Tenses

The use Key words The form

Simple It describes actions that happen in Now- to day- this year…. – The verb changes only
present the Present . Ex :We study simple every-fact- feeling- opinion- with :
present. order- always -usually – He ;she;it verb + s
often – sometimes- never - She ,he,it verb + es
ever Sh finish ch watch ss
miss o go/do x mix
It;he ;she verbs end
in
c+ y .y changes to
ies try/ study y
changed to ies
Present It describes actions that are Right now- currently- at this To be in the simple
continuous happening at the moment of moment- look- listen present +verb +ing
speaking.Ex : We are studying
tenses
It also describes actions that will
happen in the near future.Ex: We
are going to have a test
Simple It describes actions that happened in Last- ago- in the past – Regular verbs
past the Past. Started and finished in the yesterday- Verb + ed
past.Ex we studied simple present. When- a date in the Verb + d
past(2020).since – for. Verb end in c +y
Y changed to ied
Irregular verbs

Past It describes actions that were happening in While – in the past- To be (simple past)
continuous the past . We use the Past Continuous yesterday-last +verb+ ing
Tense if We don't know exactly when
action s finished.Ex they were playing.
football match in the past
It also describes parallel actions.
Ex Wlile I was explaining you were
talking
It also describes interrupted
actionsl .
Ex: Wlile we were studying
the light went off.
Present It describes actions that started in the past Already- for –since- Have( simple present)
perfect and finished in the Present.Ex We have recently- just – only- never – +pastparticiple.
finished the our work.
simple It is used also to describe actions started
ever- lately- so far.
in the past and have continued up untill
now. Ex We have studied five tenses.
Present It describes actions started in the Already- for –since- Have (simple present)
perfect past and have continued up until recently- just – only- never – +been +verb+ing
continuous now. ever –lately-so far.
Ex We have been studying tenses
since last week.
Past Describes two actions happened in Last- in the past – yesterday- Had +pastparticiple.
perfect the past one before the other . When- a date in the
simple Ex: we had studied simple present past(2017) before.
before we studied simple past.
Past Describes two actions happened in Last- - in the past – Had +been+verb+ing.
perfect the past one before the other + yesterday-
continuous duration. - a date in the past(2017)
Ex : we had been studying simple before.
present for one hour before we
studied simple past.
Simple Describes actions that will happen Next- in the future- Will+ verb.
future in the future. tomorrow- the following
Ex : We will finish tenses next
week.

Fill in the correct form of the verb – All tenses

1. They ___________________ in Chicago for 20 years (be).
2. I ___________________ a wonderful film in the cinema last night. (see)
3. The sun ___________________ at 6:38 yesterday morning (rise)
4. The sun ___________________ when the climber reached Mount Everest. (shine)
5. I promise that I ___________________ this secret to anyone (not tell)
6. Unfortunately, just as we got to the airport their plane ___________________ off (take).
7. They ___________________ to the movies only once in a while (go)
8. I was tired yesterday because I ___________________ well the night before (not sleep).
9. Sh! Someone ___________________ to our conversation (listen)!
10. When I left the house this morning, it ___________________ (already rain)
11. I think Bob ___________________ for London this very moment.(leave)
12. The plane ___________________ off in a few minutes. (take)
13. I ___________________ up at 7 every morning but this morning I ___________________
long and I__________________ up until 8. (get, sleep, not get)
14. I ________________________ my watch because it is being fixed (not wear).
15. This ___________________ an easy quiz so far (be).
16. They ___________________ in an apartment right now because they can’t find a cheap
house.
(live)
17. Everyone ___________________ when the earthquake hit the small town. (sleep)
18. He _________________________ by herself since her divorce (live)
19. I was angry that I ___________________ such a stupid mistake (make).
20. I predict that by 2025, man __________________________ on Mars (land)
21. He ___________________ his job a couple of years ago. (quit)
22. Our daughter __________________________ from the university yet ( not graduate).
23. They ___________________ any Christmas cards last year (not send)
24. She ___________________ to a doctor once a year for an examination (go)
25. They ___________________ about me when I interrupted their conversation. (talk)
26. Nothing much ______________________ when I got to the meeting (happen).
27. My parents ___________________ in New York two weeks from today (be).
28. I ___________________ two mistakes in the last quiz. (make)
29. Unfortunately, our team ___________________ any games last year. (not win)

