfer data to the cloud server and connect different sensors in working and evolving in our country. However, this report has been written in a short time. | have tried my best to make it meaningful by reflecting my works at the CQS Training Pvt. Ltd. In addition, | have summarized my overall experience, with my learning and challenging faced as an intern.ARDUINO Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building, digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control both physically and digitally. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDI) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a reasonable cost, a considerable expense for many students . In 2003 Hernando Barragén created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform, The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non- engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmegal 68 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller. In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDIT student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project and renamed it Arduino. The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis, but Barragdn was not invited to participate. Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community.ARDUINO UNO EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0 and newer) ‘Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin configuration is identical on all three processors. The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC- to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center- positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows: + VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pi + SV. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (SV), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it. +3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is SO mA. + GND. Ground pins. The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library). The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (SV) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmegal6U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports 2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library. The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed,SENSORS GPS ‘The SKG13C is a complete GPS engine module that features super sensitivity, ultra low power and small form factor. The GPS signal is applied to the antenna input of module, and a complete serial data message with position, velocity and time information is presented at the serial interface with NMEA protocol or custom protocol. It is based on the high performance features of the Media Tek MT3339 single-chip architecture, Its -165dBm tracking sensitivity extends positioning coverage into place like urban canyons and dense foliage environment where the GPS was not possible before. The small form factor and low power consumption make the module easy to integrate into portable device like PNDs, mobile phones, cameras and vehicle navigation systems. Features Ultra high sensitivity: -165dBm Extremely fast TTFF at low signal level Built-in 12 multi-tone active interference canceller Low power consumption: Typical 18mA@3.3V £10ns high accuracy time pulse (PPS) Advanced Features: AlwaysLocate; AIC; EPO:EASY QZSS,SBAS(WAAS,EGNOS,MSAS,GAGAN) Indoor and outdoor multi-path detection and compensation ‘Small form factor: 15x13x2.2mm RoHS compliant (Lead-free) Applications LBS (Location Based Service) PND (Portable Navigation Device)Vehicle navigation system Mobile phone PIN Description Pin | Pin name VO | Description ‘Remark No. 1 RXDI__|_O [ UART Serial Data Input Leave open ifnot used 2 TXDI__|_1_[ UART Serial Data Output eave open iFnot used 3 PPS; (© | Time pulse Signal Teave open ifnot used 4 TXDO | O | VART Serial Data Output 0 Leave open if not used 3 RXDO | 1 [ UART Serial Data Input 0 Leave open ifnot used 6 NC 7_|_FIXLED [0 | Fixed LED Ouput Teave open iFnot used 3 RESET |__| Module Reset (Active Low Status) Teave open ifnot used 9 [32K cLK_OUT | 0 [32.768K He clock output from RTC Leave open if not use 10 | GPIOIVEINT! | 1_| Wakeup signal input from such a G sensor | Currently version do not support T_[ v-BcK [1 | RTCandbackup SRAM power 2.0-42V) | May be connect o Batery 2 vee 1 | Module Power Supply Operating range: 30V 1 42V B NC 14 | GeI0is [10 | General Purpose VO Teave open iFnot used 15_[|_GPIOIS [10 | General Purpose VO Leave open ifnot used 16 NC 17_|_vec.our [0 [VCC power output Leave open ifnot used i® GND | G | Ground 1) [| RFIN Sona) s7s02Ghi 20 ‘GND. 2 ‘GND. 2 ‘GND, Advanced Software Features Standby Mode User can issue software command to make GPS module go into standby mode that consumes less than 200uA current. GPS module will be awaked when receiving any byte. The following flow