Notes on Calculus

Prepared by

Department of Mathematics

For

First Level Students

2025
 iii

Contents

1 Functions 1
1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Limits and continuity 3

2.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Differentiation 9
3.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Applications of Derivatives 13
4.1 EXERCISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 INTEGRATION 15
5.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION 17
6.0.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

7 Definite Integrals and Application 19

7.0.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

References 21
 1

Chapter 1

Functions

1.1 Exercises
1- If a and h are real numbers, find and simplify:
(a) f ( a) (b) f (− a)
f ( a+h)− f ( a)
(c) f ( a + h) (d) h , provided h ̸= 0

For
f (x) = x + 4
(1) √ (2) f (− a)
1
(3) 4+x (4) f (x) = x 2 +1

2- Find the domain of f , where : √

(a) f ( x ) = x3 + 4x2 − 1 (b) f ( x ) = 9 − x2
(c) f ( x ) = √41− x (d) f ( x ) = 1−1√ x .

3 whether the function is even, odd, or neither. Give reasons for your answer.
(a) f ( x ) = 3 (b) f ( x ) = x −5
(c) f ( x ) = x2 + x (d) x4 + 3x2 − 1
(e) f ( x ) = 2 +x x (f) f ( x ) = 2 −x 1

4-Write a formula for f ◦ g ◦ h

(a) f ( x ) = x + 1, g( x ) = 3x, h( x ) = 4 − x
2
√ + 4, g( x ) = 2x1− 1, h( x ) =1 x
(b) f ( x ) = 3x
(c) f ( x ) = x + 1, g( x ) = x+4 , h( x ) = x
+2 x2
√
(d) f ( x ) = 3x− x , g ( x ) = x 2 +1
, h ( x ) = 2 − x.
 3

Chapter 2

Limits and continuity

2.1 Exercises

Limits
1. Find the following limits:
 
(a) limx→π sin( x − sin x ). (e) limt→0 cos √19−π3 sec 2t .
π

p √
(b) limt→0 sin 2 cos(tan t) . (f) limx→π/6 csc2 x + 5 3 tan x.
 √ 
(c) limy→1 sec y sec2 y − tan2 y − 1 .


(g) limx→0+ sin π2 e x .
√
(d) limx→0 tan π4 cos sin x1/3 . (h) limx→1 cos−1 (ln x ).

2. For the function g( x ) graphed here, find the following limits or explain why they do not
exist.

(a) limx→1 g( x ) (c) limx→3 g( x )

(b) limx→2 g( x ) (d) limx→2.5 g( x ).

3. For the function f (t) graphed here, find the following limits or explain why they do not
exist.
4 Chapter 2. Limits and continuity

(a) limt→−2 f (t) (c) limt→0 f (t)

(b) limt→−1 f (t) (d) limt→−0.5 f (t).

4. Calculate the following limits:

2x +5 −2x −4
(a) limx→2 11− x3
(o) limx→−2 x3 +2x2
(b) lims→2/3 (8 − 3s)(2s − 1). (p) limy→0
5y3 +8y2
.
3y4 −16y2
(c) limx→−1/2 4x (3x + 4)2
u4 −1
y +2 (q) limu→1 u3 −1
(d) limy→2 y2 +5y+6 .
v3 −8
(r) limv→2 .
(e) limy→−3 (5 − y)4/3 v4 −16
√ √
(f) limz→4 z2 − 10. (s) limx→9 xx−−93

(g) limh→0 √ 3 4x −√x2

3h+1+1
(t) limx→4 2− x
.
√
5h+4−2
(h) limh→0 . (u) limx→1 √ x −1
h x +3−2
−5 √
(i) limx→5 xx2 − 2 +8−3
25 (v) limx→−1 xx+ 1 .
(j) limx→−3 x2 +x+ 3
4x +3
. √
2 −4
(w) limx→2 x x+−122
x2 +3x −10
(k) limx→−5 x +5
2 (x) limx→−2 √ x +2 .
(l) limx→2 x −x7x +10
−2 .
x 2 +5−3
√
2 t −2 2− x 2 −5
(m) limt→1 t t+2 −1
(y) limx→−3 x+3
t2 +3t+2 4√− x
(n) limt→−1 . (z) limx→4 .
t2 − t −2 5− x 2 +9

5. Calculate the following limits:

q  
x +2 1 x +6 3− x



(a) limx→−0.5− x +1
(d) limx→1− x +1 x 7 .
q √ √
(b) limx→1+ xx− 1
+2 . (e) limh→0+ h2 +4h+5− 5
h
x

