«students will be able to I recie rware development activities Preps hedule for softwe p ities of software project manager the person who is responsible for 143.3 Responsib ‘A projec accomplishing the stated project Azsiware project managers take the overall responsibility of p; roject success The job responsibility of a project manager ranges from invisib 7 m spirit to highly visible customer presentations. (Plan: le activities like building ining to Deployment) A project manager bridging the gap between the production team and client up tear 4 He managing the constraints of the project management triangle, wi are cost, time, scope, and quality. pe General activities of manager like -» project proposal writing, project cost estimation scheduling, project staffing, sofware process tailoring, project monitoring and cannr software configuration management, risk management, interfacing with clients managerial report writing and presentations, etc. : + All the above activities are mainly classified into: project planning, project monitoring and control activities, Project planning activity starts before development, while monitoring and control starts after development. | + Key among his or her duties is the recognition of risks that affect the success of the | running project (risk management). It follows that a project manager is one who is "responsible for making decisions both large and small, in such a way that risk is "controlled and minimized. "ime and cost estimation are also important factors of project manager responsibilities. !/ Follow project status and modify it to ensure success. 1/ Every decision taken by the project manager should be taken in such a way that it / directly benefits the project. He sets up development milestones and entry or exit criteria. he skills required in project manager to manage the projects, are om fie must have theoretical knowledge of different project managemen d in project manager. techniques. A good decision making capabilities also require’ ‘ . enna He should be client representative and has to pean ote ta needs of the client, and capable of understanding and disct customers, ment the exact problems with 122-23 (41)solve coy and res Ni ich is divided into differs edule f the developing project. ject the projes he progress of the Project, customs mad team building are acquired throug nt project planning activity. Tt involves deci hat distributes estimated efforts across the ® these efforts to specific tasks roject activites, a sofware project manager needs to do te Projea the tasks needed to complete the project, = . kt domo Jace fanie fatness a dependency among different activities, fe resources to activities. ® the starting and ending dates for various activities, Determine the critical path. ng all of the above activities: identifyi tities done through work bre; nce the activity soft project tool Work breakdown structure (Wes) ° Work Breakdown small activi akdown structure and estimating time and proje ‘et schedule is developed through ies, PS » Consistent, and logical method for dividing the project into small, z eo components forpurposes of planning, estimating, and monitoring, a tet WBS encourages 4 /stematic planning. process, reduces the omission ol ‘ me elements, and simplifies the project by dividing it into Mmanageableunits. Provide a roa i itoring, and i fe the} Project like 5 aE idmap for Planning, monitoring, an managingall factors of ete, Tce allocation, scheduling, budgeting, Productivity, performance! cr a e Project f 1 sotware DOVER | ware Prok Each no of the ni Bach ac # level. WBS car fog OLN Type There ar 4 Proce! decompo! product Hybrid V i iii qhere are twi gree structuactivities: durations ne different for the time ary to compley/ activities ) jates for various activities: ) ending fe fying tasks and t vities: identifying tasks C : srealedoon structure (WBS) PERT and CPM used ty and project schedule is developed through gh work y and estimating time ructure (WBS) k breakdown sti “ cture (WBS) is used to decompose a given task set recursively into .. consistent, and logical method for dividing the project into small, mponents forpurposes of planning, estimating, and monitoring. S encourages a systematic planning process, reduces the omission of « and simplifies the project by dividing it into manageableunits. de a roadmap for planning, monitoring, and managingall factors of the + resource allocation, scheduling, budgeting, productivity, performance be shown graphically in a hierarchical tree structure and developed top to { the tree is labelled by the problem name.