chart is an example to make GPS module go into standby mode and then wake up. Periodic Mode When GPS module is commanded to periodic mode, it will be in operation and standby periodically. Its status of power consumption is as below chartAlwaysLocate AlwaysLocate is an intelligent controller of periodic mode. Depending on the environment and ‘motion conditions, GPS module can adaptively adjust working/standby time to achieve balance of positioning accuracy and power consumption. In this mode, the host CPU does not need to control GPS module until the host CPU needs the GPS position data. The following flow chart is ‘an example to make GPS module go into AlwaysLocateTm mode and then back to normal operation mode. AGPS ‘Support for Fast TTF (EPO™) The AGPS (EPO™) supply the predicated Extended Prediction Orbit data to speed TTFF ,users can download the EPO data to GPS engine from the FTP server by internet or wireless network ,the GPS engine will use the EPO data to assist position calculation when the navigation information of satellites are not enough or weak signal zone . EASY The EASY is embedded assist system for quick positioning, the GPS engine will calculate and predict automatically the single emperies (Max. up to 3 days )when power on ,and save the predict information into the memory , GPS engine will use these information for positioning if no enough information from satellites , so the function will be helpful for positioning and TTFF improvement under indoor or urban condition ,the Backup power (VBACKUP) is necessary PERFORMANCE Parameter Boecitication ceciver Type [1 frequency band, CYA code, 2 Tracking / 66 Acquisition-Chanel Benstviy Hracking -16SdBm Typical Hcquistion 148481 Typical curacy ston 3.0m CEPS0 without SA(Typical Open Sky) locity (Lm without $A [ining (PPS) 10ns RMS quisition Time old Sat 23xTypicl Open Sky) Yam Start 2s ot Sart Is Acquisition ls sted GPS support [EPO Power Consumption Hacking T8mA @3.3V Typical Acquisition Zama @33V avigation Data Update Rate jax 10H Default Hz perational Limits tude Max 18,000m locity Max SISmis }rceleration Less than dginclude include #include TinyGPSPlus gps; // Create an I SoftwareSerial ss(2,3); double flat, flon; void setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once: ss.begin(9600);// the GPRS baud rate Serial.begin (9600); + void loop() { // pat your main code here, to run repeatedly: pe 1 void gp(){ flat=gps.location.lat(); flon=gps.location.1ng(); Serial.print ("Latitude Serial.println(flat, 10); Serial.print ("Longitude : "); Serial.println(flon, 10); smartDelay (1000) ; if (millis() > 5000 && gps.charsProcessed() < 10) Serial.printin(F("No GPS data received: check wiring")); static void smartDelay(unsigned long ms) // This { unsigned long start = millis(); do { while (ss.available()) gps.encode(ss.read()): } while (millis() - start < ms);GSM APPLICATIONS This module is designed to satisfy manufacturers, which also have a physical dimension concern of embedded GSM/GPRS features built into their products. Some main application devices of this module are: Telemati Wireless Terminal Alarm/Securities System ‘Automatic Meter Reading Remote control Mobile Trunk Wireless PSTN GSM was intended to be a secure wireless system, It has considered the user authentication using a pre-shared key and challenge-response, and over-the-air encryption. However, GSM is vulnerable to different types of attack, each of them aimed at a different part of the network The development of UMTS introduced an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user, whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The AS/1, A5/2, and AS/3 stream. ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A3/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries, Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break AS/2 in real-time with a ciphertext-only attack, and in January 2007, The Hacker's Choice started the AS/I cracking project with plans to use FPGAs that allow A5/I to be broken with a rainbow tableattack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one. Since 2000 different efforts have been made in order to crack the AS encryption algorithms. Both AS/I and A5/2 algorithms have been broken, and their cryptanalysis has been revealed in the literature. As an example, Karsten Nohl developed a number of rainbow tables(static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an attack) and have found new sources for known plaintext attacks. He said that it is possible to build "a full GSM interceptor...from open-source components” but that they had not done so because of legal concerns. Nol claimed that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to listen to voicemail, make calls, or send text messages using a seven-year-old Motorola cellphone and decryption software