 2x+5 
(c) limx→−2+ x+ x2 − x +sin x
1 x2 + x (f) limx→0 2x .
2.1. Exercises 5

x + x cos x sin θ
(g) limx→0 sin x cos x (l) limθ →0 sin 2θ .
1−cos θ sin 5x
(h) limθ →0 sin 2θ . (m) limx→0 sin 4x
x − x cos x
(i) limx→0 sin2 3x (n) limθ →0 θ cos θ.
sin(1−cos t)
(j) limt→0 1−cos t . (o) limθ →0 sin θ cot 2θ
sin(sin h) tan 3x
(k) limh→0 sin h (p) limx→0 sin 8x .

x n
= e x . Use this fact to find


6. Later we will prove that for any number x, limn→∞ 1 + n
the following limits:
1 1
(a) limx→0 (1 − x ) x (d) limx→0 (1 − 3x ) x .

− x
  x2 (e) limx→∞ 1 + 2x .
x 2 +1
(b) limx→∞ x 2 −1
.
(f) limx→∞ (1 + tan x )cot x
 x
1 +1
(c) limx→1 x 1−x (g) limx→∞ xx− 1 .

Continuity
1. At what points are the following functions continuous?
√
1 x 4 +1
(a) y = x −2 − 3x (l) y = 1+sin2 x
.
(b) y = 1
+ 4. √
( x +2)2 (m) y = 2x + 3
(c) y = x +1 √
x2 −4x +3 (n) y = 4 3x − 1.
1 x2
(d) y = − 2.
| x |+1 (o) y = (2x − 1)1/3
(e) y = | x − 1| + sin x
(p) y = (2 − x )1/5 .
x +3
(f) y = x2 −3x −10
. 
 x 2 − x −6 , x ̸= 3
cos x x −3
(g) y = x (q) g( x ) =
x +2
5, x=3
(h) y = cos x . 
x 3 −8
(i) y = csc 2x  , x ̸= 2, x ̸= −2
 x 2 −4


(j) y = tan πx
2 .
(r) f ( x ) = 3, x =2 .


x tan x 4,

x = −2
(k) y = x 2 +1

2. For what value of a is 

 x2 − 1, x<3
f (x) =
2ax, x≥3
6 Chapter 2. Limits and continuity

continuous at every x?

3. For what value of b is 

 x, x < −2
g( x ) =
bx2 , x ≥ −2
continuous at every x?

4. For what values of a is 

 a2 x − 2a, x≥2
f (x) =
12, x<2
continuous at every x?

Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs

1. Find the following limits:
5 √
x 2 +1

1− x 3 (i) limx→∞
(a) limx→−∞ x2 +7x x +1
√
2
limx→−∞ xx++1 1 .
q
2
(b) limx→∞ xx3 +−x5x . (j)
−2
√
2 x + x −1 (k) limx→∞ √ x −3
(c) limx→∞ 3x −7 4x2 +25
√
4−3x3
(d) limx→∞ 22+ √x .
− x
(l) limx→−∞ √ .
x 6 +9
√ √
3 x− 5 x
2x +3
(e) limx→−∞ √ √
3 x+ 5 x (m) limx→∞ 5x +7
x −1 + x −4 7x3
(f) limx→∞ . (n) limx→−∞ x −3x2 +6x
3 .
x −2 − x −3
5/3 1/3
−x √
(g) limx→∞ 2x +7 3x7 +5x2 −1
x8/5 +3x + x (o) limx→∞ 6x3 −7x +3
√3 x −5x +3
3x +7
(h) limx→−∞ 2x+ x2/3 −4
. (p) limx→−∞ x 2 −2
.

2. Find the limits:

1 4
(a) limx→0+ 3x (g) limx→7 ( x −7)2
5 −1
(b) limx→0− 2x . (h) limx→0 .
x 2 ( x +1)
3
(c) limx→2− x −2 (i) limx→(π/2)− tan x
1
(d) limx→3+ x −3 . (j) limx→(−π/2)+ sec x.
2x
(e) limx→−8+ x +8 (k) limθ →0− (1 + csc θ )
3x
(f) limx→−5− 2x +10 . (l) limθ →0 (2 − cot θ ).
2.1. Exercises 7

3. Use limits to determine the equations for all vertical asymptotes.

x 2 +4
(a) y = x −3 .
x 2 − x −2
(b) f ( x ) = x2 −2x +1
.
x 2 + x −6
(c) y = x2 +2x −8
.

