Virtual Archaeology Review, 13(26): 88-102, 2022

https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2022.15426
© UPV, SEAV, 2015

Received: April 14, 2021

Accepted: July 19, 2021

DISSEMINATION, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC

BUILDINGS BY THEMATIC VIRTUAL TOURS AND 3D MODELS
DIVULGACIÓN, EVALUACIÓN Y GESTIÓN DE EDIFICIOS HISTÓRICOS MEDIANTE VISITAS VIRTUALES
TEMÁTICAS Y MODELOS 3D

Mariella De Fino* , Silvana Bruno , Fabio Fatiguso

Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. mariella.defino@poliba.it, silvana.bruno@poliba.it,
fabio.fatiguso@poliba.it

Highlights:
• Virtual tours of 360° scenes, linking thematic digital contents, are proposed as intuitive and versatile tools for smart
documentation, conservation and protection of historical buildings.

• The role of 3D reality-based and computer-based models is discussed toward their integration and correlation within
thematic virtual tours of 360° scenes.

• The power of immersive environments for sharing knowledge about conservation issues as well as for training users
on safety measures in historic buildings is underlined.

Abstract:
The digitalization of the historical-architectural heritage for virtual reality (VR) applications is crucial within the
contemporary scientific and technical debate for several reasons. In fact, beyond the exploration for education and
entertainment purposes, the employment of three-dimensional (3D) reality-based and computer-based models and
environments seems to be very promising both for performance assessment and for risk management. Particularly, in
order to develop and validate smart, low-cost and user-friendly tools, which might work even in cases of limited time and
budget, this paper is going to propose a methodological workflow based on thematic virtual tours of 360° scenes, which
integrate a variety of informative contents and digital products as external hotspots/switches. The VR tours, where 3D
models might play a key role for an accurate representation of relevant parts and/or analytical elaboration of further data,
are conceived as flexible and scalable solutions; they support users, technicians and authorities through remote access,
diagnosis of the state of conservation and communication of safety measures. The application of the proposed methods
and techniques to a representative case study, the Norman-Swabian Castle of Gioia del Colle (Ba), South Italy, is
presented in order to illustrate the achievable results and to highlight the benefit of innovative “digital” solutions for data
collection, storage and communication, compared to the traditional “analogical” practices. In detail, a Web-GIS platform,
developed within a previous research project, is integrated with direct links to three thematic virtual tours that provide
added contents for inclusive dissemination (timeline schemes, aerial views, 3D sculptural and architectural details),
performance assessment (diagnostic reports, decay maps, 3D reconstructions of technical components) and risk
management (exit signs, help instructions, warnings). Thus, the VR tours, while documenting the state of the site
realistically, might also act as host environments of digital products, at increasing complexity, all displayed according to
an intuitive and accessible communication approach.
Keywords: virtual reality; 3D model; architectural heritage; inclusive dissemination; decay diagnosis; safety training

Resumen:
La digitalización del patrimonio histórico-arquitectónico en aplicaciones de realidad virtual (RV) es crucial dentro del
actual panorama científico-técnico por varias razones. De hecho, más allá de su exploración con meros fines educativos
y de entretenimiento, el empleo de modelos tridimensionales (3D) basados en la realidad y entornos computacionales se
muestran igualmente como herramientas muy atractivas en la evaluación del desempeño y en la gestión de riesgos.
Sobre todo, destaca su utilidad al desarrollar y validar herramientas inteligentes, de bajo coste y de fácil empleo, que
puedan aplicarse incluso en casos con disponibilidad temporal o presupuesto limitado. El presente trabajo propone un
proceso metodológico basado en los desarrollos de recorridos virtuales temáticos de escenas en 360°, que integran una
variedad de contenidos informativos y productos digitales como conexiones externas/interruptores. Los recorridos de
RV, donde los modelos 3D pueden jugar un papel clave para la representación precisa y/o el análisis de los datos más a
fondo, se conciben como soluciones flexibles y escalables, que apoyan a los usuarios, técnicos y autoridades a lo largo
de la divulgación pública, el diagnóstico del estado de conservación y la comunicación de las medidas de seguridad que
sea necesario adoptar para la conservación integral del patrimonio histórico-arquitectónico. Con el fin de ilustrar los
resultados alcanzables mediante la metodología propuesta y resaltar el beneficio de la innovación de soluciones
“digitales” en la captura, el almacenamiento y la presentación de datos, en comparación con las prácticas “analógicas”

*Corresponding author: Mariella De Fino, mariella.defino@poliba.it

88
DISSEMINATION, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS BY THEMATIC VIRTUAL TOURS
AND 3D MODELS

tradicionales, estas técnicas y métodos se aplican a un caso representativo de estudio, el castillo normando-suabo de
Gioia del Colle (Ba), sito en el sur de Italia. Concretamente, una plataforma Web-GIS, que se encuentra desarrollada
dentro de un proyecto de investigación anterior, integra enlaces directos a tres recorridos virtuales que brindan
contenidos para la divulgación inclusiva (esquemas de línea de tiempo, vistas aéreas, detalles arquitectónicos y
escultóricos en 3D), evaluación del desempeño (informes de diagnóstico, mapas de descomposición, reconstrucciones
3D de componentes técnicos) y gestión de riesgos (señales de salida, instrucciones de ayuda y advertencias). Por lo
tanto, los recorridos de RV, además de documentar de manera realista el lugar, pueden actuar como entornos de
productos digitales, con una creciente complejidad, todos ellos representados de acuerdo con un enfoque de
comunicación intuitivo y accesible.
Palabras clave: realidad virtual; modelo 3D; patrimonio arquitectónico; divulgación inclusiva; diagnóstico de deterioro;
formación en seguridad