available for free online. GSM uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for data transmissions like browsing the web. ‘The most commonly deployed GPRS ciphers were publicly broken in 2011. The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2 ciphers and published the open-source "gprsdecode” software for sniffing GPRS networks. They also noted that some carriers do not encrypt the data (i.e., using GEA/0) in order to detect the use of traffic or protocols they do not like (e.g., Skype), leaving customers unprotected. GEA/3 seems to remain relatively hard to break and is said to be in use on some more modern networks. If used with USIM to prevent connections to fake base stations and downgrade attacks, users will be protected in the ‘medium term, though migration to 128-bit GEA/4 is still recommended. VBATTBB, GND GND VBATTRF GND VBATTRF GND VBATTRF GND GND LEDA GPIO1S(LS) ‘OnnoFF PWON USB_DP ‘USB_OM ‘GPIOO_DEDILS) vBUS GND GND ‘SIM_CL TXDLS) ‘SIM_IO RXDLS) ‘SIM_RST RTSUS) NC cTSis) MICBIAS DSRS) ICIP DTRLS) MICUN GPIOKLS) ‘HSMIC GPIOzLS) GND GND EARP. GPIO7(LS) EARN RLS) HSOL vRsiminclude SoftwareSerial mySerial (10,11); void setup() {mySerial.begin (9600); Serial .begin (9600) ;delay (2000); // pat your setup code here, to run once: mySerial.print ("AT+CMGF=1\r\n") ; delay (500); mySerial.print ("AT+CMGS=\"\"\r") ; delay (500); mySerial.print ("HI"); delay (500); mySerial.write (Oxla); mySerial.write (0x0a); delay (100); mySerial.print ("\r\n' delay (5000); mySerial.print ("ATH\r\n") ;delay (500); void loop() { // put your main code here, to run repeatedly: void printSerialData() fi while (mySerial.available() !=0) Serial.write (mySerial.read()); char data=mySerial.read(); }RFID ‘The EM-18 RFID Reader module operating at 125kHz is an inexpensive solution for your RFID based application. The Reader module comes with an on-chip antenna and can be powered up with a SV power supply. Power-up the module and connect the transmit pin of the module to recieve pin of your microcontroller. Show your card within the reading distance and the card number is thrown at the output. Optionally the module can be configured for also a weigand output. Applications + e-Payment + e-Toll Road Pricing + e-Ticketing for Events + e-Ticketing for Public Transport + Access Control + PC Access + Authentication + Printer / Production Equipment RF Transmit Frequency 125kHz Supported Standards EM4001 64-bit RFID tag compatible Communications Interface TTL Serial Interface, Wiegand output Communications Protocol Specific ASCII Communications Parameter _ 9600 bps, 8, N, 1 Power Supply 4.6V -5.5VDC + 10% regulated Current Consumption 50mA < 10mA at power down mode. Reading distance Up to 100mm, depending on tag Antenna Integrated Size (LxWxH) 32x 32x 8mm#include SoftwareSerial mySerial(10, 11); // RX, TX void setup() { // Open serial communications and wait for port t Serial .begin (9600); while (!Serial) { ¢ // wait for serial port to connect. Needed fo Serial.printin ("Goodnight moon!" // set the data rate for the SoftwareSerial port mySerial.begin (9600); mySerial.printin("Hello, world?" void loop() { // run over and over if (mySerial.available()) { String s=mySerial.readstring(): if (s=="2COOFCB294F6") Serial.printin ("Harika"); else if (s=="1700313A160A") Serial.printin ("Yamuna"); else if (s=="2CO0FD1S05CD") Serial.printin ("Musali"); else if (s=="2COOFD1BE2A8") Serial .printin("Varshi"); else if (s=="2COOFCSEB7FS") Serial.printin("Suppu"): else Serial .printin("Invalia"™ x if (Serial.available()) { mySerial write (Serial.read()):BLUETOOTH ee] ote] rr on— Brot ocd cod Hardware features Typical -80dBm sensitivity Up to +4dBm RF transmit power Low Power I.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V 10 PIO control” UARTT interface with programmable baud rate With integrated antenna With edge connector Software features Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity, Data control: has. ‘Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600, | 15200,230400,460800. Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected. Status instruction port PIO: low-disconnected, high-connected; PIO10 and PIOI1 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When master and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks Itime/2s in interval, while disconnected only blue led blinks 2times’s Auto-connect to the last device on power as default Permit pairing device to connect as default. Auto-pairing PINCODE:"0000" as default Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of connection.#include SoftwareSerial mySerial(10, 11); int ledpin=12; char Data; void setup() { mySerial.begin (9600); pinMode (ledpin, OUTPUT) } void loop() { if (mySerial.available()) { Data=mySerial.read(); if (Data=="1") { digitalwWrite (ledpin, HIGH); mySerial.printin("LED on! " digitalwrite (ledpin, Low); mySerial.printin("LED Off! "); } This is a simple program it is available in the ide software and some of the communication sets are discussed. 