RESEARCH DOSSIER

LAHORE GRAMMAR SCHOOL

RESEARACH DOSSIER

United Nations Women

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Table of Contents

1. Mandate of Committee

2. Introduction to Topic & Brief History

3. Important Definitions (include sources)

4. Brief Summary of Topic

5. Important Stakeholders

6. Foreign Policy of Designated Country

7. Important Facts, Statistics & Timeline of Topic (include source)

8. Core Disputes

9. QARMA & Moderated Caucuses

10. Applicable Legislations

a. Written Instruments
b. Customary International Law
i. Jus Cogens
ii. Erga Omness (State Liability)
c. Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties (VCLT)

11. Structured Arguments (based on core disputes)

12. Counter Arguments

13. Solutions to the Issue

14. Frameworks for Applicability of Solutions

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The mandate of the UN Women (UNW) Committee centers on promoting gender equality and
the empowerment of women and girls globally. UN Women works across various sectors,
advocating for policies, funding, and programming that support women’s rights and gender
equality. Specifically, the committee’s mandate includes:

1. Advocacy for Gender Equality

 UN Women serves as a global advocate for achieving gender equality, raising awareness
about gender-based issues, and setting international standards for gender equality in
collaboration with member states and other UN agencies.

2. Empowerment of Women and Girls

 UN Women works to empower women economically, politically, and socially, providing

resources and supporting initiatives that increase women’s access to leadership roles,
education, economic opportunities, and essential rights.

3. Combating Gender-Based Violence

 The committee prioritizes ending violence against women and girls by advocating for
legal protections, funding resources, and providing support systems, including healthcare
and counseling services.

4. Advancing Women’s Rights in Peace and Security

 UN Women plays a significant role in implementing the Women, Peace, and Security
agenda, advocating for women’s participation in peace processes, conflict resolution, and
post-conflict reconstruction.

5. Ensuring Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

 UN Women promotes policies that safeguard women’s reproductive rights, focusing on

access to healthcare services, family planning, and maternal health services.

6. Supporting Gender Equality in Governance and Leadership

 The committee works with governments to develop policies that increase women’s
political representation, leadership opportunities, and inclusion in governance, from local
to national levels.

7. Economic Empowerment

 UN Women aims to bridge the gender gap in economic participation by providing

women with equal opportunities in the workforce, supporting small business initiatives,
and advocating for fair wages.
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8. Data Collection and Research

 As part of its mandate, UN Women conducts research, collects gender-disaggregated

data, and monitors progress on gender equality, helping policymakers design effective
gender-responsive policies.

The mandate of UN Women is centered on transforming global structures to promote gender

equality, support women's rights, and foster empowerment, aligning with the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 5: Gender Equality.

INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF HISTORY

Agenda 1: Promoting Gender Equality in Political Representation

Introduction
Gender equality in political representation is a fundamental component of democratic
governance and sustainable development. Historically, women’s participation in politics has
been significantly limited worldwide, with societal and cultural norms, legal barriers, and
economic inequalities all contributing to gender disparity in leadership roles. Even today, while
some countries have made substantial progress, women hold only about 26% of parliamentary
seats globally, far from an equal distribution of political power.

Brief History
The struggle for women’s political representation began with early women’s suffrage
movements in the 19th and 20th centuries, initially in Western nations like New Zealand (1893)
and the United States (1920). These movements inspired similar campaigns worldwide,
gradually leading to voting rights and participation in politics. The Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), adopted in 1979,
marked a major milestone in promoting gender equality globally. Later, the Beijing Declaration
and Platform for Action (1995) solidified global commitment to women’s political
empowerment.

Today, the challenge remains to create an inclusive political environment and address systemic
barriers preventing equal representation. The UN Women committee advocates for policies such
as gender quotas, leadership training programs, and cultural reform initiatives to bridge the
gender gap in political participation.

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

Introduction
Access to reproductive health and rights is essential for women’s empowerment and well-being,
encompassing family planning, maternal health, safe childbirth, and education on reproductive
health. Reproductive health is closely linked to social and economic development, as it enables
women to make informed decisions about their lives and futures. However, access to these
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services remains limited in many parts of the world due to cultural stigma, insufficient healthcare
infrastructure, and lack of awareness.

Brief History
Reproductive health rights gained international recognition as part of human rights in the late
20th century. The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in
Cairo in 1994 was a landmark event, where 179 countries agreed that reproductive health and
rights should be at the forefront of global development. The conference emphasized the
importance of access to safe family planning, maternal healthcare, and educational programs as a
way to promote gender equality and reduce poverty. Since then, UN Women and UNFPA have
worked to ensure universal access to reproductive health services, particularly in underserved
and rural areas.

Despite these efforts, challenges persist due to cultural resistance, inadequate healthcare systems,
and limited funding, especially in developing nations. This agenda calls for international
cooperation, inclusive policies, and increased healthcare access to uphold reproductive health as
a fundamental right.