4. Use limits to determine the equations for all horizontal asymptotes.

1− x 2
(a) y = x 2 +1
√
(b) f ( x ) = √ xx+
+4
4

√
2
(c) g( x ) = xx+4
q
x 2 +9
(d) y = 9x2 +1
 9

Chapter 3

Differentiation

3.1 Exercises
1. Compute f ′ ( a) using the limit definition of f at x = a

(a) f ( x ) = x2 − x, a=1
(b) f ( x ) = 5 − 3x, a=2
(c) f ( x ) = x −1 , a=4
(d) f ( x ) = x3 , a = −2

2. Compute dy/dx using the limit definition.

1
(a) y = 4 − x2 (c) y = 2− x
√ 1
(b) y = 2x + 1 (d) y = ( x −1)2

3. Compute the derivative.

• y = 3x5 − 7x2 + 4 • y= √z
1− z
• y = 4x −3/2
 3
1
• y= 1+
• y = t−7.3 x
√
x4 + x
• y= 4x2 − x −2 • y= x 2
1√
• y= x +1 • y= (1− x ) 2− x
x 2 +1
3t−2
q p √
• y= 4t−9 • y= x+ x+ x

6
−3/2
• y = x4 − 9x • h(z) = z + (z + 1)1/2

6
• y = 3t2 + 20t−3 • y = tan t−3



3/2
• y = 2 + 9x2 • y = 4 cos(2 − 3x )
• y = ( x + 1)3 ( x + 4)4 • y = sin(2x ) cos2 x
10 Chapter 3. Differentiation

 
• y = sin 4
θ
• y = (ln x )cos x

2
• y= t
1+sec t
• y = tan−1 x
√
• y = z csc(9z + 1) • g( x ) = arccos x
• f ( x ) = x5 + 5x • y = sin−1 (2x + 1)
• g( x ) = x sin (2x ) • R(t) = arcsin(1/t)
• G(x) = 4c/x √
• y = x sin−1 x + 1 − x2
• F (t) = 3cos 2t
 
• y = cos−1 sin−1 t
• y = (cos x ) x
• F ( x ) = x sec−1 x3


• y = (sin x )ln x r
1−x
• y = (tan x )1/x • y = arctan
1+x

4. Use implicit differentiation to find dy/dx .

2x −y
(a) x2 y + xy2 = 6 (h) x3 = x +3y

(b) x3 + y3 = 18xy (i) x = sec y

(c) 2xy + y2 = x + y (j) xy = cot( xy)
(d) x3 − xy + y3 = 1 (k) x + tan( xy) = 0
(e) x2 ( x − y)2 = x2 − y2 (l) x4 + sin y = x3 y2
 
(f) (3xy + 7)2 = 6y (m) y sin 1y = 1 − xy
x −1
(g) y2 = x +1 (n) x cos(2x + 3y) = y sin x

5. Find y′ if e x/y = x − y.

6. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve xey + ye x = 1 at the point (0, 1)

7. Show that the function y = e x + e− x/2 satisfies the differential equation 2y′′ − y′ − y = 0

8. Show that the function y = Ae− x + Bxe− x satisfies the differential equation y′′ + 2y′ +
y=0

9. For what values of r does the function y = erx satisfy the differential equation y′′ + 6y′ +
8y = 0?

10. Find the values of λ for which y = eλx satisfies the equation y + y′ = y′′ .

11. If f ( x ) = e2x , find a formula for f (n) ( x ).

3.1. Exercises 11

12. Find the thousandth derivative of f ( x ) = xe− x .

13. Find y′ if tan−1 x2 y = x + xy2 .

14. Prove that x2 y′′ + xy′ + y = 0 , where y = sin(ln( x )) + cos(ln( x )).

 
4 ′′ 1
15. Prove that x y + y = 0 , where y = x sin .
x
 13

Chapter 4

Applications of Derivatives

4.1 EXERCISES
1. Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to following curves at the correspond-
ing points:

(a) x2 + y2 − 4x + 6y − 3 = 0; (2. − 7)
√
(b) x2 − y2 = 9 ; (3 2, 3)
(c) y2 = x − 1 ; (5, 2)
(d) x = 2y2 − y + 1; (4, −1)
(e) x = ln t ; y = 2t2 ; (0, 2)

2. Find the equation of the tangent y = x3 − 6x + 2 and parallel to the line y = 6x − 2

3. Prove the two tangent lines for x2 − 4y + 4 = 0 at (3/2, 0) are perpendicular.

4. Determine the increasing and decreasing intervals for the following functions:

(a) y = 2x2 − 4x + 5 (d) y = 2x3 − 3x2 + 1

(b) y = x2 − 4x + 1 (e) y = x4 − 2x2 + 1
(c) y = x3 − 3x2 + 5 (f) y = x4 − 4x2 + 5