12C : SDA,SCLK(synchronus) CAN.UART : TX,RX(asynchronus) SPI: MISO,SS,MOSI,CLK(synchronus) USB : D+,D-(synchronus) UART IS A HALFDUPLEX means only sending or receiving is done at a time. CAN is used only in automobiles with at a time connection of 255 different devices.ULTRASONIC Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2em - 400cm non-contact measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm, The modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit. The basic principle of work: (1) Using 10 trigger for at least 10us high level signal (2) The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal back. (3) IF the signal back, through high level , time of high output IO duration is the time from. sending ultrasonic to returning. Test distance = (high level timexvelocity of sound (340M/S) / 2. POWER PAMETERS Working Voltage DCSV Working Current 15mA Working Frequency 40H Max Range 4m ‘Min Range 2em “MeasuringAngle 15 degree ‘Trigger Input Signal 10uS TTL pulse Echo Output Signal Input TTL lever signal and the range in proportion Dimension 45°20"15mm TIMING PROCEDURE The Timing diagram is shown below. You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging, and then the module will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40 kHz and raise its echo. The Echo is a distance object that is pulse width and the range in proportion . You can calculate the range through the time interval between sending trigger signal and receiving echo signal. Formula: uS / 58 = centimeters or uS / 148 =inch; or: the range = high level time * velocity (340M/S) / 2; we suggest to use over 60ms measurement cycle, in order to prevent trigger signal to the echo signal.finclude // includes the Liquidcrystal Library Liguidcrystal led(1, 2, 4, 5, 6 1); // Creates an LCD object. Paraneter: 46, 47) (zs, enable, df, 45, const int trigPin = 9; const int echoPin = 10; Long duration; int distanced, distancelnch; void setup() ( Lod.begin(16,2); // Initializes the interface to the LCD screen, and specifies the dinensions (width and height) of the display inode (trighin, OUTPUT intlode(echoPin, INPUD); } void loop() { digitalWtrite(trigPin, LOW); Gelaysticrosecands (2) ; Gigitaleite(trigPin, HIGH); Gelaytticroseconds (10) ; digitalirite(trigPin, LOM) duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH) ; Gistancece= duration*].034/2; distancetnch = daration‘0.0133/2; Led. setCursor(0,0); // Sets the location at which subsequent text written to the LCD will be displayed Led.peint ("Distance: "); // Prints string "Distance” on the ICD ‘Led.print (distanceta); // Prints the distance value from the sensor Led.print (" ca") Gelay(10); Led. set Cursor (0,1); Led.print ("Distance: "); ‘Led. print (dtstancetnch) ; Jed.print (" inch"); Gelay(0); }LDR ‘Two cadmium sulphide(cds) photoconductive cells with spectral responses similar to that of the human eye. The cell resistance falls with increasing light intensity. Applications include smoke detection, automatic lighting control, batch counting and burglar alarm systems. Applications Photoconductive cells are used in many different types of circuits and applications. Analog Applications + Camera Exposure Control + Auto Slide Focus - dual cell Photocopy Machines - density of toner - Colorimetric Test Equipment Densitometer - Electronic Scales - dual cell + Automatic Gain Control ~ modulated light source - Automated Rear View Mirror Digital Applications + Automatic Headlight Dimmer - Night Light Control + Oil Burner Flame Out + Street Light Control Absence / Presence (beam breaker) + Position SensorPOWER CHARACTERISTICS Parameter Unit Cell resistance T000LUX | - ‘Ohm 40 LUX : 9 | - |Kohm Dark Resistance - - 1 - MOhm Dark Ca = Seer Rise Time 1000 LUX : 28 : ms 10 LUX - 18 - ms Fall Time 1000 LUX - 48 ms 10 LUX, - 120 ms. Voltage AC/DC Peak Vmax Sensitivity The sensitivity of a photodetector is the relationship between the light falling on the device and the resulting output signal. In the case of a photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between the incident light and the corresponding resistance of the cell. 1000 = 104 = 8 § 10 2 3 ce 10 aa of nt 01 10 10 100 ©1000 10,000 Lux Spectral Response Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive cell is dependent on the wavelength (color) of the incident light. Each photoconductor material type has its own unique spectral response curve or plot of the relative response of the photocell versus wavelength of light3. wre iors i ee | 350 46) SOD S40 S00 2D GSD OO TO ane ge) a void setup) { // put your setup code here, to run once: Serial. begin (9600); pinMode (13, OUTPUT) ; ? void loopQ { // put your main code here, to run repeatedly: int x = analogRead(A0); int y = analogRead(Al); if (x<330 [| y>450) { Serial.print ("DANGER"); digitalwrite (13, HIGH); delay (5000) » else if(x>450 11 y<330) & Serial.print ("DANGER") digitalwrite (13, HIGH); delay (5000) , else{ Serial. print ("NOTHING" digitalwrite (13, Low): delay (5000) 5 ? Serial-printin("x = " Serial.print (x) Serial.printin("y Serial.print(y): delay (5000) )ACCELEROMETER Itis a 3-axis sensing Small, low profile package 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm LFCSP Low power 350 MA (typical) Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V 10,000 g shock survival Excellent temperature stability BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis ROHS/WEEE lead-free compliant APPLICATIONS Cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-sensing applications Mobile devices Gaming systems Disk drive protection Image stabilization Sports and health devices ‘The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis accelerometer with signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale range of +3 g. Itcan measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration. The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths can be selected to suit the application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axis. The ADXL335 is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm x 4 mm x 1.45 mm, 16-lead, plastic lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ). RATING Parameter Rating ‘Acceleration (Any Axis, Unpowered) | 10,0009 Acceleration (Any Axis, Powered) | 10,0009 Ve -0.3Vt0+3.6V All Other Pins (COM-03V) to(Vs +03) Output Short-Circuit Duration Indefinite (Any Pin to Common) ‘Temperature Range (Powered) -S5°C to +125°C ‘Temperature Range (Storage) =65°C to +150°CThe ADXL335 is a complete 3-axis acceleration measurement system. The ADXL335 has a ‘measurement range of +3 g minimum. It contains a polysilicon surface-micromachined sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to implement an open-loop acceleration measurement architecture. The output signals are analog voltages that are proportional to acceleration. The accelerometer can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tlt-sensing applications as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration. The sensor is a polysilicon surface-micromachined structure built on top of a silicon wafer. Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the surface of the wafer and provide a resistance against acceleration forces. Deflection of the structure is measured using a differential capacitor that consists of independent fixed plates and plates attached to the moving mass. The fixed plates are driven by 180° out-of- phase square waves. Acceleration deflects the moving mass and unbalances the differential capacitor resulting in a sensor output whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase- sensitive demodulation techniques are then used to determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration. The demodulator output is amplified and brought off-chip through a 32 kO resistor. The user then sets the signal bandwidth of the device by adding a capacitor. This filtering improves measurement resolution and helps prevent aliasing % OF POPULATION 0 0.285 0.288 0.291 0.294 0.297 0.300 0.303 0.306 0.309 0.312 0.315 ‘SENSITIVITY (Vig)NOILV1NdOd 40 % 0.285 0.288 0.291 0.294 0.297 0.300 0.303 0.306 0.309 0.312 0.315 ‘SENSITIVITY (Vig) 25 20 10 5 0 NOILV1NdOd 40 % 0.285 0.288 0.291 0.294 0.297 0.300 0.303 0.306 0.309 0.312 0.315 ‘SENSITIVITY (Vig)const int groundpin = 18; const int powerpin = 19; const int xpin = A3; const int ypin = A2; const int zpin = Al; void setup() { // initialize the serial communications: Serial.begin (9600); // you can remove these lines. pinMode(groundpin, OUTPUT); pinMode(powerpin, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(groundpin, LOW); digitalWrite(powerpin, HIGH); void loop() { // print the sensor values: Serial.print (analogRead(xpin) ) + // print a tab between values: Serial.print("\t"): Serial.print (analogRead(ypin) )¢ // print a tab between values: Serial.print("\t"); Serial.print (analogRead(zpin) ); Serial.println(); // delay before next reading: delay (100);DHT] Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability, This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC temperature measurement component, and connects to a highperformance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-effeectiveness. Each DHT! element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely accurate on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as programmes in the OTP memory, which are used by the sensor's internal signal detecting process. The