AR318
RSW-01
“BUILDING AUTOMATION, SMART
BUILDING AND AIRCONDITIONING
SYSTEMS”
BUILDING UTILITIES – 2
MOLINA, ALLIAH ASHLEY R. AR. MHELFORD PIGAO, uap, rmp
STUDENT INSTRUCTOR
BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (BAS) are centralized, computer-based
control systems that monitor and manage various building systems to enhance efficiency, comfort,
and safety. They are widely used in modern buildings to integrate and automate the operation of
subsystems such as HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting, fire safety, security,
and energy management
1. Sensors
A variable measurement is read using analog inputs. Examples include wireless sensors, platinum
resistance thermometers (resistance temperature detectors), 4–20 mA, 0–10 volt, and temperature,
humidity, and pressure sensors, which can be thermistor.
A device's on/off status is indicated by a digital input. A door contact switch, current switch, air flow
switch, or voltage-free relay contact (dry contact) are a few types of digital inputs. Pulse inputs that
count the pulses over time could alternatively be considered digital inputs. A turbine flow meter that
sends flow data to an input as a frequency of pulses serves as an example.
Software that uses digital sensors and algorithms to identify appliance or other loads based on the
circuit's electrical or magnetic properties is known as nonintrusive load monitoring. However, it is
using analog methods to detect the event. These are incredibly economical to operate and can be
used to identify as well as detect equipment or line faults, start-up transients, etc.
A. CURRENT SENSOR- A current sensor measures the flow of electrical current in a circuit,
expressed in amperes (A). It is used to monitor and control electrical systems and detect
overcurrent or faults.
B. DEWPOINT TEMPARATURE SENSOR- A dew point temperature sensor measures the
temperature at which air becomes saturated with moisture, causing dew or condensation to
form. It provides a precise reading of humidity in terms of water vapor content.
C. CARBON MONOXIDE SENSOR- A carbon monoxide (CO) sensor detects the presence of
carbon monoxide gas in the air, a colorless, odorless, and toxic gas.
D. CARBON DIOXIDE SENSOR- A carbon dioxide (CO₂) sensor measures the concentration of
carbon dioxide gas in the air.
2. Controls
Devices like variable frequency drives, I-P (current to pneumatics) transducers, and valve or damper
actuators are all controlled by analog outputs. A hot water valve that opens up 25% to maintain a
setpoint serves as an illustration. A variable frequency drive that gradually ramps up a motor to
prevent a harsh start is another example.
Digital outputs are used to drive a load when instructed to do so, as well as to open and close relays
and switches. Turning on the parking lot lights when a photocell detects that it is dark outside is one
example. Another illustration would be opening a valve by permitting 24VDC/AC to flow through the
valve's powering output. Pulse-type outputs that generate a frequency of pulses over a specified
duration could alternatively be considered analog outputs. An energy meter that calculates kWh and
pulses at the appropriate frequency is an example.
A. CARBON MON0XIDE SENSOR CONTROL- carbon monoxide garage exhaust system will use an
underground parking garage. For example, with a simple on off switch we can turn the
garage exhaust fan on when the garage is occupied and shut it off when all the cars leave.
We can automate this by adding a carbon monoxide controller and sensor to activate the fan
when the total co level reaches the set point of the controller the co sensor will send an
analog input signal to the carbon monoxide controller indicating the current concentration
and when the set point of the controller is reached meaning that the level of co in the garage
has reached a level that requires the exhaust fan to be turned on.
B. SPLIT-SYSTEM HVAC UNIT- thermostat will try to maintain that set point to control these
environments you need to monitor or sense the existing condition and compare it to the
desired set point you're trying to achieve for the space to automate. This we could add a
simple bi-metal thermostat that would sense the air temperature surrounding the stat or
temperature sensor and feed that information to the HVAC equipment. When it got warm in
the room the bi-metal would expand and make contact in the electrical circuit causing the air
conditioner to turn on when the air cooled down it would cause the bi-metal in the
thermostat to contract and pull away from the electrical contacts thereby turning off the air
condition.
3. Fire Alarm System
A Heat detector can either work on a fixed temperature basis, where it will trigger an alarm if
the temperature exceeds a pre-set value or they can work on the rate of change in
temperature. Commonly Heat detectors work in a similar way to an electrical fuse, the
detectors contain a eutectic alloy which is heat sensitive when a certain temperature is
reached the alloy turns from a solid to a liquid which in turn triggers the alarm.
SMART BUILDING SYSTEMS uses devices connected via the internet to allow
for remote monitoring and management of appliances and systems smart home technology also
known as home automation. It provides homeowners with added security convenience and energy
efficiency. It allows them to control smart devices simply with an app on their smartphone or other
networked device. Smart home owners can control lighting systems remotely scheduled and monitor
thermostats grant or deny home access through smart locks check in on security
1. SMART LIGHTS VIA DEVICE- Smart light switches come with smartphone apps that provide
setup, schedule, dimming, and control options. Apps typically include geofencing, which uses
your phone’s location data to automatically trigger lights. The specific features of the app
vary by brand, but typically it will have the same kinds of features you’d see on smart light
bulb apps.