¢ ‘ BS c 'y pes of WBS ere are three types of, WES as follows: Process WBS : it decom sintcaslll decomposed in the task. hroulil i, Product WBS eers Poses large processes into smaller ones. Each : it decomposes large entity into smaller components. It is used by il Hybrid WBS : in includes both process and product elements into single WBS eciding #’ there are two methods of WBS presentation : a Tree structure proj: = oe | Software Application | | iL y . . \ - _— re i do thedivided into Afters, ping project. qypes of WBS There are three typey of process WBS : it dex om decomposed in the tay Product WBS t It decompongy tq... * engineers Re entity into ematter ¢ i © Project, custome, > acquired through ‘omponents, Ij i, Hybrid WBS : in includes jor, mere are two methods of wag qree structure | me || Requirement Design | Specification IS Used by gy Y water h procesy Presentation t ren It involves deciding ingle y across the projec, | ger needs to do the Teaing = \ ee "| essary to complete t 4 Data Flow chart structure DFD n them into small nd CPM used to leveloped through ? dented list form [0] “top eae (Product)(Software application) st recursively into roject into, aii i i Requirement Specification. the | 2.1 System Design anageable 2.1.1 Data structure all factors | OG a es0 ee po a qhe arrows represent the logical precedence of the Project comp Project, ea the task which is dependent on other taslcs cannot stare mit tl the tasks NEO On which depended are completed applications + 2M" tivity Networks and PERT (Programming Evaluat tion and Review Technique) Chy are typically used to document complex projects in a vieeul © arts they are also used to establish the critical path of a project critical Path Method (CPM) the CPM method discovered by M.R.Walker in 1957.(Critica analysis technique’ Critical path method is a swork critical path is the sequenc® of activities with the longest duration, A del io lelay in any ivity on this path will result in a delay for the whole proje, a] path are critical activities, Project. The activities on the act €pM used to calculate project completion me. CPM used to predict the project duration|by findin, B Out sequence of activitie, the \jeast amount of scheduling flexibilities. i siete + The project manager identifies the critical activities of the project CPM deals with both cost and time. It is based on single time estimation. = Need of CPM Plnning resource requirements, \y/Control resource allocation. * Prediction of deliverables. Mis used to calculate expected completion time of the project. \/ intemal and external program review. * Performance evaluation. ~ Advantages * It provides clear, concise and unambiguous way of documenting project plans, schedules, time and cost. aa mathematically easy and simple. 7 itis useful to new project managers. I displays dependencies which help in scheduling. t determines slack time. Which is the total time for that task may be delayed to complete, T can display parallel running activity. It is widely used in industry purpose.ical sector. - Example activities and oil refineries. completion time) for the air poll ontais of Software DEVE, aware Proies Activity | Description Build internal components Modify roof and floor Construct collection stack D Pour concrete and install frame | Build high-temperature bumer Install control system Install air pollution device Inspection and testing * Im that diagram each activity is listed on arc. Activities are arranged according ! precedence given above, This type of network diagram is called Activity on Arc (AoA), Activity For above problem, first we have to draw the activity network diagram, (tt ioe va resource allocation: is ¢ is difficult. wer aii path ; a over’ depend on judgmen' wer eat diagra™ \ tution control system havi Time | Immediate Predecessor a None 8 None 2 A ‘ P Nov 4 c the lates , c date of | 5 network diagram, w Maximy the aby on Nodes (AoN) is a® mother form of network diagram which is drawn at the end of this chapter) Peer F,3———armine the critical path, ry value, (Or the path jn re, the dark Arrows e can w at ais to it ue re). In above figu te value ea eet —qetivity On Are) uslidl Activity Noy a Network ld 2% example Al afi) y seample Wi AG’ ron wala va Act . d Review Technique’.