1. Introduction referenced links to documents, checklists, technical

reports and digital elaboration sheets.
The digitalization of the architectural heritage for virtual
reality (VR) applications is crucial within the The latter, concerning the risk management in pre-event
contemporary scientific and technical debate for several and under-emergency scenarios, is not specifically
aspects. In particular, the integrated conservation of developed for the historical-architectural heritage, but
sites and buildings with historical and cultural value rather for the built environment in a broader sense (Hsu
requires suitable measures, in order to safeguard their et al., 2013; Li et al., 2018; Lovreglio, 2020; Mavrogianni
tangible and intangible characteristics, as well as to et al., 2015; Zhu & Li, 2021). It relies on virtual
ensure their integration into social life by continuity of environments, generally coming from 3D computer-
use. In this regard, virtualization and visualization based models within animation and motion design
technologies might offer powerful tools for knowledge applications (e.g. Unity 3D), where several hazard
dissemination, development and management within conditions are simulated in order to instruct and guide
refurbishment and enhancement processes (Campanaro different profiles of users –rescuers, occasional visitors,
et al., 2016; Champion & Rahaman, 2020; Deligiorgi et and frequent occupants– on evacuation drilling, rescue
al., 2021; Kadi & Anouche, 2020; Laing, 2020; Yang et operations, use of safety devices and recognition of
al., 2020). hazard sources, among the others.

Particularly, there are countless VR applications of The review of the state of the art reveals how the above-
photorealistic reconstructions by three-dimensional (3D) mentioned aspects might greatly benefit from the
models and immersive environments that integrate innovative “digital” approach compared with the
multimedia informative contents with the purpose to offer traditional “analogical” practice, in terms of integration of
an alternative perceptive experience by increasing levels multiple issues, procedures and actors, usually featuring
of interaction and customization (Arrighi et al., 2021; the heritage refurbishment and enhancement processes.
Bozzelli et al., 2019; Ferdani et al., 2020; François et al., In fact, as far as the assessment of the state of
2021; Hajirasouli et al., 2021; Mah et al., 2019; Mortara conservation is concerned, such an approach might
et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2019; Walmsley & Kersten, enable the remote direct observation and investigation
2019; Younes et al., 2017). on accurate and informative replicas, as well as the
effective and efficient management of miscellaneous
Nevertheless, beyond the exploration for education and data, with highly desirable impacts on communication
entertainment purposes, the employment of VR systems and coordination among different disciplines and
and solutions seems to be very promising for more professionals.
specialist aspects of the heritage conservation practice,
as well. Among them, two appear very much relevant for Similarly, within the risk management, the approach
the present research. might provide the users with intuitive and pervasive ways
for behavioural self-training, addressing appropriate
The former, concerning the assessment of the state of actions and decisions in hazard conditions, as an
conservation, is currently under development by a alternative to common info-graphics. Furthermore, the
variety of studies and applications for the historical- increase of awareness and preparedness of the
architectural heritage (Lee et al., 2019a, 2019b; occupants is crucial in specific cases, such as public
Napolitano et al., 2018; Sánchez-Aparicio et al., 2020; access to historical buildings, where two critical
Trizio et al., 2019). It refers to remote gathering and conditions might occur. On the one hand, the visitors
sharing among different stakeholders –technicians, show low familiarity with the sites and, thus, have
authorities, operators– of data related to decay patterns difficulties in recognizing obstacles and dangerous
and performance anomalies/defects of building factors, as well as in reacting properly to the presence of
components, in order to schedule monitoring, other people, high densities, and overabundant
maintenance and repair activities. For this purpose, environmental inputs. On the other hand, the
several solutions are proposed, including: virtual tours of configuration of egress paths end exits and the
360° panoramic scenes; 3D reality-based models from localization of safe gathering areas and protection
terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and/or digital devices might be not conventional, as a derogation of
photogrammetry survey; and 3D computer-based current prescriptions for listed buildings in view of the
models from Computer Aided Design (CAD), Historic preservation of their original characteristics.
Building Information Modelling (HBIM) and digital
rendering graphics (e.g. Cinema 4D). These solutions Additionally, from the review of the state of the art, it can
might be eventually connected with Geographic be observed that virtual environments and models are
Information Systems (GIS) and typically enriched by generally targeted on exemplary pilot applications,