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

1. Gender Equality
o Definition: Gender equality is the state in which individuals of all genders have
equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities. It encompasses equal access to
education, employment, healthcare, and participation in political and public life.
o Source: UN Women - Gender Equality
2. Political Representation
o Definition: Political representation refers to the inclusion of diverse groups,
particularly marginalized populations such as women, in legislative bodies,
decision-making positions, and government roles, ensuring that these groups'
voices are reflected in policies and governance.
o Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) - Political Representation
3. Gender Quota
o Definition: Gender quotas are policy mechanisms requiring a minimum
percentage of candidates or seats in political offices to be reserved for women,
promoting gender balance in governance.
o Source: UNDP - Gender Equality in Governance
4. CEDAW
o Definition: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is a landmark international treaty
adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979. It requires signatories to end
discrimination against women and promote gender equality across all sectors.
o Source: United Nations - CEDAW Overview
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5. Beijing Platform for Action

o Definition: Adopted in 1995, the Beijing Platform for Action is a comprehensive
policy agenda for women’s empowerment that addresses gender equality in
political participation, economic rights, healthcare, and education.
o Source: UN Women - Beijing Platform for Action

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

1. Reproductive Health
o Definition: Reproductive health refers to a state of physical, mental, and social
well-being in all matters related to the reproductive system. It implies that people
are able to have a safe and satisfying sex life, the freedom to decide if and when
to have children, and access to necessary healthcare.
o Source: World Health Organization (WHO) - Reproductive Health
2. Reproductive Rights
o Definition: Reproductive rights encompass the right to access reproductive
healthcare services, including family planning, contraception, maternal health,
and safe childbirth. These rights also ensure freedom from discrimination,
coercion, and violence in reproductive decisions.
o Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - Reproductive Rights
3. Maternal Health
o Definition: Maternal health involves the health of women during pregnancy,
childbirth, and the postpartum period. This includes access to prenatal care,
skilled birth assistance, and postnatal care to prevent complications and ensure a
safe pregnancy.
o Source: World Health Organization (WHO) - Maternal Health
4. Family Planning
o Definition: Family planning is the practice of controlling the number and timing
of children through the use of contraception, information, and other reproductive
healthcare services, allowing individuals to make informed choices about their
reproductive lives.
o Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - Family Planning
5. International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
o Definition: Held in Cairo in 1994, the ICPD set the global agenda for
reproductive health and rights. It emphasized that reproductive health and
women's empowerment are essential for development, framing these rights as
fundamental to human rights.
o Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - ICPD
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BRIEF SUMMARY

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

The United Nations emphasizes the critical need for gender equality in political representation as
a fundamental aspect of democratic governance. As of January 2023, women occupy only 31
positions as Heads of State or Government globally, and they represent just 26.5% of Members
of Parliament. Furthermore, women make up only 22.8% of Cabinet Ministers worldwide,
highlighting a significant underrepresentation in decision-making roles. This disparity reflects
ongoing barriers such as discriminatory laws, societal norms, and a lack of resources and
opportunities that hinder women's political participation

UN Women advocates for various measures to promote women's political engagement, including
legislative reforms, training for women candidates, and initiatives to encourage civic education
focused on gender equality. The aim is to dismantle structural barriers and create a level playing
field, thereby enhancing women's roles in politics and leadership

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

Access to reproductive health and rights is crucial for achieving gender equality and empowering
women. The UN supports the idea that women should have comprehensive access to
reproductive health services, including family planning, maternal care, and safe abortion where
legal. Despite these clear rights, many women around the world face significant barriers to
accessing these essential services due to legal restrictions, cultural stigma, and a lack of health
care infrastructure

The UN highlights that ensuring access to reproductive health services is not only a matter of
individual rights but also a key factor in public health and economic development. When women
can make informed choices about their reproductive health, it contributes to better health
outcomes for families and communities as a whole

.
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IMPORTANT STAKEHOLDERS

 Governments: National and local governments are responsible for enacting laws and policies
that promote gender equality and reproductive rights. They can implement measures that ensure
women's participation in political processes and access to healthcare services

Rabin Martin

Population Institute
.

 International Organizations: Entities like the United Nations (UN) and its specialized
agencies (e.g., UN Women, WHO) set global standards and provide frameworks for member
states to follow. They facilitate international dialogue, provide technical assistance, and monitor
progress on gender equality and reproductive health initiatives

Rabin Martin

Planned Parenthood Action Fund

.

 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs advocate for women's rights and health,
often working on the ground to provide services, education, and support. They are vital for
raising awareness, mobilizing communities, and influencing policy

Population Institute

Planned Parenthood Action Fund

.

 Pharmaceutical Companies: These organizations play a significant role in providing

essential health products, including contraceptives and maternal health medications. Their
involvement in research and development is critical for advancing women's health initiatives

Rabin Martin

Population Institute
.

 Civil Society: This includes grassroots organizations, community groups, and activists who
promote social change and advocate for policy reform. They amplify the voices of marginalized
populations and ensure that diverse perspectives are included in discussions on gender equality
and reproductive rights
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Planned Parenthood Action Fund

.

 Academics and Researchers: Scholars contribute by providing data, analysis, and

recommendations on best practices for achieving gender equality and improving reproductive
health outcomes. Their research can inform policy decisions and advocate for evidence-based
practices

Rabin Martin

Population Institute
.

 The Private Sector: Businesses can support gender equality through corporate policies that
promote women's participation in leadership and workforce roles. They can also engage in
initiatives that improve access to healthcare for their employees

Population Institute

Planned Parenthood Action Fund

.

FOREIGN POLICY

Azerbaijan's Foreign Policy on Gender Equality in Political Representation

Azerbaijan's foreign policy emphasizes the importance of gender equality, aligning with
international commitments to enhance women's roles in politics and governance. The
government has taken steps to incorporate gender mainstreaming into state policies and
programs, ensuring women's active participation in various spheres, including political
representation. Specific measures include:

1. Legislative Framework: Azerbaijan has committed to developing laws aimed at

promoting women's rights and representation in governance, including specific
legislation to improve conditions for working women

UN Women

en.wikipedia

2. International Cooperation: The country actively engages in international initiatives,

such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
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Women (CEDAW), and supports the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution

1325 on women, peace, and security

UN Women Data Hub

en.wikipedia

3. Educational Programs: Azerbaijan promotes education and training for women to

enhance their capabilities for leadership roles, particularly in science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields

UN Women

en.wikipedia

4. Support for Refugees: The Azerbaijani government focuses on reintegrating refugee

women into society, promoting their participation in political and economic life

UN Women

Azerbaijan's Foreign Policy on Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

Regarding reproductive health and rights, Azerbaijan has made commitments to ensure
comprehensive access to health services for women, reflecting a broader commitment to
women's rights. Key elements of its policy include:

1. Health Initiatives: The government has implemented programs aimed at improving

women's reproductive health, including access to family planning and maternal health
services

UN Women

en.wikipedia

2. International Standards: Azerbaijan has pledged to adhere to international standards for

reproductive rights, supporting initiatives that focus on women's health and reproductive
rights as integral components of human rights

UN Women Data Hub

state

3. Public Awareness: Efforts are underway to educate the public on reproductive health
issues, including combating misinformation and stigma associated with women's health

en.wikipedia
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4. Legislative Support: Azerbaijan is developing laws that will further safeguard

reproductive rights and improve healthcare access for women

UN Women

en.wikipedia

In summary, Azerbaijan's foreign policy strongly aligns with international commitments to

promote gender equality and reproductive health rights, aiming to enhance the status and well-
being of women within the country and in cooperation with global initiatives.

Important Facts, Statistics & Timeline of Topic (include

source)

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

Facts and Statistics:

 As of January 2024, women hold 29 positions as Heads of State and/or Government

worldwide, with only 19 countries having a woman Head of State and 17 countries
having a woman Head of Government

UN Women

UN Women

 Women represent only 23.3% of Cabinet members as of January 2024. There are only 15
countries where women hold 50% or more of ministerial positions

UN Women

UN Women

 In national parliaments, women occupy only 26.9% of seats in single or lower houses, a
significant increase from 11% in 1995

World Economic Forum

UN Women

 Globally, it is projected that gender parity in national legislative bodies will not be
achieved until 2063
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UN Women

UN Women

Timeline:

 1995: The Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing results in the Beijing
Declaration, emphasizing gender equality in political participation

World Economic Forum

UN Women

 2020: Women represented 25.5% of parliamentarians globally

World Economic Forum

 2021: The number of countries with women Heads of State rises to 22, but fewer than
half of the global governments are gender-equal

UN Women

UN Women

 2024: Current statistics show that progress remains slow, with only 29 women in top
political positions globally

UN Women

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

Facts and Statistics:

 Globally, 37 million women (approximately 5% of women aged 15-49) were unable to

access modern contraception in 2021, highlighting a significant gap in reproductive
health access

UN Women

UN Women

 According to the UN, approximately 810 women die daily from preventable causes
related to pregnancy and childbirth, with 94% of these deaths occurring in low-resource
settings
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UN Women

 About 100 million women and girls aged 15-49 in developing regions have an unmet
need for modern contraception

World Economic Forum

UN Women

Timeline:

 1994: The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo

establishes reproductive health rights as human rights

UN Women

 2010: The UN General Assembly adopts the Millennium Development Goals, which
include improving maternal health

World Economic Forum

UN Women

 2015: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are adopted, with SDG 3 focusing on
ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all

UN Women

 2024: The UN continues to call for universal access to reproductive health care,
particularly in the wake of setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic

World Economic Forum

UN Women
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CORE DISPUTES
Core Disputes for Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

1. Cultural and Religious Norms: Many countries oppose aggressive measures to increase
women's representation due to deeply ingrained cultural and religious beliefs that favor
traditional gender roles. For instance, nations like Iran and Saudi Arabia may argue that
such measures violate cultural norms and sovereignty

UN Women

UN Women

2. Quotas vs. Meritocracy: A core dispute is whether to implement gender quotas or rely on
merit-based systems for political appointments. Opponents, particularly from conservative
backgrounds (like Russia and Turkey), often argue that quotas undermine the principle of
meritocracy

UN Women

Political Stability**: Some states argue that increasing women's representation might
disrupt existing power structures, leading to political instability. They claim that gender-
focused policies can polarize political landscapes, particularly in regions with fragile
governance .

3. Lurces: Countries with limited resources may dispute the feasibility of initiatives aimed at
enhancing women's political participation, claiming they divert attention from more pressing
economic issues .
4.  Representation vs. Tokenism: There is a debate over whether increasing the number of
women in political roles leads to meaningful change or merely serves as tokenism. Critics
from various regions, including parts of Europe and North America, argue that without true
influence and power, simply having more women in office does not equate to effective
representation
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5.  Intersectionality: Disputes also arise regarding the intersection of gender with other
identities such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Some argue that policies focused
solely on gender do not adequately address the unique challenges faced by women of diverse
backgrounds, particularly in nations with significant ethnic minorities like India and Nigeria
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UN Women
6.  Political Will: Some countries may dispute the commitment of others to genuinely
support gender equality. For example, China and Russia often face skepticism regarding
their motives behind supporting gender initiatives, questioning whether they are genuinely
invested in gender equality or using it as a facade for international credibility
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UN Women
UN Women

Core Disputes to Reproductive Health and Rights

1. Moral and Ethical Considerations: Many nations, especially those with strong religious
influences like Poland and Afghanistan, have moral objections to reproductive health
services, particularly abortion. They argue that promoting reproductive rights conflicts
with their ethical values【57†source】【58†source】.
2. **Sovereignt

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UN Women

tries may contend that international bodies should not impose reproductive health
standards, framing the issue as one of national sovereignty. This is a common argument
from nations like Iran and Russia, which resist what they perceive as external pressures
on domestic policy .

3. Access vs. Autonomy: Some aring access to reproductive health services does not equate
to genuine reproductive rights. They claim that without societal and systemic support,
access may not empower women, leading to a debate about what constitutes meaningful
reproductive health rights【57†source】 .
4. Funding and Resources: Disputes arise

UN Women

funds for reproductive health services, especially in low-income countries. Nations may
resist international pressure to prioritize reproductive health over other health issues,
arguing for a more comprehensive approach to health care【58†source】 .

5. Comprehensive Sexual Education: There is significant disagreement over the need for
comprehensive sexual education as part of reproductive health initiatives. Some
countries, particularly in the Middle East and Africa, oppose such education based on
cultural and religious beliefs, arguing that it promotes behaviors contrary to their values

UN Women

UN Women

6. Public Health vs. Individual Rights: A key point of contention is the framing of
reproductive health as a public health issue versus an individual rights issue. Countries
like Poland and Hungary argue for prioritizing public health concerns while opposing
individual reproductive rights, which they see as potentially harmful to societal values
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UN Women

UN Women

7. Post-Abortion Care: There is a dispute over the necessity and provision of post-
abortion care. In some regions, such as parts of Latin America and Africa, healthcare
systems are often ill-equipped to provide adequate care following unsafe abortions,
leading to debates over the importance of prioritizing comprehensive reproductive health
services

World Economic Forum

UN Women

8. Political Backlash: Many advocates face pushback and backlash from conservative
groups when discussing reproductive rights. For instance, in the USA, the rise of anti-
abortion movements reflects a significant political dispute that complicates access to
reproductive health services

UN Women

UN Women

QARMA AND MODERATED CAUCUS

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

1. Questions:
o "Given that many countries maintain cultural practices that hinder women's
political participation, how do you justify preserving these practices while
claiming to support international commitments to gender equality? Are we to
prioritize tradition over human rights?"
o "If your country believes that merit should prevail over gender quotas, how do
you address the glaring evidence that systemic bias often undermines meritocratic
ideals? Can you provide tangible examples of women in your country who have
overcome these barriers without quotas?"
2. Answers:
o "We believe that tradition plays a crucial role in our society, but we also
recognize the need for evolution. However, can your government guarantee that
these traditions will not infringe upon basic human rights?"
o "Our commitment to meritocracy is genuine, but we acknowledge the challenges.
Nonetheless, we have seen successful female leaders in our country who did not
benefit from quotas. What evidence do you have to refute this?"
3. Responses:
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o "While we value tradition, we cannot ignore the global call for gender equality.
Are you prepared to sacrifice potential progress for the sake of cultural
preservation?"
o "The success of women in leadership roles despite the lack of quotas shows our
potential for merit-based advancement. Wouldn't it be more effective to work
towards improving conditions for all candidates?"
4. Moderation:
o Moderators should facilitate respectful dialogue and ensure that all perspectives
are expressed, particularly from marginalized voices.
o Emphasize constructive engagement, urging delegates to back their claims with
data and examples to foster deeper discussions.
5. Action:
o Propose a resolution that emphasizes the importance of quotas while allowing
room for merit-based evaluation, urging collaboration among nations to share best
practices.
o Encourage the establishment of international monitoring bodies to assess and
report on the progress of women's representation.

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

1. Questions:
o "If your country opposes access to reproductive health based on moral grounds,
how do you reconcile this stance with the fact that millions of women suffer from
preventable health issues due to lack of access? Is preserving moral authority
worth sacrificing women's health?"
o "How do you justify prioritizing public health concerns over individual
reproductive rights, especially in cases where lack of access results in severe
health consequences? Are you willing to accept accountability for these
outcomes?"
2. Answers:
o "We understand the health concerns but believe moral integrity is paramount. Yet,
can you truly measure the cost of moral authority against the lives of women in
your country?"
o "Public health is critical, but individual rights are equally important. How do you
propose to balance these without putting women’s lives at risk?"
3. Responses:
o "Isn't it hypocritical to claim moral superiority while ignoring the health crisis
faced by women? How can we consider our values intact if they lead to such
suffering?"
o "While we strive for public health, it's essential to ensure that individual rights are
not infringed upon. Wouldn’t a comprehensive approach benefit both public
health and women's rights?"
4. Moderation:
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o Moderators should ensure that discussions remain focused on the ethical

implications of reproductive health policies, encouraging delegates to substantiate
their arguments with facts.
o Promote an open dialogue where delegates feel safe to express contrasting views
without fear of backlash.
5. Action:
o Propose a resolution that calls for universal access to reproductive health services
while respecting cultural values, emphasizing the need for comprehensive sexual
education as a crucial component of health policy.
o Encourage collaborative efforts among nations to develop frameworks that
prioritize both public health and individual rights, ensuring that women’s health is
not compromised.

Suggested Moderated Caucus Topics

1. For Gender Equality in Political Representation:

o "Cultural Barriers to Women’s Political Participation: Challenges and Solutions"
o "The Balance Between Meritocracy and Quotas: Achieving Gender Equality"
2. For Access to Reproductive Health and Rights:
o "Reproductive Health as a Human Right: Moral Dilemmas and Health Outcomes"
o "Public Health vs. Individual Rights: Navigating the Reproductive Health Debate"

APPLICABLE LEGISLATIONS

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

Applicable Legislations

a. Written Instruments

1. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

(CEDAW): This treaty is central to international efforts to promote gender equality and
women's rights. It obligates state parties to take appropriate measures to eliminate
discrimination against women in all areas, including political representation

UN Women

*Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995)**: This document, resulting from
the Fourth World Conference on Women, sets strategic objectives and actions for
achieving gender equality and women's empowerment, including increased participation
of women in decision-making .
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2. of Human Rights (UDHR): Article 21 affirms the right of everyone to take part in the
government of their country, directly or through freely chosen representatives, which
implicitly includes gender equality in political representation【10†source】.

b. Customary I

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l Law

 Customary international law generally supports the principle of non-discrimination,

including gender equality. States are expected to respect these norms in practice,
contributing to the international legal framework that underpins gender equality in
political participation【10†source】 .

i. Jus Cogens

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ion: The principle of non-discrimination, particularly based on gender, is widely recognized as a
jus cogens norm, meaning it is a peremptory norm of international law from which no derogation
is permitted .

**ii. Erga Omnes (State Liability)**ave obligations erga omnes to respect and ensure the rights
of all individuals within their jurisdiction, including the right to participate in political life
without discrimination【10†source】 .

**c. Vienna Convention on the Laws

UN Women
The VCLT, specifically Articles 26 (Pacta sunt servanda) and 31 (General Rule of
Interpretation), establishes that treaties must be performed in good faith and interpreted in
accordance with their ordinary meaning. This is crucial for states' adherence to international
commitments regarding gender equality【10†source】【11†source】.

Agenda 2: Access to Reprod

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ts

Applicable Legislations
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a. Written Instruments

1. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): Article

12 recognizes the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and
mental health, which encompasses access to reproductive health services .
2. CEDAW: As mentioned earlier, CEDAW not only py but also specifically addresses
women's health issues, including access to reproductive health care【10†source】 .
3. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: This document

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ance of ensuring universal access to reproductive health services and outlines the need for
comprehensive sexual education .

b. Customary International Law

 The right to health, including reproductive healtion as customary international law,

obligating states to ensure access to essential health services without discrimination .

i. Jus Cogens

 The right to health can be considered part of jus cogens norms, particularly regardinorture
and inhuman treatment, which includes denying necessary medical care .

ii. Erga Omnes (State Liability)

 States are liable erga omnes to uphold the rights to health and reproductive services
fviduals within their jurisdictions, reflecting their commitment to international human
rights standards .

c. Vienna Convention on the Laws of Treaties (VCLT)

 Similar to the previous agenda, the VCLT provides a framework for states to i treaties
concerning reproductive rights in good faith, reinforcing international
obligations【10†source】【11†source】.

STRUCTURED ARGUMENTS

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

1. Cultural Resistance

 Argument: Many countries uphold cultural practices that hinder women’s political
participation, which raises a fundamental question: Should cultural preservation take
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precedence over human rights? Ignoring women's voices and representation perpetuates
systemic inequality, undermining democratic values.
 Supporting Evidence: Research shows that countries with strong cultural barriers
against women in politics often see lower overall governance quality and stability (World
Economic Forum)

UN Women

2. Representation vs. Tokenism

 Argument: Increasing the number of women in politics through quotas is often criticized
as tokenism. However, evidence suggests that without these quotas, women’s
representation remains stagnated. Genuine representation requires structural changes that
quotas can initiate.
 Supporting Evidence: Countries like Rwanda demonstrate that gender quotas can lead to
meaningful political change and improved governance outcomes (UN Women)

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3. Political Stability

 Argument: Some argue that a lack of diversity in political leadership is necessary for
stability. However, evidence indicates that inclusive governance fosters long-term
stability by addressing the needs of the entire population, not just a select group.
 Supporting Evidence: Studies show that diverse political representation correlates with
higher societal trust and stability (Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance)

UN Women

4. Accountability

 Argument: The slow progress in women’s political representation necessitates

accountability measures. Countries must demonstrate commitment beyond rhetoric, as
mere declarations without action undermine the credibility of international agreements.
 Supporting Evidence: Numerous reports indicate a gap between commitments to gender
equality and actual political representation (UN Women)
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UN Women

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

1. Moral Authority vs. Women's Health

 Argument: Many countries oppose reproductive health access on moral grounds, but this
stance can lead to severe health consequences for women. The prioritization of moral
authority over women's health raises ethical concerns regarding the government's role in
safeguarding public health.
 Supporting Evidence: Reports indicate that restrictive reproductive health policies
contribute to higher maternal mortality rates (World Health Organization)

UN Women

UN Women

2. Public Health vs. Individual Rights

 Argument: While public health is critical, it should not come at the cost of individual
reproductive rights. The denial of access to reproductive health services directly impacts
women's health outcomes and their ability to make informed choices about their bodies.
 Supporting Evidence: Research shows that countries that prioritize both public health
and individual rights see better health outcomes overall (Guttmacher Institute)

UN Women

UN Women

3. Comprehensive Sexual Education

 Argument: The lack of comprehensive sexual education in many cultures leads to higher
rates of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Opposing such
education based on cultural sensitivities perpetuates ignorance and endangers public
health.
 Supporting Evidence: Countries that implement comprehensive sexual education report
lower rates of teenage pregnancies and better sexual health outcomes (UNESCO)
 UN Women

4. Legislative Backlash

 Argument: The growing backlash against reproductive rights in various countries poses
a serious threat to established health policies. This political trend undermines
international commitments to uphold women’s rights and health.
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 Supporting Evidence: Observations show that regressive policies disproportionately

affect marginalized groups, limiting access to necessary healthcare (Human Rights
Watch)

UN Women

UN Women

COUNTER ARGUMENTS

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

1. Cultural Resistance

 Counterargument: Preserving cultural values is essential for maintaining national

identity and social cohesion. Many argue that cultural practices should be respected, as
they reflect the historical context and beliefs of the community. Implementing external
measures for gender equality may not account for local dynamics and could lead to
societal friction.
 Supporting Evidence: Studies show that imposing Western models of governance can
sometimes backfire, causing resistance among local populations (Smith, 2020)on vs.
Tokenism**
 Counterargument: Critics of quotas argue that they can lead to tokenism, where women
may be seen as filling quotas rather than being valued for their competencies. This can
undermine the legitimacy of female politicians and reduce public trust in governance.
 Supporting Evidence: Research indicates that when quotas are perceived as artificial, it
can result in backlash against women in leadership roles, potentially harming future
progress toward gender equality (Krook, 2016) .

3. Political nterargument: Some argue that introducing quotas and aggressive gender
representation initiatives can destabilize existing political structures, particularly in fragile states
where such measures may be perceived as foreign impositions, leading to political backlash and
unrest.

 Supporting Evidence: Evidence from various case studies suggests that rapid changes in
political representation can lead to polarization and conflict in certain contexts (Collier,
2009) .

4. Accountability

 **Counteountability is crucial, some argue that the focus should be on enhancing the
overall political environment and governance rather than solely on gender representation.
Initiatives to improve political culture may yield better long-term results than quotas or
mandated representation.
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 Supporting Evidence: Initiatives aimed at comprehensive political reform and education

have been shown to improve governance in the long run without explicitly focusing on
gender representation (Carothers, 2017) .

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Ririty vs. Women's Health**

 Counterargument: Countries opposing reproductive health access on moral grounds

argue that moral beliefs reflect the values of their societies, which should not be
undermined by external pressures. They assert that moral authority guides ethical
policymaking, ensuring that cultural values are respected.
 Supporting Evidence: Some studies suggest that countries with strong cultural or
religious beliefs may have different yet effective approaches to healthcare that align with
their values, emphasizing family-oriented support systems (Inglehart & Norris, 2003) .

2. Public Health vs. Individual Rights

 Counterargument: The arg public health is often framed as a necessity for the greater
good. Critics may argue that individual rights should not compromise public health
initiatives, especially in resource-constrained settings where prioritizing certain services
can lead to better overall health outcomes.
 Supporting Evidence: Research shows that in some cases, focusing on public health
rather than individual reproductive rights can lead to improved health statistics, such as
reduced maternal mortality through community-wide initiatives (World Bank, 2018) .

3. Comprehensive Sexual Education

 Counterargument: Opponents of comprehensive sexut it may contradict cultural or

religious beliefs and can be inappropriate for certain age groups. They suggest that
parental consent and involvement in sexual education curricula are crucial to ensure that
values are respected.
 Supporting Evidence: Some findings indicate that community-driven education
approaches, which align with local values, can be more effective than comprehensive
programs imposed from outside (Kirby, 2007) .

4. Legislative Backlash

 Counterargument: The perceived backlash against reproductive rights may reflec

among certain populations regarding the implications of global reproductive health
policies. These populations often prioritize local decision-making and the right to self-
determination over external pressures.
 Supporting Evidence: Analyses of legislative trends indicate that backlash can stem
from genuine public sentiment rather than mere political maneuvering, suggesting a need
for policymakers to engage with constituents on these issues (Bendix, 2020) .
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SOLUTIONS TO THE ISSUE

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

1. Implement Gender Quotas

 Solution: Countries should adopt gender quotas in political representation, ensuring a

minimum percentage of women in legislative bodies. This approach has shown to
increase women's participation in politics significantly.
 Supporting Evidence: Countries like Rwanda, which implemented quotas, have seen
women occupying over 60% of parliamentary seats, resulting in more inclusive
policymaking (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020)

UN Women

2. Enhance Political Education and Training

 Solution: Governments and NGOs should provide political education and leadership
training programs specifically for women to build confidence and skills needed for
political participation.
 Supporting Evidence: Studies show that targeted training can significantly increase
women's likelihood of running for office and winning elections (UN Women, 2019)

UN Women

3. Promote Inclusive Political Culture

 Solution: Create initiatives that foster an inclusive political culture, encouraging all
parties to support women's candidacy and ensure a safe environment for female
politicians.
 Supporting Evidence: Programs that engage men as allies in promoting gender equality
have proven effective in challenging stereotypes and biases in political contexts (Heath et
al., 2018)

UN Women

4. Develop Accountability Mechanisms

 Solution: Establish monitoring and accountability mechanisms to ensure compliance

with international agreements related to gender equality in political representation.
 Supporting Evidence: Implementing reporting systems that require countries to disclose
their progress toward gender representation goals can enhance accountability (UN
Women, 2018) UN Women
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Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

1. Expand Access to Comprehensive Reproductive Health Services

 Solution: Governments should ensure universal access to comprehensive reproductive

health services, including family planning, prenatal care, and safe abortion services where
legal.
 Supporting Evidence: Countries that invest in reproductive health services see better
maternal and infant health outcomes and reduced rates of unintended pregnancies
(Guttmacher Institute, 2020)

UN Women

2. Implement Comprehensive Sexual Education

 Solution: Establish mandatory comprehensive sexual education programs in schools that

cover reproductive rights, health, and respect for diversity in values.
 Supporting Evidence: Comprehensive sexual education has been linked to lower rates of
sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies, indicating its effectiveness
(UNESCO, 2020)

UN Women

3. Engage Communities in Policy Development

 Solution: Involve communities in developing reproductive health policies to ensure they

are culturally sensitive and address local needs. This can enhance acceptance and
utilization of services.
 Supporting Evidence: Community-driven approaches to reproductive health often result
in higher service uptake and better health outcomes (World Health Organization, 2019)
UN Women

4. Strengthen Legal Frameworks

 Solution: Strengthen and protect legal frameworks that guarantee reproductive rights,
ensuring that laws are in place to safeguard women's access to necessary healthcare.
 Supporting Evidence: Countries with robust legal protections for reproductive rights
tend to have better health outcomes for women and greater gender equality overall
(Human Rights Watch, 2020)

UN Women UN Women
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Frameworks for Applicability of Solutions

Agenda 1: Gender Equality in Political Representation

1. Implement Gender Quotas

• Solution: Countries should adopt gender quotas in political representation, ensuring a

minimum percentage of women in legislative bodies. This approach has shown to increase women’s
participation in politics significantly.

• FAUI Framework:

• F - Formal Meetings: Convene meetings among national government representatives,

political parties, and international bodies in Geneva, Switzerland, to establish binding agreements on
implementing gender quotas in legislative bodies. These meetings, termed “Equality Accords,” will be
conducted with oversight from the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW),
ensuring countries commit to specific quotas.

• A - Arrangement of Monitoring Committees: Establish a Gender Quota Monitoring Task Force

(GQMTF) composed of members from diverse countries, tasked with monitoring compliance. The
GQMTF will assess quota implementation, conduct compliance audits, and support countries facing
challenges in quota adoption.

• U - Unveiling Results and Compliance Status: The GQMTF will publish annual compliance
reports detailing each country’s adherence to gender quota requirements. These reports will be
available publicly to ensure transparency, spotlighting progress and identifying non-compliant nations.

• I - Implementation and Adaptation: After the initial quota implementation, each country
will be given a two-year period to adapt quotas based on feedback from GQMTF and local assessments.
Afterward, quotas will be reevaluated to determine their impact on political representation.

2. Enhance Political Education and Training

• Solution: Governments and NGOs should provide political education and leadership
training programs specifically for women to build confidence and skills needed for political participation.

• FAUI Framework:

• F - Formal Partnerships with Educational Bodies: Collaborate with academic institutions

and international organizations, such as UN Women and local NGOs, to develop and distribute
comprehensive political training programs tailored for women.

• A - Arrangement of Training Sessions: Host leadership workshops in each region,

prioritizing underserved areas. These workshops will include modules on public speaking, political
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strategy, and leadership. Seasoned politicians and trainers will lead sessions to impart practical
knowledge and mentorship.

• U - Unveiling Leadership Hubs: Establish local “Leadership Hubs” where women can access
ongoing mentorship, network with political figures, and refine their skills post-training. Each hub will be
equipped with resources and virtual training for continuous support.

• I - Impact Assessment and Scaling: Conduct quarterly impact assessments, measuring

the program’s success in empowering women to run for office. Publish findings to adapt training and
expand programs based on success metrics.

3. Promote Inclusive Political Culture

• Solution: Create initiatives that foster an inclusive political culture, encouraging all
parties to support women’s candidacy and ensure a safe environment for female politicians.

• FAUI Framework:

• F - Formal Adoption of Inclusivity Standards: Encourage political parties to adopt and

publicly commit to an “Inclusivity Charter,” a set of standards outlining measures to support women’s
participation, with UN Women providing oversight.

• A - Arrangement of Awareness Campaigns: Launch national campaigns led by men and

women champions promoting an inclusive culture in politics. These campaigns will highlight benefits of
gender balance, actively engaging male allies to support women’s representation.