single-wire serial interface makes, system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power consumption and up-to-20 meter signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications, including those most demanding ones. The component is 4-pin single row pin package. It is convenient to connect and special packages can be provided according to users” request. DHT11’s power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do not send any instruction to the sensor in within one second in order to pass the unstable status. One capacitor valued 100nF can be added between VDD and GND for power filtering. Single-bus data format is used for communication and synchronization between MCU and DHT!1 sensor. One communication process is about 4ms. Data consists of decimal and integral parts. A complete data transmission is 40bit, and the sensor sends higher data bit first. Data format: 8bit integral RH data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data + 8bit check sum. If the data transmission is right, the check-sum should be the last 8bit of "bit integral RH data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data" vec- GND letart to trans- | I SINGLE-BUS SINGLE-BUS ie bit data -— I (Sous) MCU Signal Figure 4 Data "0" IndicationSpecifications Parameters Conditions Minimum Typical Maximum Humidity Resolution 1%RH 1%RH ‘1%RH 8 Bit Repeatability E1%RH Accuracy ae E4%RH 0500 £59RH Interchangeability | Fully Interchangeable Measurement | 0'C 30%RH 90%RH Range ae 20%RH OKRH 50°C 20%RH 80%RH Response Time | 1/e(63%)25'C, | 6S 105 155 (Seconds) Am/s Air Hysteresis =1%RH Long-Term Typical £1%RH/year Stability Temperature Resolution 1C 1 1C 8 Bit 8 Bit 8 Bit Repeatability Hv Accuracy +10 10 Measurement 0c soc Range Response Time | 1/e(63%) 65 30S (Seconds)ESP8266 ESP8266 offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allo host the application or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from another appli processor, to either tion When ESP8266 hosts the application, and when it is the only application processor in the device, it is able to boot up directly from an external flash. It has integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications, and to minimize the memory requirements. Alternately, serving as a Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any microcontroller-based design with simple connectivity through UART interface or the CPU AHB, bridge interface. Features + 802.11 bigin protocol + Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP + Integrated TCPIIP protocol stack + Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network + Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units + +19.5dBm output power in 802.11 mode + Integrated temperature sensor + Supports antenna diversity + Power down leakage current of < 10uA + Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor += SDIO 20, SPI, UART + STBC, <1 MIMO, 21 MIMO + A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4us guard interval + Wake up and transmit packets in <2ms + Standby power consumption of <1,OmW (DTIMB)PIR PIR sensors are more complicated than many of the other sensors explained in these tutorials (like photocells, FSRs and tilt switches) because there are multiple variables that affect the sensors input and output. To begin explaining how a basic sensor works, we'll use this rather nice diagram The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special material that is sensitive to IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see that the two slots can ‘see’ out past some distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor). When the sensor is idle, both slots detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change. These change pulses are what is detected, The IR sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to improve noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-transmissive material (typically coated silicon since that is very easy to come by) that protects the sensing element. Behind the window are the two balanced sensors However, remember that we actually have two sensors, and more importantly we dont want two really big sensing-area rectangles, but rather a scattering of multiple small areas. So what we do is split up the lens into multiple section, each section of which is a fresnel lens.froia setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once: Serial .begin (9600); pinMode (13, OUTPUT) ; } void loop() { // put your main code here, to run repeatedly: int x = analogRead(A0); int y = analogRead (Al); if (x<330 || y>450) { Serial.print ("DANGER") ; digitalwrite (13, HIGH) ; delay (5000); } else if(x>450 || y<330) { Serial .print ("DANGER"); digitalWrite (13, HIGH); delay (5000); } else{ Serial.print ("NOTHING") ; digitalWrite (13, LOW); delay (5000); } Serial.println("x = "); Serial.print (x); Serial.println("y Serial.print(y); delay (5000); } Pls:CLOUD PLATFORMS THINHSPEAK ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the cloud. Some of the key capabilities of ThingSpeak include the ability to: Easily configure devices to send data to ThingSpeak using popular 1oT protocols Visualize your sensor data in real-time ‘Aggregate data on-demand from third-party sources. Use the power of MATLAB to make sense of your IoT data Run your loT analytes automatically based on schedules or events. Prototype and build ToT systems without setting up servers or developing web software Automatically act on your data and communicate using third-party services like Twilio® or Twitter® To lear how you can collect, analyze and act on your loT data with ThingSpeak, explore the topics below: Collect Send sensor data privately to the cloud. Analyze Analyze and visualize your data with MATLAB. Act Trigger a reaction. loT solutions are built for many vertical applications such as environmental monitoring and control, health monitoring, vehicle fleet monitoring, industrial monitoring and control, and home automation. describes an emerging trend where a large number of embedded devices (things) are connected to the Internet. These connected devices communicate with people and other things and often provide sensor data to cloud storage and cloud computing resources where the data is processed and analyzed to gain important insights. Cheap cloud computing power and increased device connectivity is enabling this trend.EB DATA AGGREGATION AND ANALYTICS Cl ThingSpeak MATLAB ALGORITHM DEVELOPMENT SENSOR ANALYTICS 1 igen el Se os Phen bien Chalets Sig RG Geta Channel Stats (ote: sagan late: atucamataee fe ee ere ie2Oxt Eee a aThe main program it deals as follows: #include #include #include #define DHTPIN D2 // what pin we're connected to #define DHTTYPE DHT11 // define type of sensor DHT 11 DHT dht (DHTPIN, DHTTYPE); const char* ssid = "SYTIQHUB"; const char* password = "SytiqHub@975"; const char* host = "api.thingspeak.com'"; const char* privateKey = "H7JNLB8WLXIESXYS"; int g,h; void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); delay(10); dhtbegin(; // We start by connecting to a WiFi network Serial.print("Connecting to"); Serial.printIn(ssid); WiFi.begin(ssid, password); while (WiFi.status() |= WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); } Serial.printin(" Serial.printIn(" WiFi connected"); Serial.printIn("IP address: "); Serial.printIn(WiFi.localIPQ); } void loop() { delay(15000); float h = dht.readHumidity(); dht.readTemperature(); .print("connecting to "); Serial.printIn(host); // Use WiFiClient class to create TCP connections WiFiClient client; const int httpPort = 80; if (Iclient.connect(host, httpPort)) { Serial.printIn("connection failed"); return; } , // We now create a URI for the requestString url = "/update?api_key="; url +=privateKey; ial.print("Requesting URL: ial.printIn(url); // This will send the request to the server client.print(String("GET ") + url +" HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Host: "+ host + "\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n\r\n"); delay(10); while(client.connected() && !client.available()) delay(1); //waits for data while (client.connected() || client.availableQ) { char charIn = client.read(); Serial.print(charIn); } Serial.printinQ); Serial printin("closing connection"); client.stop(); }MIT APP INVENTOR MIT App Inventor is an intuitive, visual programming environment that allows everyone = even children — to build fully functional apps for smartphones and tablets. Those new to MIT App Inventor can have a simple first app up and running in less than 30 minutes. ‘And what's more, our blocks-based too! facilitates the creation of complex, high-impact apps in significantly less time than traditional programming environments. The MIT App Inventor project seeks to democratize software development by empowering all people, especially young people, to move from technology consumption to technology creation. A small team of CSAIL staff and students, led by Professor Hal Abelson, forms the nucleus of an international movement of inventors. In addition to leading educational outreach around MIT App Inventor and conducting research on its impacts, this core team maintains the free online app development environment that serves more than 6 million registered users. Blocks-based coding programs inspire intellectual and creative empowerment. MIT App Inventor goes beyond this to provide real empowerment for kids to make a difference -- a way to achieve social impact of immeasurable value to their communities. In fact, App Inventors in school and outside of traditional educational settings have come together and done just that: