Fluid Mechanics
Ch5: Mass, Bernoulli and Energy Equations
Contents:-
➢ Conservation of mass
Lecture (4)
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Mass flow rate: The amount of mass flowing through a
cross-section per unit of time.
Mass flow rate Volume flow rate
The amount of fluid volume flowing through
a cross-section per unit of time.
Fluid density, Cross-sectional area, m2 Mass flow
rate, kg/s Density, Volume flow
kg/m3 Average normal velocity, m/s rate, m3/s
kg/m3
Average velocity
The average velocity Vavg is defined
as the average speed through a
cross-section.
Cross-sectional areas
𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 𝑎 𝑏
𝜋 2 2
𝑑 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 × 𝑏
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑑 = 𝜋𝑅 && 𝑅 = 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 = 𝑎 2
4 2
Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume: The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a
time interval t is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the control volume during t.
the total rates of mass
flow into and out of the
control volume
the rate of change of mass
within the control volume
boundaries.
Mass balance is applicable to any control
volume undergoing any kind of process.
Conservation of mass principle
for an ordinary bathtub.
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes
During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a
control volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.
For steady-flow processes, we are interested in
the amount of mass flowing per unit time, that
is, the mass flow rate.
Multiple inlets
and exits
Single
stream
Many engineering devices such as nozzles, diffusers,
turbines, compressors, and pumps involve a single
stream (only one inlet and one outlet).
Conservation of mass principle for a two-
inlet–one-outlet steady-flow system.
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when the fluid is
incompressible (density is constant), which is usually the case for liquids.
Steady,
incompressible
Steady,
incompressible flow
(single stream)
There is no such thing as a “conservation of volume” principle.
However, for steady flow of liquids, the volume flow rates, as well as
the mass flow rates, remain constant since liquids are essentially
incompressible substances.
Example (1)
For steady-flow processes, we are
interested in the amount of mass flowing
If d1= 3 cm & d2 =1 cm, and V1 =2
per unit time, that is, the mass flow rate.
m/s what will be V2?
Single
stream
For liquids, the flow can be assumed incompressible Then, 1= 2
So,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉1 × 𝑑12 = 𝑉2 × 𝑑22 2 × 0.032 = 𝑉2 × 0.012
4 4 4 4
𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑉2 = 18 𝑚/𝑠
Practice Assuming incompressible flow
Multiple
stream
Practice
Solution
6 + 3 = 4 + 𝑚ሶ
𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑚ሶ = 5 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Example (2)