1. They have been in Chicago for 20 years (be).

2. I saw a wonderful film in the cinema last night. (see)
3. The sun rose at 6:38 yesterday morning (rise).
4. The sun was shining when the climber reached Mount Everest. (shine)
5. I promise that I will not tell this secret to anyone (not tell).
6. Unfortunately, just as we got to the airport, their plane took off (take).
7. They go to the movies only once in a while (go).
8. I was tired yesterday because I had not slept well the night before (not sleep).
9. Sh! Someone is listening to our conversation (listen)!
10. When I left the house this morning, it was already raining (already rain).
11. I think Bob is leaving for London this very moment (leave).
12. The plane will take off in a few minutes (take).
13. I get up at 7 every morning but this morning I slept long, and I did not get up until 8. (get,
sleep, not get)
14. I am not wearing my watch because it is being fixed (not wear).
15. This has been an easy quiz so far (be).
16. They are living in an apartment right now because they can’t find a cheap house (live).
17. Everyone was sleeping when the earthquake hit the small town (sleep).
18. He has been living by herself since her divorce (live).
19. I was angry that I made such a stupid mistake (make).
20. I predict that by 2025, man will have landed on Mars (land).
21. He quit his job a couple of years ago (quit).
22. Our daughter has not graduated from the university yet (graduate).
23. They did not send any Christmas cards last year (not send).
24. She goes to a doctor once a year for an examination (go).
25. They were talking about me when I interrupted their conversation (talk).
26. Nothing much happened when I got to the meeting (happen).
27. My parents will be in New York two weeks from today (be).
28. I made two mistakes in the last quiz (make).
29. Unfortunately, our team did not win any games last year (not win).

All Tenses: Fill in the correct form

1. When we reach Land’s End we ____________________ 1,500 km. (walk)
2. I just remembered that I ____________________ the rent yet. I’m surprised that the landlord ____________________ me up and
reminded me. (not pay, not ring)
3. It’s a beautiful drive. I am sure you ____________________ the scenery. (enjoy)
4. The car ____________________. If you get in Tom and I ____________________ you a push. (not start, give)
5. I put the five-pound notes into one of the books; but the next day it ____________________ me ages to find it because I
____________________ which book I ____________________ it in. (take, forget, put)
6. He ____________________ the bagpipes since six this morning. He ____________________. (play, just stop)
7. My son ____________________ work yet. He’s still at High School. – How long ____________________ at school? - He
____________________ there for six years. Before that he ____________________ five years at primary school. (not start, he be, be, spend)
8. Mary: I wonder what he ____________________ now. Ann: Well, his girlfriend ____________________ from Japan too, so I suppose he
____________________ Japanese. (say, come, speak)
9. When I first met him he ____________________ architecture. (study)
10. While we ____________________ someone ____________________ into the house and ___________________us this note. (fish, break,
leave)
11. It won’t be easy to get out of the country .The police ____________________ all of the ports. (watch)
12. If I catch some fish, ____________________ them for me? (you cook)
13. He ____________________ to come. (not forget)
14. It ____________________ for the last two hours so the game ____________________ (rain, be postponed)
15. When I ____________________ him he ____________________ a picture of his wife. – ____________________ it? (see, paint, you like)
16. The car had nobody I it but the engine ____________________. (run)
17. Tom can’t have the newspaper now because his aunt ____________________ it. (read)
18. This shop ____________________ for good next Monday. (close)
19. Where ____________________ tonight? – I ____________________ out with Peter. (you go, go)
20. At 3 a.m. Jane ____________________ up her husband and said that she ____________________ that someone ____________________
to get into the house. (wake, think, try)
21. When you see me next time I ____________________ my new sunglasses. (wear)
22. This bike ____________________ in our family for the last 14 years. My father ____________________ it for the first five years, then my
brother ____________________ it and I ____________________ it since then. (be, use,ride,have)
23. Some time ago I ____________________ that our mayor ____________________ to go to Iceland. What ____________________ to do
there? (read, want, he want)
24. You see, Doctor, she ____________________ ill two days ago and since then she ____________________ anything. I’m sure she
____________________ several kilos. (fall, not eat, lose)
25. Most people ____________________ at work when the fire ____________________. (be, start)
26. After five years of travelling through Asia I ____________________ back to Europe next week. I ____________________ the flight (go,
already book)
27. I saw him when he ____________________ the house. I ____________________ at the corner when he ____________________ by. He
____________________ a word and I ____________________ a word either. (leave, just stand, pass, not say , not say)

1. When we reach Land’s End we will have walked 1,500 km. (walk)
2. I just remembered that I have not paid the rent yet. I’m surprised that the landlord has not
rung me up and reminded me. (not pay, not ring)
3. It’s a beautiful drive. I am sure you will enjoy the scenery. (enjoy)
4. The car won't start. If you get in, Tom and I will give you a push. (not start, give)
5. I put the five-pound notes into one of the books, but the next day it took me ages to find it
because I had forgotten which book I had put it in. (take, forget, put)
6. He has been playing the bagpipes since six this morning. He just stopped. (play, just stop)
7. My son has not started work yet. He’s still at High School. – How long has he been at school?
- He has been there for six years. Before that, he spent five years at primary school. (not start,
he be, be, spend)
8. Mary: I wonder what he is saying now. Ann: Well, his girlfriend came from Japan too, so I
suppose he speaks Japanese. (say, come, speak)
9. When I first met him, he was studying architecture. (study)
10. While we were fishing, someone broke into the house and left us this note. (fish, break, leave)
11. It won’t be easy to get out of the country. The police are watching all of the ports. (watch)
12. If I catch some fish, will you cook them for me? (you cook)
13. He did not forget to come. (not forget)
14. It has been raining for the last two hours, so the game has been postponed (rain, be
postponed)
15. When I saw him, he was painting a picture of his wife. – Did you like it? (see, paint, you like)
16. The car had nobody in it, but the engine was running. (run)
17. Tom can’t have the newspaper now because his aunt is reading it. (read)
18. This shop will close for good next Monday. (close)
19. Where are you going tonight? – I am going out with Peter. (you go, go)
20. At 3 a.m., Jane woke up her husband and said that she thought that someone was trying to get
into the house. (wake, think, try)
21. When you see me next time, I will be wearing my new sunglasses. (wear)
22. This bike has been in our family for the last 14 years. My father used it for the first five years,
then my brother rode it, and I have had it since then. (be, use, ride, have)
23. Some time ago I read that our mayor wants to go to Iceland. What does he want to do there?
(read, want, he want)
 24. You see, Doctor, she fell ill two days ago, and since then she has not eaten anything. I’m sure
she has lost several kilos. (fall, not eat, lose)
25. Most people were at work when the fire started. (be, start)
26. After five years of traveling through Asia, I am going back to Europe next week. I have
already booked the flight (go, already book)
27. I saw him when he left the house. I was just standing at the corner when he passed by. He did
not say a word, and I did not say a word either. (leave, just stand, pass, not say, not say)

Certainly! Here are the completed sentences with the correct forms of the verbs:
Set 1:
30. They have been in Chicago for 20 years (be).
31. I saw a wonderful film in the cinema last night. (see)
32. The sun rose at 6:38 yesterday morning (rise).
33. The sun was shining when the climber reached Mount Everest. (shine)
34. I promise that I will not tell this secret to anyone (not tell).
35. Unfortunately, just as we got to the airport, their plane took off (take).
36. They go to the movies only once in a while (go).
37. I was tired yesterday because I had not slept well the night before (not sleep).
38. Sh! Someone is listening to our conversation (listen)!
39. When I left the house this morning, it was already raining (already rain).
40. I think Bob is leaving for London this very moment (leave).
41. The plane will take off in a few minutes (take).
42. I get up at 7 every morning but this morning I slept long, and I did not get up until 8. (get,
sleep, not get)
43. I am not wearing my watch because it is being fixed (not wear).
44. This has been an easy quiz so far (be).
45. They are living in an apartment right now because they can’t find a cheap house (live).
46. Everyone was sleeping when the earthquake hit the small town (sleep).
47. He has been living by herself since her divorce (live).
48. I was angry that I made such a stupid mistake (make).
49. I predict that by 2025, man will have landed on Mars (land).
50. He quit his job a couple of years ago (quit).
51. Our daughter has not graduated from the university yet (graduate).
52. They did not send any Christmas cards last year (not send).
53. She goes to a doctor once a year for an examination (go).
54. They were talking about me when I interrupted their conversation (talk).
55. Nothing much happened when I got to the meeting (happen).
56. My parents will be in New York two weeks from today (be).
57. I made two mistakes in the last quiz (make).
58. Unfortunately, our team did not win any games last year (not win).
Set 2:
28. When we reach Land’s End we will have walked 1,500 km. (walk)
29. I just remembered that I have not paid the rent yet. I’m surprised that the landlord has not
rung me up and reminded me. (not pay, not ring)
30. It’s a beautiful drive. I am sure you will enjoy the scenery. (enjoy)
31. The car won't start. If you get in, Tom and I will give you a push. (not start, give)
32. I put the five-pound notes into one of the books, but the next day it took me ages to find it
because I had forgotten which book I had put it in. (take, forget, put)
33. He has been playing the bagpipes since six this morning. He just stopped. (play, just stop)
34. My son has not started work yet. He’s still at High School. – How long has he been at school?
- He has been there for six years. Before that, he spent five years at primary school. (not start,
he be, be, spend)
35. Mary: I wonder what he is saying now. Ann: Well, his girlfriend came from Japan too, so I
suppose he speaks Japanese. (say, come, speak)
36. When I first met him, he was studying architecture. (study)
37. While we were fishing, someone broke into the house and left us this note. (fish, break, leave)
38. It won’t be easy to get out of the country. The police are watching all of the ports. (watch)
39. If I catch some fish, will you cook them for me? (you cook)
40. He did not forget to come. (not forget)
41. It has been raining for the last two hours, so the game has been postponed (rain, be
postponed)
42. When I saw him, he was painting a picture of his wife. – Did you like it? (see, paint, you like)
43. The car had nobody in it, but the engine was running. (run)
44. Tom can’t have the newspaper now because his aunt is reading it. (read)
45. This shop will close for good next Monday. (close)
46. Where are you going tonight? – I am going out with Peter. (you go, go)
47. At 3 a.m., Jane woke up her husband and said that she thought that someone was trying to get
into the house. (wake, think, try)
48. When you see me next time, I will be wearing my new sunglasses. (wear)
49. This bike has been in our family for the last 14 years. My father used it for the first five years,
then my brother rode it, and I have had it since then. (be, use, ride, have)
50. Some time ago I read that our mayor wants to go to Iceland. What does he want to do there?
(read, want, he want)
51. You see, Doctor, she fell ill two days ago, and since then she has not eaten anything. I’m sure
she has lost several kilos. (fall, not eat, lose)
52. Most people were at work when the fire started. (be, start)
53. After five years of traveling through Asia, I am going back to Europe next week. I have
already booked the flight (go, already book)
54. I saw him when he left the house. I was just standing at the corner when he passed by. He did
not say a word, and I did not say a word either. (leave, just stand, pass, not say, not say)
CONDITIONAL

There are four sequences of tense which are most used:

a. To express a habitual reaction.
Present, present.
If I get up early I take exercises.
If I ask him for anything he refuses.
b. To express a universal truth.present, present.
Water boils if you heat it.
A plant dies if it doesn’t get water.
1) To express probability: If+ simple present +simple future = we can realize this condition
Present, future.
If you ask him he will help you.
2) To express improbability: the action is not likely to happen.
Past, conditional. IF + PAST SIMPLE+ WOULD/COULD/MIGHT+VERB = no we can not realize
it but we can just imagine
If I had a gun I would kill that thief.
3) To express an impossible condition:
Past perfect, perfect conditional. : IF+PAST PERFECT+WOULD/COULD/SHOULD
+HAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE = express regret
If you had told me the truth, I could have helped you.
(You didn’t tell me the truth, so I didn’t help you.)
Exercises.
A) Give the correct form of the verbs between brackets

1. If the soup hadn’t been salty, I (like) it.

2. Had he told his father I was in need of money, he (give) him some.
3. What would you have done if your friend (insult) you?
4. We would learn more if we (be) motivated.
5. He might get angry if you (shout) at him.
6. What would you do if you (pass) your exam.
7. If I have the possibility I (go) as far as china.
B) .Rewrite the following sentences with the words given.
1) The car was not new. So it broke down.
If the car………………..
2) I couldn’t take exercises because I didn’t bring may gym shoes.
If I…………………………..
3) The student didn’t understand the lesson. so he didn’t answer the questions.
If the student………………….
4) I didn’t get into trouble as I look his advices.
If I …………………………..
5) The stranger blushed because he was embarrassed.
If the stranger……………………………
6) You didn’t catch the train because you left late.
If you………………..
7) You didn’t put the brake on. That’s why you ran over the girl.
If you…………………….
8) Because you broke my glasses, I wasn’t able to read the story.
If you…………………………………
9) The sea was rough. That’s why the boat was turned upside-down.
If the sea……………………………………
Comparison

Short adjective
Comparative: short adjective + er
Superlative : short adjective + est

Short adjective Comparative Superlative

( one syllable) ( we compare two elements) ( we compare one element to two or more elements)
Big Bigger The biggest
Pretty prettier than, The prettiest
High higher The highest

Long adjective:
Comparative: more/ less +long adjective.
Superlative: the most /the least+ long adjective.

Long adjective Comparative Superlative

(more than one syllab) ( we compare two elements) ( we compare one element to two or more
elements)

Handsome, more handsome than. The more handsome

Less handsome than The less handsome

Irregular adjective Comparative ( we compare two elements) Superlative ( we compare one element to
two or more elements)
Good Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
Little Less The least
Far Further The furthest
Many More The most
Much

A. EQUALITY // INEQUALITY.

B. INEQUALITY.
Adjective A. EQUALITY: as…………as Not as…….as.(not so …….as).
Happy …..as happy as…… ……is not happy as………….
Expensive ……….is as expensive as…. …….is not as expensive as….

RELATIVES PRONOUNS

For people : Who, whom, that

For things : which, that
For people and things: whose

Who (or that).

The woman lost her husband. She is crying. ------The woman who lost her husband is crying
The man is now in prison. He has killed his wife.------The man who has killed his wife is now in prison.
Whom, who, or that
The girl was serious. I happened to know her.
The girl whom I happened to know was serious.
The girl who I happened to know was serious.
The girl that I happened to know was serious.
Whom is necessary when a preposition is used before it.
The student to …………….I’m talking mush stand up.
The student to whom I’m talking must stand up.

Which, that
Shakespeare’s plays were a success read these plays.
I read Shakespeare’s plays which were a success.
I read Shakespeare’s plays that were a success.
Whose.
The students must fill in this form. their parents are poor.
The students whose parents are poor must fill I this form.
The women should inform the police. her house been broken into.
The women whose house has been broken into should inform the police.
“where”,”when”or”why”can replace “which”
The city in which he was born-the city where he was born.
The year in which he wrote the book …..=the year when he wrote…….
The reason for which he killed his wife is unknown=the reason why he killed his wife is unknown.
EXERCICES
Put which, who, whom or whose.
The man …………has robbed the bank should be sent to prison.
Would you like to see the photo …………we took near the sea?
Students generally like a teacher …………is permissive.
The old lady……..lives near the sea has died.
The student …..the teacher is punishing,diddn’t to his homework.
What will you say to the man …………brother you’re insulted and ………is here to complain about it.
The four thieves ……….gained access to the office pretended to be policemen.
The idea of flying to the moon …. was a dream in the past. is now a reality.
Pollution …effect on people and environment is dangerous, is becoming more and more harmful.
The teacher was driven to madness by his pupils…..behaviour was strange.
The only person after ………..the baby takes is his father.
There’s still a lot of repair…………has to be done before you move in.
Peter is the sort of person on ……………you can’t rely.

Join the following sentences with: which, who, whom or whose.

1) I don’t know anybody. He can repair your car in a very short time.
2) This is the girl.i was talking to her last night.
3) This is the area? You led me to it there moths ago.
4) A helicopter fell on a group of tourists. They were at the beach.
 5) The man had an accident. His leg was X-rayed.
6) They little boy is trying to convince me. he is in telling.
7) They carried the man on a stretcher. He was badly injured.
8) There are many members of our party. I still don’t know their names.
9) My mother was quarrelling with the neighbours daughter. She is my gil friend.
10) The boy’s eyes are blue. I can’t remember the boy’s name.

AUXILIARIES

PERMISSION
Pressent Past Future
May Might May
Can Could Can
Be allowed to Was/were allowed to Shall/will be allowed to

Examples
My car has broken down, may I use yours?
We were allowed to go to the cinema yesterday because we had finished all our homework.
You(may, can) will be allowed to leave prison if you tell the truth.

POSSIBILITY (PROBABILITTY): May ; Might

PRESENT PAST
May Might
May have done
Might Might have done
Examples
I don’t want to go to Casablanca. My car may break down on the way as it is old.
Don’t play cards on money. You might lose what you have saved.
A bus went into a crowd of people. The driver might have had no brakes or he might have been
completely drunk.

ABILITY: Can be able to

Present Past Future
Can Could Shall/will be able to
Be able to Was/were able to
Tom can’t play football because he is injured.
Jim is not able to remember every thing I tell him, he is still young.
Grand-father couldn’t sleep yesterday because he had drunk too much coffee.
We will be able to study at the university once we pass the Bac

ADVICE: should, had better, ought to

Present Past Future

Should Should have done Should
Had better Ought to have done Had better
Ought to Ought to

John has a stomachache.He should see a doctor

Your exam is coming soon. You’d better (had better) prepare for it.
Peter should have tested his car (but he didn’t)
Two people have attacked me. You ought to have warned me.

OBLIGATION

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Must Had to Shall/will have to
Have to
Am/is/are Was/were to
Mustn’t Was/were not to

You must have a visa if you want to go Europe

Yesterday I got up late. so I had to take a taxi to work
You will have to sit for exam if you want to study medicine.
If you want to participate in the competition you are to inform the manager.
I told you were not to go into the mosque with your shoes on.

ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY.

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Don’t/doesn’t have to haven’t Didn’t have to Won’t have to
got to
Don’t/doesn’t need to needn’t Didn’t need to Won’t need to
Needn’t have done Needn’t

You don’t have to come all the way to tell me the information. You can telephone me.
Paul needn’t buy that book. I’ll give him mine.
The driver didn’t have to repair the lorry himself as the company had their own mechanic
You were shocked, but you needn’t have cried in front of everybody. (It was unnecessary, but you
cried)
I needn’t have bought so much meat. The fridge has stopped working. (But I bought and it was a waste
of money).
I didn’t have to buy any. (I wasn’t obliged because I had fished).

Exercises
Give the correct from of the words between brackets
1) Tom (can) drive a car when he grows up.
2) By the end of the year you (can) speak English perfectly well.
3) If my uncle didn’t live so far from town I (can) visit him once a week.
4) We (can defeat) the enemy if we had used better weapons.
5) I’ve been waiting for her for a long time. She (may) not turn up at all.
6) The neighbours asked us if they (may) use our telephone.
7) During the last exam we (mustn’t) smoke in the classroom.
8) Next year we (must) work hard
9) We (must) inform our parents of what we will do in case we succeed in the exam.
 PASSIVE VOICE
When we change an active sentence to passive one
to be takes the tense of the active verb + the pastparticiple of the
active verb.

S ( the doer)+ v ( action) +

The teacher + explains + the lesson.
o active sentence

O + v +(by the s) passive sentence

1-The teacher explains the lesson

the lesson is explained by the teacher
2-The teacher explained the lesson.
the lesson was explained by the teacher
3-The teacher is explaining the lesson.
the lesson is being explained by the teacher
4-The teacher was explaining the lesson.
the lesson was being explained by the teacher
5-The teacher has explained the lesson.
the lesson has been explained by the teacher
6-The teacher had explained the lesson.
the lesson had been explained by the teacher
7-The teacher will explain the lesson.
the lesson will be explained by the teacher
8-The teacher must/
can / explain the lesson.
should /
may
the lesson must /
can/ be explained by the teacher
should/
may

I. The possible transformation

1. Present do Is/ are done

2. past did Was / were done
3. present continuous is doing Is/ are being done
4. past continuous was doing Was/ were being done
5. present perfect has done Has/ have been done
6. past perfect had done Had been done
7. present infinitive to do To be done
8. present participle doing Being done
9.will Will
can Can
must Must
should do Should
ought to Ought to be done
may May
might Might
10.will Will
Can Can
Must Must
Should have done Should
Ought to Ought to have been done
Might Might

2- He played the guitar

I. Exemples of transformation The guitar was played
3- He is playing guitar
The guitar is being played
1-john plays the guitar 4- He was playing guitar
The guitar is played by john The guitar was being played
5-He has played the guitar 2. They played the guitar badly.
The guitar has been played The guitar was badly played.
6- He had played the guitar 3. Someone is teaching me Chinese
The guitar had been played I am being taught Chinese.
7-He will play the guitar 4. They were arranging for a meeting.
The guitar will be played A meeting was being arranged for.
must 5. A someone has stolen my book.
8- he Can play the guitar My book has been stolen.
May 6. They had given me a bad mark.
The guitar must/may /can be played I had been given a bad mark
7. The students hate anyone to laugh at them
The students hate to be laughed at
8. I can’t forget my uncle telling me lies
I can’t forget being told lies by my uncle.
Other examples for each tense 9. You should remember this.
This should be remembered.
1. They make cars in this town. 10. Someone must have broken into the house.
Cars are made in this town. The house must have been broken into.

Exercises
Rewrite the following sentences with the words given.
1. The postman was delivering letters
Letters were being delivered
2. The mechanic is repairing the car.
The car is being repaired by the mechanic
3. Mother promised Jim a book.
Jim was promised a book by his mother.
4. They showed me the photographs.
I was showed
5. The students gave me the answer.
The answer was given
6. People must do it.
It must be done
7. My sister loves people telling her stories. Tell+ing= telling
My sister loves being told be +ing = being
8. Somebody has taken the keys.
The keys have been taken
9. I’d like my friends to invite me to the party.
I’d like to be invited
10. Jane insists on punctuation.
Punctuation is insisted on by Jane
11. Some women think that appearance is important.
Appearance is thought
12. Love drove peter to madness
Peter was driven
13. Does anyone admire you for your courage?
Are you admired ?
14. Most of us expect the results to be good.
The results are expected
15. The government is building new roads.
New roads are being built
16. The students have answered only one question.
Only one question has been answered

REPORTED SPEECH
When the introductory verb is in the
simple present ,present continuous,
present perfect or future no changes take
place.

“the wheather is hot, «he says.

He says (that)the weather is hot.

When the introductory verb is in the

past, changes take place .
“the weather is hot», hesaid .
He said(that)the weather was hot.

Tences changes
 1. simple present changes to simple past
I am present
she said that she was present
I work in x company
He said that he worked in x company

2. simple past changes to past perfect

we studied marketing
they said that they had studied marketing
I explained passive voice
He said that he had explained Passive voice

3. present continuous changes to past continuous

we are revising reported speech
they said that they were revising reported speech
we are studying reported speech
he said that we were studyingreported speech
4. past continuous changes to past perfect continuous
we were working
they said that they had been working
we were studying
they said that had been studying
5. present perfect changes to past perfect

we have finished our work

she said that they had finished their work
we have understood the lesson
the said that they had understood the lesson

6. present perfect continuous changes to past perfect continuous

we have been studying reported speech since 8:30
the said that they had been studying …….
I have been working since 2020
He said that he had been working

7. past perfect changes to past perfect

he had sent a letter
he said that he had sent a letter
I had finished my work
She said that she had finished her work

8. future will changes to conditional would

we will have a test
he said that we would have a test
we will have a break
he said that we would have a break

9. may changes to might

10. can could
11. must had to
12. mustn’t was not/ were not to
you must not be late
she said that I was not to be late
she said that we were not to be late
 13. needn’t changes to did not have to
we need not to come tomorrow because the teacher will not be present
he said we did not have to come the following day…

would we would like to have a rest

they said that they would like to have arrest.
could
might
Should no change
Ought to
Had to

Other changes

Today that day

we study reported speech today
They said that they studied reported speech that day
Tomorrow the flowing day/the next day
we will not meet tomorrow
He said that we would not meet the following day / the next day
The day after tomorrow in two day’s time
we will not meet the day after tomorrow
He said that we would not meet in twodays time
The day before yesterday two days before
I met him the day before yesterday
He said that he had met him two days before
Next month the following month
we will have an EFM next month
He said that they would have an EFM the following month

Yesterday the day before, the previous day

we played a football match yesterday
he said that they they had played…………. the day before, the previous day
Last year the previous year
we studied reported speech last year
They said that they had studied reported speech the previous year

Ago before
This that
These those
Now then

Examples
┤“I never get up early”, he said.

He said (that) he never got up early.

“We are happy», he said
He said (that) they were happy.
“I was listening to the radio» he said. He said he would fly to the states the
He said (that) he had been listening to the following day.
radio “I drove to Berlin four years ago”
“john has done his homework», he said. He said he had driven to Berlin four years
He said (that) john had done his before.
homework.
“We have been working hard», they said
Questions with: what,
They said (that) they had been working where, who, when, why,
hard.
“we went fishing», they said.
They said (that) they had gone fishing.
how Which ( wh
“I will go to France.
He said (that) he would go to France.. questions)
“I must see a doctor». He said
He said (that) he had to see a doctor.
Where do you work?
“You mustn’t smoke here». He said. He asked me where I
He said (that) we were not to smoke there.
“you needn’t take any medicine», the worked.
doctor said.
The doctor told me (that) I didn’t have to
Where do you study?
take any medicine. She asked me where I
“I would like to see the film», he said.
He said (that) he would like to see the film. studied
Imperative Questions with”yes”or
“Don’t go out alone”.
“no”
He wanted me not to go “are you happy”?
out alone.

Do not write
He wanted to know if /
whether I was happy.
He ordered us
“Stop smoking”
not to write
Do you like music?
He asked me if/ whether
He advised me to stop smoking. I liked music.
“Please forgive me”
He begged me to forgive him.
Can you type?
“Don’t forget to send me a letter” He wanted to know
She reminded me not to forget to send her
a letter. whether/ if I could type.
“I will fly to the states tomorrow” If=whether.

We study reported speech today

He
today
says that we study reported speech

Exercises
A .rewrite the following sentences with the words given.
May I take some more jam?
The little boy asked his mother… if he might take some more jam
Is this the man you told us about?
I asked my friend if that was the man he had told us about…
How long have you been waiting?
The girl wanted to know how long I had been waiting
Someone has broken into the old lady’s house.
The policeman informed us that someone had broken into the…….
Why can’t you come to the party?
My friend wanted to know why I could not come to the party
Go to the post office and buy some stamps for me.
My father wanted me to go to the post office and buy…….
Don’t drive so quickly.
I ordered him not to drive
The inhabitants of this house left for USSR three years ago.
The neighbour said that the inhabitants of that house had left for USSR three before.
I’ll give you my account number tomorrow. I have forgotten to bring my wallet with me.
He told me that he would give me his account number the next day. He had forgotten to bring his
wallet with him
We must go to the judge and inform him that the suspect is innocent.
The witness said that they had to go to the judge and inform him that the suspect was innocent.
We needn’t water the flowers as it is going to rain.
The workers told me we did not have to water the flowers as it was going to rain
You mustn’t come late if you want to have lunch with us.
He said I was not to come late if I wanted to have lunch with them
Do you get up early?
He wanted to know
Should we help the poor man?
They asked whether…………………………………………
You couldn’t be innocent if you accompanied the criminal.
The judge said to me……………………………………….
 Linking words
Adding to add + Contrast Reason result Purpose /
goal
And et For So so as to
Moreover But / mais Because Therefore
In addition Yet Since Thus in order to
Besides Whereas As Hence
Also in order
While Because of So that not to
Too However Due to
As well as Thanks to So…adj … so as not
Further that
However to -
Furthermore
Nevertheless
Not only...but..also. Such adj
Nonetheless that
Although
even though Very +adj
Though
Despite /
in spite of
despite the
fact that
Even if
No matter
If
In case
Provided that
Unless( if not)

Complete the following. Use: although, even though, though,

nevertheless, however, in spite of, or despite.

x………………………………. , ……………………………….

…………………………………X……………………………..

,
1. The marks are high The students level is low.(although)
2.
3. It was dark. He managed to find the keys.(despite +being+adjective or
+noun)

Despite being dark , he managed to find the keys.

Despite darkness, he managed to find the keys

4. He got up early, He arrived late to school.( however)

5. Tim is in good shape ,He doesn’t get much exercise.(nevertheless)
6. She was sad. She kept smiling and having fun.(in spite of +being/ +
noun)
7. she loves him , He treats her badly.(even though)
8. He didn't work hard, He passed the baccalaureat exam .Despite the fact that
9. Some people are fat Others are thin. whereas
10.Brahim is a good student. is brother is lazy. on the other hand
11.Fatima is economical but Her sister in extravagant. but
Write the sentence again, using the word in brackets. The meaning must stay
exactly the same.

Combines the following sentences using the words given

1. Peter failed the exam. he was lazy.(because of)
2. Brain stood on the chair. he wanted to reach the lamp.(so as to)
3. My friend didn’t ring me up. he didn’t send me a letter.(neither………nor) ni…….ni
4. The woman put the medicine out of the child’s reach. she was afraid he might swallow it.(lest)
afraid
5. They let the old man succumb to his injuries. they didn’t call the doctor.(instead of) +ing a la
place de
6. The old man was very rich. the young girl refused to marry him.(however)
7. Morocco is a member of the United Nations. Tunisia is member of the united nations too.(both)
8. The food was delicious. nobody wanted to eat it.(no matter)
9. Mr Smith took his umbrella. he didn’t want to get wet.(so as not to )
10. Uncle Ben broke the axe while chopping the wood. he hurt himself too.(not only….but….as
well)
11. The small car was very loaded with luggage. the back tyres looked flat.(so…adj….that)
12. The policeman had a warrant. the suspect refused to be arrested.(although)
13. The rain stopped. the passengers got off.(as soon as)
14. Tom took a taxi to work. he wanted to get to work on time.(so that)
15. The programme finished. my father switched off the TV.(no sooner)
16. Give me your phone number. I might want to ring you up.(in case)
17. My mother finished reading the letter. she burst into tears.(hardly) just
18. The criminal hid in the forest. he was afraid the police might recognize him.(for fear that) afraid
19. It was a very crowded hotel. some of the tourists spend the night on the floor of the restaurant.
(such……adj…….that)
20. Never buy shoes. you must try them on first.(without)
21. Although the weather was bad. we went on a picnic.(in spite of)
22. Although their parents are wealthy, the children are poorly dressed.(in spite of)

II)

9. Jack used to have long hair and a beard (no longer)

10. I was feeling tired. (any longer)

11. I wish I could speak English as well as you do (like)

12. Both in January and in February, the price of basic foods rose. (as)

14. He was sitting on the beach when the sun rose. (as)

17)You can go out tonight. You must tell us where you are going. (provided)

18) I don't earn a big salary. But if I did, I wouldn't buy a car. (even if)

19)Take a sandwich. There might be no restaurant. (in case)

2)There was a lot of noise. He managed to sleep. (despite

21)Sue likes Opera. Joe prefers jazz. (They have different tastes.) (whereas
22)The weather was bad. They enjoyed the trip. (even though

23)He had the 'flu. He went to work. (in spite of

24) You have to put the alarm on. If not, it won't work. (unless