5. Find the maximum and minimum extremes for the following functions:

(a) y = x2 − 2x + 3 (c) y = − x4 + 2x3

(b) y = x4 − 8x2 + 2 (d) y = x3 − 9x2 + 15x + 3

6. Evaluate the following limits;

14 Chapter 4. Applications of Derivatives

1 − cos x x − tan x
(a) limx→0 (d) limx→0
x2 x − sin x
2 cos x ln x
(b) limx→π/2 (e) limx→∞ √
2x − π 3
x
cos−1 (1 + x ) tan x − x
(c) limx→0 (f) limx→0
ln(1 + x ) x3

7. Determine the point(s) on y = x2 + 1 that are closest to (0, 2).

8. Determine the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 4.

9. For the following function find the inflection points and use the second derivative test, if
possible, to classify the critical points. Also, determine the intervals of increase, decrease
and the intervals of concave up, concave down and sketch the graph of the functions:
2
(a) y = x (6 − x ) 3 (b) y = x3 + 3x2 − 9x − 20

10. Use the second derivative test to classify the critical points of the function y = 3x5 −
5x3 + 3
 15

Chapter 5

INTEGRATION

5.1 Exercises

Evaluate
Z the following integral
Z
1- e2x dx 2- 2x dx 3- 2
x dx
ln x dx dx
Z Z Z
4- dx 5- 6-
x x (ln x )2 x ln x
ln(sin x ) cos x − x sin x
Z Z Z
7- dx 8- dx 9- ln(cos x ) tan xdx
tan x x cos x
dx eln(1−t)
Z Z Z
10- eln x 11- dt 12- etan x sec2 xdx
x
1−t
x sin x2
Z Z
4x3
sec2 (3x + 2)dx
R
13- dx 14- 15- 2 dx
cos (√ x2 ) ( x 4 +1 )
(1 + x )1/3
 
1 2 1 1
Z Z Z
16- √ dx 17- cos dx 18- √ ds
x x2 √ x 5s + 4

x x cos θ ttan−1 t2
Z Z Z
19- tan7 sec2 dx 20- √ √ dθ 21- dt
2
2 θ sin2 θ 1 + t4
et cos−1 et 2e−2x (sin x + x cos x )
Z Z Z
22- √ dt 23- √ dx 24- dx
1 − e2t 1 − e−4x 1 + x2 sin2 x
1 dt et
Z Z Z
25- dx 26- 27- dt
x + x ln2 x 1 + e2t
p
t 1 − ln2 t
 17

Chapter 6

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

6.0.1 Exercises

Evaluate the following
integrals

3 2 x2 + 2 dx


x + 2x + 1 dx xdx
Z Z Z
1- 2- 3-
x
+ 2 x+3 3x − 4
x3 + 1 dx dx ( x + 3)dx
Z Z Z
4- 2+1
5- 6-
x ( x − 2)( x − 4) x+4
dx (2x − 1)dx dx
Z Z Z
7- 8- 9-
( x − 2)( x − 3)( x + 2) x2 − 5x + 6 x (2x + 1)
x2 + 11x dx


3dx x2 dx
Z Z Z
10- 11- 12-
( x − 1)( x +
1)2 ( x + 1) ( x 2 + x ) x2 + 9
4x2 − 21x dx 8dx 4x2 − 20
Z Z Z
13- 14- 15- dx
( x − 3)2 (2x
+ 3) x ( x + 2)3 (2x + 5)3
x2 − x + 1 dx xdx e x dx
Z Z Z
16- 17- 18-
x 2+x x4 + 1
√ e2x − e x
sec2 θdθ xdx dx
Z Z Z
19- 2
20- 21-
Z tan θ − 1 x−1 x1/2 − x1/3
dx cos ydy 1
Z Z
22- 23- 2
24- 4
dx
x − 4x3/4
5/4 sin y + sin y − 6 x +x
 19

Chapter 7

Definite Integrals and Application

7.0.1 Exercises
Calculate the arc length over the given interval
1- y = 3x + 1, [0, 3] 2- y = 9 − 3x, [1, 3]
3/2
3- y = x , [1, 2] 4- y = 13 x3/2 − x1/2, [2,  8]
1 2 1
5- y = 4 x − 2 ln x, [1, 2e] 6- y = ln(cos x ), π
0, 4

Compute the surface area of revolution about the x −axis over the interval.
1- y = x, [0, 4] 2- y = 4x + 3, [0, 1]
3
3- y = x , [0, 2] 4- y = x2 , [0, 4]
3/2
5- y = 4 − x2/3 , [0, 8] 6- y = e− x , [0, 1]


 21

Bibliography

[1] James stewart; calculus, eighth edition , Cengage Learning, 2015.

[2] Thomas W Hungerford; CALCULUS 3rd, Terri Ward , 2012.

[3] OpenStax; Calculus Volume 1, 2016.

[4] OpenStax; Calculus Volume 2, 2016.

[5] Thomas; CalCulus Thirteenth Edition, PEARSON 2013.