\Sometime, Evaluation an‘ Hale _—S Review Technique’. It was develo; 1958 by y project planning nagement tool used to schedule, organize and coordi ‘al representation of a project’s timeline that enables Proj wn cach individual task in the project for analysis. ows a manager to evaluate the time and resources necessary chart the project's activities or tasks, ne dependency between different activities, “hart (like activity network) all of timelines for activities,ine the critical path, q termi i ye can deteTM™ jue. (Or the path in mite he dark arrow, oe ai fn above figure, the TOs A y% ‘On Arc) uslndl Activity Netwe oA (Activity : vity Network ddwvexample wh ahs, ry Eva [sometimes 4 tion and Review Technique ‘ is Program Review Technique’. It was develop 1958 by Ug PER { Evaluation and Review Tec] ol for project planning, is a project management tool used to schedule, organize and coordinay a project. a graphical representation of a project’s timeline that enables proj 3 to break down each individual task in the project for analysis. RT chart allows a manager to evaluate the time and resources necessary tj nplete a project Steps to create PERT chart * Identify all of the project's activities or tasks, ‘es * Determine dependency between different activities. * Draw chart (like activity network) * Establish timelines for activities, i e i In above § igure, a sample q Z node 5 is last activin: (monstration of PERT chart wh ji . ivit ‘ere node 1 is with time durations a 2,Ca8® of AON method). Activity 2 and axe aa e A Project is completed," ®: And after completion of activity C ang 5,{ PERT chart where node 1 is starting activity tration of PER of AON method) Activity 2 and 3 are succe And after completion of activity C and sor of activity E, we can say that of PERT chart schedule project planning and coordinate team members. RT analysis incorporates data and information supplied by a number of department Improves communication between team members. ERT charts are useful input for what-if analyses.pisadvantages of PERT chart PERT chart for g , tinuous reviews and ups 4 It can be confusing for stakenoy, GANTT char «3h ma9 proposed by Henry Gantt in tong i is also called time tine one times ay v ae 8 i te i < manee 68, een ar eae Stelccceete fan eee or. It is ont the most popu! Tr icesttiba Tepre dinate b. one of th * Popular and usefy) Ways of shows Presents an activity time. owing activities displayea islayed agnnat Projeg, + The bars are drawn along a time line Activiti z re Fe ting ee tte [porated neces east corresponding activi ene, eas Ee 4 ponding activity Pane Soin ctbtined toe the 0 fine sage tras ia OSU aaa el eee in i the bar cr The chart is prep: bars, ared by the project manager: + How to plan GANTT chart \o Identify all the tasks. \1ff possible, break down the tasks into smaller tasks, - Advantages At is very simple to understand and easy to use. a is used in monitoring the progress of the project, G 3ANTT chart mainly used for resource allocation, ow ty 1 the Useful for planning and guiding projects, understating critical paths & planning resources Disadvantages It doesn’t show interdependencies of activities. It doesn't show precedence relationship among activities. Y/Not suitable for large projects. oY lt can't caleulate shortest time for any activity in the project. * “Application - milestones. Usedin industry to plan and schedule the activities and miles! ement. |t is used for task management and resource manags ty,,_, Used in project planning and tracking. 0, "naggl 2 al GANTT at P% sks) wi oul —~? (fiat ae aia sul (sub ta: zu ded aa RAUL CRAM arbi ound el aa aay aH ~ Difference between PERT and CPM PERT + Program Evaluation and snag aid Wd Bais seat et SRA. BA CPM >} Full form > Critical Path Method van aaah BL SA IBHE AMAL AAbartall ga WHAUEL AeA > a 5 a 684 eld alloy 217 aad gH AHAPUM FMA, ay, aly, sil a2 oa aud dled. Mad raza tay ag QS 03d. riani Veg aurad 3 Moet 2s sult a ain) a) 3q ad ASA Any 68s Sel WIPSOat Sa ANAL EAR we —/ \-¥ It is deterministic model. \2-Ithas repetitive nature of job. = It can use dummy activities. oriented technique. sseit is activity oriented technique. Suitable for research and ent type projects. ~ Better suitable for construction projects. pla Pre exware Project Management GANTT chart” ped by Henry Gantt i represen diagra: required to complete oe ses on time << | > Critical path cannot be easily found in @ Critical pat th can be Simpler to prepare compare with PERT| - Hard to pr a pare compare with GANTT chart Project Monitoring and Control (PMC) ing is one of the most important project activities. And without proper : planning, project monitoring and control is not possible * Monitoring -collecting, recording, and reporting information concerning project ormance that project manager and others wish to know, * Controlling - it uses data from monitoring activity to bring actual performance from performance. (PMC) activities take place in parallel with project ould be corrective at appropriate level. mitoring and planning so the implementation shi a i a ee ee hadait output design, data design, Proves, 8 ments (described in SRS) into appropy; ements ate 4, y of programming languages. " g any e design documents. logies po sd ok arm pati good being developed, Ben activities ax g ssification of design activities are given below « The classificati pf Design Activities | | I | ctural design i Interface design ff Component desi Database design on ig) Design Activities 1. Architectural design * Where you can identify the overal] enn Structure of the system, sub-systems, modules ani (58)ork 9 ed from Dp of the computer b D (dat 4 eystem, @ flow diagr and with the user De oastaeil Fansition diagram That defines cacy * Tha Beach yar é ; Yetem component and show how they operate Be ei Bbeivedneerarnert transition diagram, 4, Database design « Where you can def, a y iefine the system dat: H in a database, Pera ad ey Sin Sevens Rabe can, be renner be created © deren obiptte cand sfhcicsreiatonchine ace ies in ERD (entity rela d diagram) and detailed content described in da ae ta dictionary (DD) + It can be derived from ERD and DD 4 Design methodologies ¢ Design methodologies are follow: completion of the product. ed in software development from beginning up to the * Design methodologies use to provide guidelines for the design activity. The nature of the design methodologies are dependent on the following factors: The software development environment. The type of the system being developed. ~ User requirements. ‘Qualification and training of the development team. Available software and hardware resources. * There are large numbers of software design methodologies. Different methodologies are used to solve different type of problems.a 8 of the structure analysis © graphically represented using design) — 4, and ™poving the system into modules individual modules are design with data structure Program wilh ;® *ucture de Object ortentag ceTE search (ene i that» if « change t of the Bie ee et x NS Ot ohh ee teen * In this design the : a class. Class diagram is case are also used in decomposition of a program into smaller Programs (or modules) * A system is considered modular if it consists of multiple modules so that each module can be implemented separately and debugged separately. * Modular system provides advantages like: * Easy to understand the system, * System maintenance is easy. * Provide reusability. Modularity is successful because developers use prewritten code, which saves resources, Overall, modularity provides greater software development manageability. Cohesion and coupling are two modularization criteria that are often used together. Most researchers and developers are agreed that for good software design neat decomposition is highly needed, and the primary characteristic of neat decomposition is‘high cohesion and low coupling’. Cohesion : * Cohesion is > @ measure of functional strength of a module. Cohesion keeps the internal modules together, and represents the functional strength.software Developme, rentals of Fundam’ ements of 2 Mog. al ele! intern: d the i fly bount how tight ee Spanier [een | Functional = Classification of cohesion eee as omni i | Procedural ——Fest oincidnat | egieat | Femport | Proce | Comal Fat Worst, (Low) e axe nO meanip, © Coineidentalcohesion rs when ther no Wh Coincidental cohesion occul + It is the lowest cohesion. relationships between the elements. "A mod s a set of tasks that re, jon, if it performs is said to have coincidental cohesi © very loosely "It is also called random or unplanned cohesion, > Legicalcohesion 1 relationships bet same lo + A module e is some logi Said to be logically cohesive if there is som anton the clements of module, and the elements perform functions that fall int class. * For example: the tasks of error handling, input and output of data. Temporal cohesion * Temporal cohesion is same as logical cohesion except that the elements are a related in time and they are executed together A module is in temporal cohesion when a module contains functions that must executed in the same time span * Example: modules that perform activities like initialization, down are usually having temporal cohesion, Proceduraleohesion cleanup, and start-up, shi A module has procedural cohesion when it contains elements that belong to co procedural unit. a Procedure (algorithm) in which certain sequence of steps are carried out to acti’ an objective. * Example; the algorithm for decoding a message ° CommunicationalcohesionNo coupling ~ Classification of coupling Five different types of coupling can occur b D Data Best (Low)cede ang eT Primary characteriatic Teduc . crea interac, “sign process due to following @Ction * So the ‘hetao f f 2 SCORE OF reysy FON moe Mules UME Is fancy an pe retionally inde of * Reuse ca pendent, its degree of Se of ; Precise fan notte i other module Ctio, e and minimal? 84 the SPOS, eeg © Therefor nteractio, use each module does some well-defined and ore, 2 of the does some well-defin Und 2 Cohesive he module with the other modules is simple B erstandabitity Module can p n be easily Sily taken out and reused in a different proztam * Complexity isolation ecause different modules can be understood in +. ‘Bifference be Are more or 1. ee tween ohe less independent of each other Coupling + Cohesion tclctionberee | ee ORC Ir EO nship within module the] "Coupling is the indication > Cohesion shows the relationships between modules. SR me Fauve aie ar eodeficeaamongatae s a degree to is 8 Gule is connected to modules. which @ functional strength > Cohesion is a degree (quality) to which al > GREE component / module focuses on component / module the single thing. the other modules. ald go for low > While designing you should go forhigh| > While designing you sho scare er cohesion.i.e. a cohesive component/ coupling i.e. dependency module focus on a single task with little modules should be less. interaction with other modules of the system. + Cohesion is the kind of natural extension of data hiding for example, class having all members visible with a package having default visibility. > Cohesion is Intra Module Concept ce Making private fields, private methods and non-public classes provides loose coupling Coupling is Inter -Module Concept F8D/9 / 2022.23,ne or more outgoing transitions. Swimlanes. It enables you to group , Swimlanes make group of activities i [| _Symbot Ss, 1. Initial activity (OR Start activity) @ - This shows the Starting point or first activity of the flow. ~ It is denoted by a solid circle. 2. Final activity (OR End activity) @ - The end of the activity diagram shown by a bull's eye symbol. It represents the end point of all activities.Oe mera 1th «damon shay a =<> es as pee —— Anti | Pore {soi d single outgoing transition UML allows attaching a note to different components of diagr Present some textual information be son jents or may be some constraints, It could be some comments of A ote generally attached to a decision point to indicate the | | Partition or Swimlanes Diferent components of an activity diagram can be logically grouped into diferent areas, called partition te ewigta, They often correspond to different users or different units of organization | itis denoted by drawing vertical parallel tines [+ Partitions in an activity diagram are not mandatory. Guard conditions Guard conditions control transition from alternative transitions {] based on condition, | These are represented by square brackets Typical symbols used in activity diagramTare cadClear : the whole = Purpose of UI should be clear to users. Simple\: UI desi CUI design should be s; required to complete the eee to usé]Less number of mouse clicks or keystrokes Consistent i *t Provides consistency throughout the operation. ce ee yee eure, ares users from performing in-appropriate tasks. luable time of users by keeping the things concise. Proper responsive : it should be responsive to the user actions and also give feedback to the users about what is happening. Attractive : a good UI should be attractive enough as users like to interact with them. Efficient : Ul needs to be efficient to figure out what exactly the user is trying to achieve Reliable : a UI should be reliable so that user can use it for a long time with trust and interest. Maintainable : a UI should have the capacity for and changes to be integrated without causing a conflict of interest. User guidance and online assistance : a good user interface s one which additionally offers assist to its users at the time of help at some point of time. Types of User Interface v v y v v v v o Different types of user interface are Graphical user interface (GUI) Command line interface (CLI) Menu driven user interface Direct manipulation interface Touch user interface Form based user interface Voice user interface (VUI) (Note: most of the books and websites clascit. 17.@nguage code and *e and data structure different engineers. P their own coding standards “t Organization and the type of products = language-specific Programming rules that greatly reduce SRE yas siies ie ore each eonete ative, waterfall, extreme programming, and so on) is being used So e i me well-defined ang Standard style of coding that iscoding standards. rred to as programming styles or coding convention. Coding standards list Several rules to be followed and coding guidelines provide general suggestions. The use of global should be limited Contents of the headers preceding codes for different modules "Name of the module (87)