• U - Unveiling Code of Conduct: Political parties will adopt a standardized code of conduct to
ensure respect and safety for female politicians. This code will be enforced through a bipartisan
monitoring body to report and address incidents of harassment or discrimination.

• I - Inclusivity Reporting: Annual reports will detail progress on inclusivity, showing

statistics of women candidates, incidents of discrimination addressed, and shifts in public support for
female politicians.

4. Develop Accountability Mechanisms

• Solution: Establish monitoring and accountability mechanisms to ensure compliance

with international agreements related to gender equality in political representation.

• FAUI Framework:

• F - Formalization of Reporting Standards: Countries will meet at annual sessions hosted

by UN Women to standardize reporting on gender representation progress. Agreements will require
that all countries submit detailed annual reports on gender equality in political representation.
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• A - Arrangement of Independent Monitoring Bodies: Establish independent

organizations that assess each country’s compliance, including the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), UN Women, and independent gender equality experts.

• U - Unveiling Compliance Scorecards: Each country will receive an annual compliance scorecard
based on its progress towards gender representation goals. These scorecards will be made public,
increasing transparency and accountability.

• I - Implementation of Sanctions: Countries failing to meet their quotas may face

sanctions, such as reductions in international aid or restrictions on participation in certain international
programs, to enforce compliance.

Agenda 2: Access to Reproductive Health and Rights

1. Expand Access to Comprehensive Reproductive Health Services

• Solution: Governments should ensure universal access to comprehensive reproductive

health services, including family planning, prenatal care, and safe abortion services where legal.

• FAUI Framework:

• F - Formal Health Policy Meetings: Health ministers, NGOs, and international health
organizations will convene biannually to set policy goals and frameworks for expanding reproductive
health services, with the World Health Organization (WHO) providing technical assistance.

• A - Arrangement of Health Service Teams: Deploy multidisciplinary healthcare teams in

underserved regions, ensuring access to family planning, prenatal care, and safe abortion services where
legal. These teams will be equipped with adequate resources and training.

• U - Unveiling Regional Health Centers: Establish and equip regional reproductive health centers
in high-need areas. Centers will provide comprehensive services and information, with local health
practitioners hired and trained for continuity.

• I - Improvement Tracking: Conduct quarterly reviews of health outcomes, including

maternal health, infant mortality, and unplanned pregnancy rates. Findings will be published to assess
program efficacy and adapt services accordingly.

2. Implement Comprehensive Sexual Education

• Solution: Establish mandatory comprehensive sexual education programs in schools that

cover reproductive rights, health, and respect for diversity in values.

• FAUI Framework:
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• F - Formation of Education Committees: Set up a national committee of education

experts, health professionals, and community leaders to develop a curriculum based on UNESCO
standards, tailored for local cultural sensitivities.

• A - Arrangement of Teacher Training Programs: Implement training sessions for

educators on delivering comprehensive, inclusive, and respectful sexual education. Educators will
receive resources to foster a supportive and non-judgmental learning environment.

• U - Unveiling Local Education Initiatives: Pilot sexual education programs in select schools,
collecting data on student understanding and comfort levels to refine the curriculum before national
rollout.

• I - Impact Monitoring and Expansion: Conduct biannual assessments on the

effectiveness of sexual education in reducing rates of teenage pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections. Publish findings to showcase the impact and expand the program based on proven success
metrics.

3. Engage Communities in Policy Development

• Solution: Involve communities in developing reproductive health policies to ensure they

are culturally sensitive and address local needs. This can enhance acceptance and utilization of services.

• FAUI Framework:

• F - Formal Dialogues with Community Leaders: Host regular dialogues with community
leaders, religious representatives, and health practitioners to develop policies that reflect local values
while promoting reproductive health.

• A - Arrangement of Feedback Mechanisms: Create structured feedback channels (e.g.,

town hall meetings, online surveys) for communities to voice concerns and suggestions, ensuring
policies are responsive to local needs.

• U - Unveiling Policy Adjustments: Announce policy adaptations based on community feedback to

build trust and increase acceptance. Updated policies will be publicly documented to show
responsiveness to community input.

• I - Impact Tracking: Regularly evaluate service uptake and health outcomes post-
implementation, publishing data to demonstrate improved acceptance and effectiveness of community-
driven health initiatives.

4. Strengthen Legal Frameworks

• Solution: Strengthen and protect legal frameworks that guarantee reproductive rights,
ensuring that laws are in place to safeguard women’s access to necessary healthcare.

• FAUI Framework:
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• F - Formal Legislative Conferences: Organize conferences with lawmakers, health

advocates, and legal experts to draft and advocate for reproductive health laws. These sessions will be
held annually under UN Women’s guidance to ensure alignment with international standards.

• A - Arrangement of Oversight Bodies: Form independent oversight bodies to monitor

enforcement of reproductive health laws. These bodies will review cases of denied services and ensure
legal protection for reproductive rights.

• U - Unveiling Legal Protections: Publicly announce strengthened legal protections for

reproductive rights, clarifying women’s access rights to healthcare and the consequences for
infringement by providers or institutions.

• I - Impact and Compliance Reporting: Annual reports will track each country’s adherence
to reproductive health laws and detail legal progress in protecting reproductive rights. Findings will be
published to ensure transparency and accountability.