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 DE FINO et al., 2022

featured by high morphological and constructional Particularly the diagnosis of the state of conservation
complexity, where expert computational procedures for and the residual performances, as well as the
representation and integration of multi-level informative implementation of strategies and measures for the safety
contents and digital products are involved. However, for of use, are included as additional domains. Moreover,
the widespread historical-architectural heritage, it is further development concerns the identification of roles
paramount to develop scalable solutions from basic and functions that 3D models might play, based on
configurations, in order to make them suitable for different acquisition, elaboration and interrogations
common practice activities, where time, resources and modalities.
budget are limited.
Specifically, the methodological framework (Figure 1)
Consequently, virtual tours of 360° panoramic scenes relies on the creation of three different thematic virtual
are herein proposed as main “host” environments for the tours of 360° spherical photos, connected to the Web-
reproduction and remote access to the sites, taking into GIS platform and related to Inclusive Dissemination,
account that they fulfil several remarkable requirements: Technical Assessment and Smart Management, as
(i) they are acquired and elaborated by low-cost tools previously stated. The first tour is a digital replica for the
and timesaving procedures; (ii) they are able to describe remote visit of the site and consultation of historical and
the colour and texture characteristics of the architectural architectural information. The second tour acts as the
surfaces leading to realistic visual communication; (iii) environment for sharing specialist elaborations toward
they integrate external documents and references; and survey and investigation of pathologies and
(iv) they do not involve specific expertise for obsolescence phenomena, also based on diagnostic
implementation and management in view of collaborative data and thematic decay maps. The third tour is a tool
design processes. However, these virtual tours might be for communicating instructions and recommendations
combined with more elaborated 3D reality-based and addressing appropriate behaviours under emergency.
computer-based models, in the form of digital products
directly accessible by hotspots/switches or, alternatively, In detail, in the Inclusive Dissemination virtual tour
as elaboration tools for developing data and results, then (VT_ID), the 360° special scenes represent the current
schematically displayed within the tours. state of the places, including rooms and areas where
public access is limited because they are reserved to
In the light of the above-mentioned issues, the present internal personnel (offices, service spaces…), they show
paper is going to propose and validate a methodological critical safety conditions (risk sources, architectural
framework for the creation of VR tours of historical barriers…) or they need to keep controlled microclimatic
architectures, where 360° panoramic scenes are parameters for conservation issues (hypogeal
enriched by informational content and digital models. structures…). The first thematic virtual tour is associated
The tours, referring to three different and complementary with three categories of hotspots/switches to external
thematic axes, Inclusive Dissemination, Performance links, which are marked by specific icons and meant to
Assessment and Risk Management, are meant to act as extend in time and space the physical fruition of the site:
intuitive and versatile tools for smart documentation,
conservation and protection of heritage buildings and • ID1. Timeline: Schemes and models of the historical
sites. evolution, namely 2D/3D graphic restitutions and/or
photo-galleries of the main transformation phases as
documented by available bibliographic and archivist
2. Methods and tools records;
The proposed methodological framework moves from • ID2. Aerial View: Video shootings by Unmanned
the main results of the project “3D-IMP-ACT. VR and 3D Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), in order to make visible
experiences to IMProve territorial Attractiveness, parts with reduced or obstructed observation “from
Cultural heritage, smart management and Touristic the ground”, for high distance or interposed physical
development”, funded under the Cooperation obstacles, as well as to offer a different perspective
Programme Interreg IPA CBC Italia-Albania- of the site, e.g. roofs, external areas and
Montenegro and ended in December 2020. In detail, surroundings.
within the project, a Web-GIS platform was developed • ID3. Details: 3D models of sculptural and
(De Fino et al., 2020), where archaeological and architectural details, in the form of coloured point
architectural sites in the reference territories were clouds, for direct and interactive exploration of
made remotely accessible by several informative shapes, colours and textures of relevant parts from
contents and digital products. The informative contents, the cultural point of view.
including texts and pictures that referred to the
typological, historical and architectural characteristics of In the Performance Assessment virtual tour (VT_PA),
the heritage sites, were structured as entities of a geo- the 360° spherical photos enable the interrogation of
database that might be inquired by spatial and three further categories of contents, supporting the
parametric keys. Moreover, the digital products relate to assessment of occurring pathologies and previous
representations of the constructional evolution, restoration/conservation works:
photorealistic 3D reconstructions and multimedia
sources, all accessible as links to virtual tours of 360° • PA1.Decay: Graphic maps of the main surface
spherical photos of the interior and exterior spaces of the alterations, as photo-edited 360° panoramic scenes
building/place of interest. for the internal rooms and textured orthophotos for
internal and external facades.
Thus, based on the above-mentioned platform, which • PA2. Diagnostic: Reports related to experimental
was mainly addressed to tourists and visitors for measurements for diagnostics and monitoring of
immersive and inclusive enjoyment of a virtual network structural and environmental parameters by non-
of transnational assets, an extent of achievable destructive and semi-destructive techniques.
objectives and employable tools is herein proposed.

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DISSEMINATION, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS BY THEMATIC VIRTUAL TOURS
AND 3D MODELS

Figure 1: Methodological workflow.