2. SMART LIGHTS VIA VOICE SENSOR- Voice control is a technology that allows you to control
your smart lights using spoken commands. Instead of manually operating light switches or
using smartphone apps, you can simply speak to your voice assistant, such as Amazon Alexa,
Google Assistant, or Apple Siri, to turn on/off, dim, or change the color of your smart lights.
Voice control offers a hands-free and convenient way to interact with your smart lighting
system.
3. SMART SECURITY DOOR CONTROL Smart building security systems increase building safety
with ease and minimize the risks that come with traditional keys and door locks. They include
things like remote access control, key card access, and doors that can be locked remotely,
with an administrator able to track and program door unlocks at any time. By incorporating
smart building features such as advanced access control systems, video surveillance, and
occupancy monitoring, building owners can provide a safer and more secure environment for
occupants while also improving operational efficiency. Managing access to a smart building
reduces the risk of unauthorized entry.
4. A smart ac controller mimics the infrared signal from your air conditioner’s remote while
using your WiFi network to connect with an app on your phone. The end result is that you
can control your air conditioner from the convenience of a mobile app. And better yet, some
even connect with your existing smart home integrations, giving you whole-home control.
TYPES OF AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEMS, DIAGRAMS AND THEIR
COMPONENTS
1. Window Air Conditioning Systems
Window air conditioners are compact, self-contained units installed in windows or wall openings.
They are ideal for cooling single rooms and consist of a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and
evaporator all housed in one casing. These systems are easy to install and maintain, making them a
popular choice for residential use. They also have the added benefit of being relatively affordable,
though they can be less energy-efficient and noisier compared to split or centralized systems.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
Compressor: Compresses the refrigerant gas to increase its temperature and pressure before
transferring it to the condenser.
Condenser: Located on the exterior side, it releases heat from the refrigerant into the outside air.
Evaporator: Positioned inside the room, it absorbs heat from indoor air to cool it.
Expansion Valve: Reduces the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant before it enters the
evaporator.
Blower Fan: Circulates air over the evaporator coil to cool the room.
Control Panel: Allows users to adjust settings such as temperature and fan speed.
2. Split Air Conditioning Systems
Split systems feature two main components: an indoor unit and an outdoor unit. The indoor unit
contains the evaporator and blower, while the outdoor unit houses the compressor and condenser.
These systems are widely used for cooling individual rooms in homes or offices, offering quiet
operation and aesthetic flexibility as the indoor unit can blend seamlessly with interiors. Split
systems are energy-efficient and provide powerful cooling, but installation can be more complex and
costly compared to window units.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
Outdoor Unit: Houses the compressor, condenser coil, and a fan to expel heat outside.
Indoor Unit: Contains the evaporator coil and air filter, mounted inside the room for cooling.
Refrigerant Pipes: Connect the indoor and outdoor units, facilitating the flow of refrigerant.
Expansion Valve: Found near the evaporator coil, it reduces refrigerant pressure.
Remote Controller: Enables users to operate the system and set desired temperatures.
3. Central Air Conditioning Systems
Central air conditioning systems are designed to cool entire buildings, typically using a network of
ducts to distribute cool air. These systems consist of a central unit that houses the compressor,
condenser, and evaporator, often installed in basements, rooftops, or mechanical rooms. Central AC
provides uniform cooling, improved air quality, and efficient temperature control, making it ideal for
large spaces. However, installation requires significant infrastructure, and operating costs can be
higher than other systems.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
Compressor: Located in the central unit, it compresses the refrigerant to prepare it for heat
exchange.
Condenser: Releases heat absorbed from indoor air into the atmosphere.
Evaporator Coil: Absorbs heat from air circulating through the system, cooling it.
Air Handler: A fan system that circulates cooled air through ducts into rooms.
Ductwork: A network of insulated tubes that distributes air throughout the building.
Thermostat: Central control system to regulate and maintain desired temperatures.
4. Portable Air Conditioning Systems
Portable air conditioners are standalone units that can be moved from one room to another,
providing flexibility and convenience. They are equipped with a hose to vent hot air outside through
a window or door. While easy to install and relatively affordable, portable units are less efficient and
may not cool larger spaces effectively. Their mobility makes them a good choice for renters or
temporary setups.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
Compressor: Compresses the refrigerant to facilitate the cooling process.
Condenser: Expels heat outside via an exhaust hose connected to a window.
Evaporator: Absorbs heat from indoor air and cools it.
Exhaust Hose: Ventilates hot air outside the room.
Control Panel: Integrated controls for adjusting temperature and fan speed.
Caster Wheels: Provide mobility to move the unit between rooms.
