MEASLES:
Introduction:
Measles is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus. In 1980, before
widespread vaccination, measles caused an estimated 2.6 million deaths each year.
The disease remains one of the leading causes of death among young children globally, despite the
availability of a safe and effective vaccine. Approximately 114 900 people died from measles in
2014 – mostly children under the age of 5.
Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and it is normally passed through
direct contact and through the air. The virus infects the mucous membranes, then spreads
throughout the body. Measles is a human disease and is not known to occur in animals.
Accelerated immunization activities have had a major impact on reducing measles deaths. During
2000-2014, measles vaccination prevented an estimated 17.1 million deaths. Global measles
deaths have decreased by 79% from an estimated 546 800 in 2000 to 114 900 in 2014.
Global Scenario:
Measles is one of the leading causes of death among young children even though a safe
and cost-effective vaccine is available.
In 2014, there were 114 900 measles deaths globally – about 314 deaths every day or 13 deaths
every hour.
Measles vaccination resulted in a 79% drop in measles deaths between 2000 and 2014
worldwide.
In 2014, about 85% of the world's children received one dose of measles vaccine by their
first birthday through routine health services – up from 73% in 2000.
During 2000-2014, measles vaccination prevented an estimated 17.1 million deaths making
measles vaccine one of the best buys in public health
Signs & Symptoms:
The first sign of measles is usually a high fever, which begins about 10 to 12 days after
exposure to the virus, and lasts 4 to 7 days. A runny nose, a cough, red and watery eyes, and small
white spots inside the cheeks can develop in the initial stage. After several days, a rash erupts,
usually on the face and upper neck. Over about 3 days, the rash spreads, eventually reaching the
hands and feet. The rash lasts for 5 to 6 days, and then fades. On average, the rash occurs 14 days
after exposure to the virus (within a range of 7 to 18 days).
Most measles-related deaths are caused by complications associated with the disease.
Complications are more common in children under the age of 5, or adults over the age of 20. The
most serious complications include blindness, encephalitis (an infection that causes brain
swelling), severe diarrhoea and related dehydration, ear infections, or severe respiratory infections
such as pneumonia. Severe measles is more likely among poorly nourished young children,
especially those with insufficient vitamin A, or whose immune systems have been weakened by
HIV/AIDS or other diseases.
In populations with high levels of malnutrition and a lack of adequate health care, up to
10% of measles cases result in death. Women infected while pregnant are also at risk of severe
complications and the pregnancy may end in miscarriage or preterm delivery. People who recover
from measles are immune for the rest of their lives
Transmission:
The highly contagious virus is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or
direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions.
The virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours. It can
be transmitted by an infected person from 4 days prior to the onset of the rash to 4 days after the
rash erupts.
Measles outbreaks can result in epidemics that cause many deaths, especially among
young, malnourished children. In countries where measles has been largely eliminated, cases
imported from other countries remain an important source of infection.
Population at Risk:
Unvaccinated young children are at highest risk of measles and its complications, including
death. Unvaccinated pregnant women are also at risk. Any non-immune person (who has not been
vaccinated or was vaccinated but did not develop immunity) can become infected.
Measles is still common in many developing countries – particularly in parts of Africa and
Asia. The overwhelming majority (more than 95%) of measles deaths occur in countries with low
per capita incomes and weak health infrastructures.
Measles outbreaks can be particularly deadly in countries experiencing or recovering from
a natural disaster or conflict. Damage to health infrastructure and health services interrupts routine
immunization, and overcrowding in residential camps greatly increases the risk of infection.
Treatment:
No specific antiviral treatment exists for measles virus.
Severe complications from measles can be avoided through supportive care that ensures
good nutrition, adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydration with WHO-recommended oral
rehydration solution. This solution replaces fluids and other essential elements that are lost through
diarrhoea or vomiting. Antibiotics should be prescribed to treat eye and ear infections, and
pneumonia.
All children in developing countries diagnosed with measles should receive two doses of
vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart. This treatment restores low vitamin A levels during
measles that occur even in well-nourished children and can help prevent eye damage and blindness.
Vitamin A supplements have been shown to reduce the number of deaths from measles by 50%.
Prevention:
Routine measles vaccination for children, combined with mass immunization campaigns
in countries with high case and death rates, are key public health strategies to reduce global measles
deaths. The measles vaccine has been in use for over 50 years. It is safe, effective and inexpensive.
It costs approximately one US dollar to immunize a child against measles.
The measles vaccine is often incorporated with rubella and/or mumps vaccines in countries
where these illnesses are problems. It is equally effective in the single or combined form. Adding
rubella to measles vaccine increases the cost only slightly, and allows for shared delivery and
administration costs.
In 2014, about 85% of the world's children received 1 dose of measles vaccine by their first
birthday through routine health services – up from 73% in 2000. Two doses of the vaccine are
recommended to ensure immunity and prevent outbreaks, as about 15% of vaccinated children fail
to develop immunity from the first dose.
WHO Taregts:
In 2010, the World Health Assembly established 3 milestones towards the future eradication
of measles to be achieved by 2015:
increase routine coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) by
≥90% nationally and ≥80% in every district or equivalent administrative unit for children
aged 1 year;
reduce and maintain annual measles incidence to <5 cases per million; and
reduce estimated measles mortality by >95% from the 2000 estimate.
By 2014, the global push to improve vaccine coverage resulted in a 79% reduction in deaths.
During 2000-2014, with support from the Measles & Rubella Initiative, measles vaccination
prevented an estimated 17.1 million. During 2014, about 219 million children were vaccinated
against measles during mass vaccination campaigns in 28 countries. All WHO Regions have now
established goals to eliminate this preventable killer disease by 2020.