• PA3. Components: 3D models of constructional and complexity, both for the realization of digital products
technological elements, as coloured point clouds, visible in the tours and for development of analytical
texturized polygonal meshes and computer graphic procedures for data treatment and
objects, for analysis of parts supporting the parametric/behavioural simulations, whose results
understanding of ongoing functioning mechanisms are schematically displayed within the tours
and crisis phenomena. themselves.
• In the Risk Management virtual tour (VT_RM), the • In particular, 3D reality-based products for digital
360° spherical photos are edited to report the egress terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, eventually
paths through photo-editing tools and to highlight the integrated by TLS, might be directly linked within the
distribution connections to the designated safe VT_ID e VT_PA for the reproduction of sculptural
places. Furthermore, they refer to three further and architectural details (ID3) and constructional
categories of external links, conceived to highlight and technological elements (PA3). Moreover, they
provisions and behaviour models useful for might be used to extrapolate information related to
guaranteeing the safety of use to visitors who are geometry, colour and texture for decay mapping
unaware of the distributive-functional layout of the (PA2), eventually based on semi-supervised
building: routines of training and segmentation (De Fino et al.,
• RM1.Exit: Signs and maps guiding the users along 2019; Galantucci & Fatiguso, 2019).
the egress paths in emergency situations, including • Furthermore, 3D computer-based models from
the location of the emergency exits, the indication of digital graphics (e.g. CAD) and parametric modelling
the fastest route and the identification of the (e.g. HBIM), eventually elaborated by manual or
elevators that can be used for the transport of semi-automated conversion of the above-mentioned
stretchers. photogrammetry and TLS products (Bruno et al.,
• RM2. Help: Operating instructions on the location 2018), might be exploited in order to make visible
and use of any protective devices present on site; constructional and technological elements (PA3)
in the VT_PA. In this case, compared to 3D reality-
• RM3. Warning: Representation of permanent spatial based models, the representation is less realistic
and technical elements that can limit the easy and
and more simplified from the architectural point of
quick escape flow, causing delays in the escape view. However, it might better fit the morphological
times and/or overcrowding in some points (gates of
and typological description of technical parts
limited width, stairs with non-compliant tread-to-riser (connection nodes, multi-layered stratigraphie…)
ratio, physical obstacles related to exhibition
and the digital classification and segmentation
installations...). (division of a system in sub-systems, reproduction of
• The main typologies and file formats of the above- evolution phases…). Besides, the 3D parametric
mentioned external contents and products are listed models might support behavioural-based studies
in Table 1 for the three thematic virtual tours. and simulations of risk scenarios –fire, intrusion,
• As previously highlighted, the methodology includes terroristic attacks…– and, thus, address the
the acquisition, elaboration and interrogation of 3D development of signs (RM1), instructions (RM2) and
models of the artefacts, with increasing levels of alerts (RM3) for virtual training within the VT-RM.

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 DE FINO et al., 2022

Table 1: Data typologies and formats. • Finally, within the above-described correlation
Code Typology File between virtual tours and 3D models, the required
formats system scalability is achieved. In fact, based on the
extent of the reproduced parts and relative
.MP4, complexity of elaboration and interrogation, the 3D
ID1. 2D/3D schemes and photo-
.JPEG,
Timeline galleries
URL
models might be specifically developed for the
virtual tours or rather integrated if available for
ID2. different purposes in the refurbishment and
Shootings by drones .MP4
Aerial views enhancement processes (design management,
structural analysis…). Consequently, their
3D models of sculptural and .MP4, unavailability, even if affecting the completeness
ID3. Details
architectural elements URL
and richness of the augmented contents, do not
.JPEG compromise the efficacy and effectiveness of the
Edited 360° photo/ Orthophoto
(360° “host” virtual environments, that are just additional
PA1. Decay photos)/ components.
with decay patter
.PDF,
.JPEG
3. Case study
PA2. Reports/Graphs/Diagrams of .PDF,
Diagnostic results from diagnostic tests .JPEG In order to illustrate the main functionalities and results
PA3. 3D models of technical and .MP4, that can be achieved through the use of thematic virtual
Components constructional elements URL tours, the case of the Gioia del Colle Castle, Province of
Bari, Puglia Region, is reported below.
RM1.Exit Edited 360° photo with egress .JPEG
paths/ Documents and maps (360° The artefact, built under Norman domination in the 11th
with egress/exit paths photos)/ century AC on a Byzantine nucleus dating back to the 9th
.PDF, century AC, reached its definitive configuration as a
.JPEG,
.MP4,
military fortification under the Swabian Reign of
URL Frederick II, who promoted the construction of numerous
and emblematic castle works in Southern Italy
RM2. Help Instructions of protection .JPEG, throughout the 13th century. In fact, the Emperor
systems (documents, videos) .PDF, provided for the final arrangement of the structure, with a
.MP4
fairly recurrent configuration at the typological level:
PM3. Overlayered textual indications .JPEG quadrangular plan with a central courtyard and four
Warning of layout features (stairs, corner towers; development on two levels, with ground
openings, doors) floor for service areas and first floor for noble rooms;
magnificent and elegant decorative details, as in the
• It is worth mentioning that the photorealistic 3D case of the ashlar of the façades, the frames of the
models, which are used to reproduce sculptural and openings, the monumental staircase in the internal
architectural details (ID3) and constructional and courtyard and some halls on the noble floor.
technological elements (PA3), might be displayed
within the virtual tours according to two approaches. Following the decline of the Swabians, from the advent
The former relies on video-animations (.MP4), thus of the Angevins, the Castle underwent a progressive
with no interaction by the users, and it might be decline, with the abandonment of the functions of
adequate whenever the purpose is the description of defence and use for residential purposes, with a series
a specific aspect of the product (e.g. integration of of adaptations and modifications, including insertion of
different parts) or the process (e.g. elaboration new openings on the external and internal fronts, leaning
phases) or if the user might show low confidence of additional volumes and division of the large rooms to
with interface functions (e.g. pupils). The latter is allow the optimization of spaces and functions. However,
based on the web publication (URL) of coloured when in the first half of the 20th century a restoration
point clouds (.LAS) and polygonal or texturized intervention was started to bring the monument
meshes (.OBJ, .FBX, .MTL, .glTF) by webGL back to its original splendour, the architect in charge
viewers, both proprietary and open source. In this Pantaleo, while foreseeing the reasonable removal of
case, more expert tasks are enabled, including the inconsistent parts, carried out a series of
measurement, view change of the layout space, arbitrary and stereotyped new creations, in the spirit of
extraction of sections and hide/show options for the “stylistic restoration” of the Medieval fortress, with
elements or groups of elements, depending on the the addition of single, double and triple mullioned
selected webGL viewer (e.g. Potree for point clouds windows in the courtyard, insertion of a loggia on the
and Sketchfab, 3DHOP, Three.js for meshes) and monumental staircase and arrangement of stone
relative implementation of customized calculation furnishings, such as the throne and fireplace in the main
codes. The same approaches apply when representation hall.
parametric models are used to reproduce A further restoration, however, was required in the
constructional and technological elements (PA3), second half of the 20th century with the aim of making
whereas the interaction by webGL viewers (BIM 360 the building open to the public. It was directed by
Autodesk, BIMx Graphisoft, BIMvision and xeokit- architect De Vita, who had to reinforce some collapsed
bim-viewer) enables access to the relational portions, as in the case of the wooden roofs of the
structure among objects and relative properties, southwest side or the first floor of the north wing.
measurement, visualization of thematic drawings, Following this second intervention, in 1977 the Castle
extraction of sections and exploded views, insertion became the venue of the City Archaeological Museum,
of comments and review notes. a destination which it still retains today.

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AND 3D MODELS

Figure 2: Equirectangular panoramic photo of the interiors of the south-west tower. Castle of Gioia del Colle (Italy).

software Agisoft Photoscan v. 1.2.5 through photo

3.1. Inclusive dissemination VT modelling of pictures extracted by aerial videos and/or
For the realization of the VT_ID, the entire castle was acquired by high resolution Canon EOS M3 24.2
captured by panoramic photos with a Samsung Gear camera, eventually mounted on telescopic bars for
360 camera, which uses two fisheye lenses with reaching parts in elevation. The 3D restitutions are
15-megapixel sensors on both sides of the device to available to the users as RGB coloured point clouds by
simultaneously capture two 180° views then recomposed free and open-source web-reader Potree®, enabling
in the 360° image. rotations, translations and direct measurements on the
scaled object (Figure 5).
In particular, the documentation was extended to all
those areas that are normally not reachable by the With specific reference to the 3D models of architectural
public for safety reasons and/or architectural barriers, details, it should be noted that they were produced
as in the case of the south-west tower, accessible only specifically for the implementation in the virtual tour, also
through a narrow spiral staircase, which leads to a in consideration of the speed and agility of the
reserved room (Figure 2), or in the case of all the roofs, acquisition and processing procedures on small-medium
from which it is possible to have a different perspective sized objects.
of the places. For this purpose, the selection of the images was
always carried out ensuring an adequate overlap
Thus, all the panoramic photos were integrated into
between adjacent photos –about 80% in both
the virtual tour by software Easypano Tourweaver
directions of the shooting plane– and verifying in post-
7.98® and enriched by conventional navigation switches
processing the completeness of the model, obtained
–building plan with direct access points to the tour
after the automatic execution of the well-known
scenes, links to previous and subsequent scenes
photogrammetric SfM (Structure from Motion) and
according to a pre-set sequence, arrows leading to
MVR (Multi-View Stereo Reconstruction) routines for
contiguous scenes– and by customized hotspots to the
the elaboration of sparse point clouds, dense point
external contents.
clouds, polygon meshes and textured polygon meshes
As an example, with reference to the central courtyard, (Figure 6).
the virtual visitor can access some photo-galleries
(ID1. Timeline), reporting the historical documents of the 3.2. Performance assessment VT
archives of the Apulian Museum Pole, where the
configuration of the site before and after the stylistic For the realization of the VT_PA, the panoramic photos
restoration by architect Pantaleo in the early 20th century of the indoor environments of the VT_ID were modified
is displayed, including the removal of inconsistent by Adobe Photoshop v. 20.0.6 software for mapping the
parts and the insertion of some stereotyped elements main surface deterioration patterns (PA1.Decay) where
(Figure 3). present, as in the case of the noble rooms on the west
wing, affected by the collapse of the timber roofs in the
Similarly, the user can visualize some videos by drone 20th century and characterized by some cracks on the
DJI Inspire T600, equipped by X3 FC35 camera vertical structures (Figure 7).
(ID2. Aerial View), with zoom-in details of the decorative
elements and the architectural surfaces, even close to This approach was not applied to the outdoor scenes,
the top crowning cornice (Figure 4). where the development in height of the internal and
external façades and the consequent perspective
Finally, the tour is connected with 3D restitutions of deformation made the graphic representation more
architectural details (ID3. Details), elaborated by difficult to read.

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 DE FINO et al., 2022

(a)

Figure 4: Inclusive Dissemination Virtual Tour. Example of

contents related to the category ID2. Aerial view, including
some pictures extracted from video shooting by UAV.

(b)

Figure 3: Inclusive Dissemination Virtual Tour. Example of

contents related to the category ID1. Timeline, including:
(a) Panoramic scene of the courtyard west facade linking to
a chronological photo-gallery; (b) Detail of two historic
pictures documenting the configuration before and after the
Figure 5: Inclusive Dissemination Virtual Tour. Example of
restoration by architect Pantaleo.
contents related to the category ID3. Details, including a
panoramic scene of the courtyard west facade linking the
photogrammetry-based 3D reconstruction of the triple mullioned
window.
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AND 3D MODELS

(a) (c)

(b) (d)

Figure 6: Elaboration of 3D models: (a) sparse coloured point cloud, (b) dense coloured point cloud, (c) polygonal mesh, and
(d) texturized polygonal mesh of the 20th century throne in the main noble hall.

Figure 7: Performance Assessment Virtual Tour. Example of a panoramic scene of the main noble hall, modified for decay mapping.

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Figure 8: Performance Assessment Virtual Tour. Example of an orthophoto of the west courtyard facade, modified for decay mapping.

Alternatively, the external surfaces were mapped using from the availability of the overall geometric survey,
some orthophotos (PA1.Decay), as extracted from certainly more suitable for accurate representation than
coloured point clouds. These mappings, carried out in the realistic texturized meshes acquired via
compliance with the nomenclature in Italian code photogrammetry. In particular, the most significant
UNI 11182 “Cultural heritage. Natural and artificial stone. elements of the BIM model are made available by links
Description of the alteration -Terminology and definition” to the web publication in Autodesk Viewer 2021, which
(UNI, 2006) , as well as on the international guidelines allows comprehensive analysis of the parametric
“ICOMOS-ISCS (2010). Illustrated glossary on stone objects, through axonometric views and transversal
deterioration patterns” (International Scientific sections, as well as navigation and query of properties
Committee for Stones, 2010), document the good state and graphic sheets, available in the model itself.
of conservation of the masonry surfaces, with moist
areas due to rainwater infiltration, presence 3.3. Risk management VT
of vegetation, biological colonization and formation of
black crusts. For the implementation of the VT_RM, risk scenarios
deriving from fire propagation simulations were
Nevertheless, the above-mentioned phenomena seem to employed. In particular, as for the VT_PA, the panoramic
produce different effects on the surfaces due to the photos of the VT_ID were edited with Adobe Photoshop
different façade materials, resulting from replacement, v. 20.0.6 to display the egress paths and exits towards
restoration and consolidation interventions over time, in identified safe places (RM1.Exit). Floor plans (RM1.Exit)
particular in the 20th century (Figure 8). were also attached, showing the fastest route, fire safety
Moreover, the presence of damp patterns and the signs, detection and extinguishing systems, fire-fighting
diversity of the constructive characteristics of the stone compartments, emergency exits, and the lifts that can be
blocks are also the main evidence from the used to transport stretchers. The same type of
thermographic survey, carried out on the external and component can call up video instructions about
internal façades (PA2. Diagnostic), with areas at higher emergency exits (Figure 11).
apparent temperature, in correspondence of materials The Castle shows many elements, where the derogation
featured by great porosity (i.e. tuff) and/or affected by to standard solutions is allowed by national regulations
detached plaster (Figure 9). Finally, the thematic tour about fire prevention in listed buildings open to the
was enriched with links to 3D models of constructional public. These building elements of potential vulnerability
and technological elements (PA3. Components), to are critical in emergency and evacuation situations
support the analysis of specific diagnosis aspects. because they can involve delays in pre-movement times
Among these, the construction of the reticular truss roof, and dangerous overcrowding conditions. In these
introduced by architect De Vita to replace the collapsed situations, the legislation requires measures for
timber structure and currently debated for possible information of occasional visitors and training of frequent
conservation, was particularly useful. The Building occupants, including instructions about the employment
Information Modelling of the metallic modular roof, as of of warning systems. In particular, openings and
the entire complex, was carried out by Autodesk Revit passages whose widths are smaller than the regulatory
2019® software, based on the TLS survey, carried out thresholds (<90 cm), stairs with non-compliant tread-to-
by Faro Focus 3D X130 and elaborated by Autodesk riser ratio and excessive lengths of dead-end corridors
Recap Pro 6.0® software, for more general and accurate compared to the corresponding risk profile –type of
reproduction of the building morphology (Figure 10). occupants and building materials– have been brought to
the attention through the RM_VT (RM3.Warning) (Figure
In this case, the 3D models, used for extracting 11). In the event of a fire, it is essential to be ready to
orthophotos for mapping purposes, resulted from digital use the protective devices, whose location and use
photogrammetric acquisitions similar to those described instructions must be made known. Therefore,
for the VT_ID, also in consideration of their photorealistic information sheets and explanatory videos were
representation of the surface alterations. On the disclosed (RM2. Help) (Figure 12).
contrary, the restitution of the technical details benefited

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DISSEMINATION, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS BY THEMATIC VIRTUAL TOURS
AND 3D MODELS

(a)

(b)
Figure 10: Main noble hall (Fig. 7): (a) Point cloud in false
colours about elevation; and (b) relative parametric BIM model.
Figure 9: Performance Assessment Virtual Tour. Example of
thermograms of the surfaces of the courtyard.

Figure 12: Risk assessment Virtual Tour. Example of

Figure 11: Risk assessment Virtual Tour. Example of egress instructions about protection devices.
paths within the 360° photos and interactive maps. In addition,
critical elements are noticed via textual instructions.

Virtual Archaeology Review, 13(26): 88-102, 2022 97

 DE FINO et al., 2022

In the specific case, the 3D models were necessary for The emergency routes plans, imported into the RM_VT,
simulations, which results were made usable in the tour. are graphic elaborations exported in *.PDF from the
In particular, the escape routes were determined by HBIM that represents the fire signs and protective
agent-based simulations (ABM) performed in BIM- devices. The videos of the users’ flows obtained from the
oriented software for wayfinding according to the Fire agent-based simulations are likewise imported as a
Safety Engineering approach. Behavioural design, component (RM1.Exit) (Figure 14). Since the 3D model
applied to historical-architectural buildings through ABM, reporting fire signs and protection devices is available,
aims at the conservation of the architectural heritage and the same was loaded in the RM_VT, once published via
life safeguarding. The simulative approach of the human the web with Autodesk Viewer®, in order to have an
flows and interaction with each other and with the overall perception of the building (Figure 15).
environment is based on predictive models of behaviour,
such as the Social Force model where each user is
represented as an agent subjected to attractive and
repulsive forces.
The role of the BIM in the simulation is fundamental for
its parametric structure including geometric, material and
performance data of the entire building and furnishings
(Figure 13). On the one hand, this information is required
to define obstacles and spatial constraints to human
movement and, on the other hand, to simulate the fire
propagation according to the type of combustion reaction
and the fire resistance properties of materials, including
thermal capacity, surface temperature and emissivity.
The 3D model, as mentioned, was created starting from
Figure 13: Risk assessment Virtual Tour. Sala del trono. Example
the point cloud acquired with laser scanning and of fire source in Agent-based simulation (ABM) with BIM.
processed in Autodesk ReCap Pro 6.0, in its building
and architectural components, with a metric accuracy
compatible with the representation scale 1:50 but with a
level of detail and information close to LOD 500 for the
elements that are needed for fire simulation (walls,
furnishings, openings, flat and vaulted floors, including
the truss) and human behaviour. In fact, the geometries
of windows and some architectural components have
been simplified in Autodesk Revit 2019. The model was
imported into the Pyrosim v. 2019.1 (Thunderhead
Engineering) Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) software in
the interoperable *.IFC format, preserving the
parameters. The next step of behavioural modelling of
agents in escape required the exchange of the
proprietary file format of Pathfinder application (also
developed by Thunderhead Engineering). Figure 14: Risk assessment Virtual Tour. Central courtyard.
Example of human-human-building interactions in Agent-based
simulation (ABM) with BIM.

Figure 15: Risk assessment Virtual Tour. BIM model reporting overall egress paths and protection devices.

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DISSEMINATION, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS BY THEMATIC VIRTUAL TOURS
AND 3D MODELS

4. Discussion empower the associations between places and

emergency risks/facilities.
The application to the case study of methods and tools,
as introduced in Section 1 and described in Section 2, Such a vision is further addressed by the integration of
helps outline some remarks on the advancements of the the virtual tours with a Web-GIS platform, collecting a
state of the art and future research improvements. variety of texts and pictures referred to the typological,
historical and architectural characteristics. In addition, all
Firstly, it should be highlighted that the development of the digital added contents/products of the tours might be
thematic virtual tours, which result from the same layout stored as entities of the relational geodatabase, too. This
of panoramic scenes although they can be explored possibility, which was already applied to the former
separately, strengthens the recalled optimization of costs project 3D-IMP-ACT, could be a further improvement of
and resources that are reasonably priced and easy to the present study, particularly for those records, such as
use tools are enabled, if compared to more sophisticated diagnostic reports on construction materials/elements or
3D solutions (Bozzelli et al., 2019; Ferdani et al., 2020; 3D models, that might be analysed and compared
Hajirasouli et al., 2021; Younes et al., 2017). For the across different case studies, through spatial and
Castle of Gioa del Colle, with more than thirty rooms, parametric interrogation of the geographic information
two working days of one operator were needed for the system. Finally, as the future development of the
acquisition by the 360º camera of redundant images, proposed workflow and application, the validation should
later selected based on the best light conditions be supported by the results of feedback questionnaires,
throughout the day, and for the following elaboration of structured to provide a metric for usability, effectiveness,
the basic sequence within the virtual tour editor, ready to motion sickness, sense of presence and realism of the
be integrated with the digital products afterwards. virtual environment (Mastrolembo Ventura et al., 2020),
Moreover, a common visualisation environment of the as well as retention and self-efficacy for training
site/building, where only the typologies of purposes under emergency (Chittaro & Sioni, 2015;
hotspots/switches to external links vary depending on Falconer et al., 2020; Lovreglio et al., 2018; Rahouti et
the specific purpose, offers an effective tool for al., 2021).
transversal interrogation, taking into account that the
thematic contents and products are very much likely to 5. Conclusions
overlap and interact within the overall process of
safeguarding and valorisation. In fact, from the The proposed methodological framework moves from
operational point of view, it should be considered that the motivation of addressing approaches and solutions,
the territorial bodies in charge of heritage assets, such as acknowledged by the scientific community for the
as local governments, associations and digitalization of the historical-architectural heritage,
superintendencies among the others, might greatly according to an integrated vision. In fact, it aims at taking
benefit from a coherent and comprehensive collection of into account all the aspects, which merge in the
their cultural, architectural, technical and functional refurbishment and enhancement processes and might
characteristics, in order to address compatible and most benefit from the virtual site representation, the
effective protection and improvement actions. systematization of different data for typology, discipline
Nevertheless, from the conceptual point of view, and restitution mode, as well as from the intuitive
assuming that dissemination, assessment and communication among the stakeholders. Furthermore,
management of historical sites/buildings involve multi- the methodology is focused on the definition of flexible
disciplinary and multi-faceted aspects, the virtual tours and accessible tools, which might apply even in common
are conceived as separate in order to give modularity practice applications, where time, resources and budget
and versatility to the system, even though cross- are limited, being understood that a configuration at
references are implicit. For instance, understanding a increasing levels of complexity is highly desirable to
decay pattern (VT_PA) might require consultation of meet specific requirements.
videos surveying inaccessible parts by drones (VT_ID);
Consequently, the paper has developed and validate VR
getting an overview of ongoing activities of analysis and
environments, remotely and/or onsite accessible, that
diagnosis (VT_PA) by non-experts users, such as
are centred on the creation of virtual tours of 360°
visitors involved in a virtual touristic visit (VT_ID), might
panoramic scenes, since they seem to fulfil a series of
be a useful way to make the public aware of the cultural
valuable requirements: acquisition and elaboration by
value of the asset, also by showing the commitment of
low-cost tools and timesaving procedures; capability to
the managing authorities to conservation and protection
describe shapes, colours and textures of the
actions; providing help, warning and exit signs (VT_RM)
architectural surfaces leading to realistic visual
through the same tool of the informative tour (VT_ID),
communication; possibility to store and display a variety
facilitates people in getting familiar with places that are
of external informative contents and digital products.
generally complex and unknown.
Particularly, the virtual tours have been herein focused
The above-mentioned integrated approach is new, on three thematic areas: (i) Inclusive Dissemination that
compared to previous works, as documented in the most extends the physical visit to the understanding of the
recent literature and based on virtual tours of panoramic historical-constructional stratifications and the
scenes for divulgation (Mah et al., 2019) and diagnosis exploration of parts with limited accessibility, for location
(Napolitano et al., 2018; Sánchez-Aparicio et al., 2020; at high altitude, private functions, presence of
Trizio et al., 2019). Moreover, it gives an added value to architectural barriers and dangerous conditions; (ii)
the application to risk management, where computer Performance Assessment of the state of conservation,
graphics environments are generally used (Zhu & Li, through the correlation among decay maps, diagnostic
2021) instead of photorealistic scenes, although the investigations and details of technological and structural
perception of the real surfaces and spaces might elements, including those from previous transformations

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 DE FINO et al., 2022

and modifications; (iii) Risk Management, through Nevertheless, in the case of historical-architectural
communication and training of appropriate and aware heritage, it should be noted that, like 360° spherical
behaviours in emergency situations. photos, 3D reality-based models from digital terrestrial
and aerial photogrammetry offer extraordinary
Nonetheless, all the informative contents and digital possibilities of documentation and analysis of
products connected to the thematic virtual tours as morphological, formal and material characteristics of
hotspots/switches, while contributing to the surfaces and volumes, that are typically heterogeneous,
aforementioned purposes, are conceived as additional irregular and composite, with limited use of hardware
components of the central host environment and, as and software tools. Likewise, the described process
such, can be selected consistent with the needs and demonstrates how more elaborated computer-based
availabilities of the specific application. parametric and predictive models enable specialist
In particular, such flexibility applies to the use of 3D assessments on assets, features by interconnected
reality-based and computer-based models, which are technical, environmental and social factors.
proposed both as products that can be directly explored Finally, it is worth underlying the need to focus on goals
and interrogated through referenced external links or as and strategies, rather than on techniques and tools
processing tools for the elaboration of data and results, required for their achievement, in order to develop
then displayed in a schematic way. They certainly effective and feasible solutions, which are fully
constitute an added value with respect to the consistent with the requirements –understanding of
development of the thematic axes. Even so, their inherent characteristics, interpretation of phenomena
unavailability does not affect the validity of the and mechanisms, correlation of multi-disciplinary issue
methodological workflow, limiting only the complexity and transmission of cultural values– that are distinctive
and specialization of the application. of the refurbishment and enhancement processes of the
historical-architectural heritage.

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