MCA 301: Data Mining - Lecture Notes

MCA 301: Data Mining

Syllabus: Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal - MCA Third Semester

UNIT I: Motivation and Importance of Data Mining

1. Motivation and Importance

- Growing data volumes and the need to extract meaningful information.

- Applications in various fields: business intelligence, healthcare, market analysis, etc.

2. Data Types for Data Mining

- Relational Databases: Organized as tables; supports querying and transaction processing.

- Data Warehouses: Stores historical data for analytical purposes; optimized for read-heavy

operations.

- Transactional Databases: Captures real-time transactions; high-volume data storage.

- Advanced Database Systems:

- Spatial Databases: Geographical or spatial data.

- Temporal Databases: Time-related data.

- Object-Oriented Databases: Complex data objects.

- Multimedia Databases: Audio, video, images.

3. Data Mining Functionalities

- Concept/Class Description: Summarizing data features.

- Association Analysis: Discovering relationships between variables (e.g., Market Basket Analysis).

- Classification & Prediction:

- Classification: Assigning labels based on training data.

 - Prediction: Estimating continuous values.

- Cluster Analysis: Grouping similar data objects.

- Outlier Analysis: Identifying anomalies or deviations.

- Evolution Analysis: Trends and pattern discovery over time.

4. Classification of Data Mining Systems

- By data types: Relational, transactional, spatial, etc.

- By techniques used: Classification, clustering, etc.

- By applications: Scientific, business, etc.

5. Major Issues in Data Mining

- Scalability: Handling large datasets efficiently.

- Data Quality: Incomplete, noisy, or inconsistent data.

- Privacy Concerns: Ensuring sensitive information is protected.

- Integration: Combining data from multiple heterogeneous sources.

UNIT II: Data Warehouse and OLAP Technology for Data Mining

1. Differences between Operational Database Systems and Data Warehouses

- Operational Databases: Transactional, real-time updates, normalized.

- Data Warehouses: Analytical, periodic updates, denormalized for fast querying.

2. Multidimensional Data Model

- Represents data in cubes for analysis.

- Dimensions: E.g., time, location, product.

- Measures: Numerical values (e.g., sales, revenue).

3. Data Warehouse Architecture

- Basic Components:

- Source systems (ETL process).

- Staging area (data cleaning/transformation).

- Data warehouse storage.

- Front-end tools for analysis (OLAP, reporting).

- Layers: Operational data layer, integration layer, presentation layer.

4. Data Cube Technology

- Aggregates data across dimensions for analysis.

- Operations: Roll-up, drill-down, slice, dice, and pivot.

5. Implementation

- ETL (Extract, Transform, Load): Processes to populate the warehouse.

- Metadata management for schema and data lineage.

UNIT III: Data Preprocessing

1. Data Cleaning

- Handling missing values, noisy data, and inconsistencies.

- Techniques: Imputation, smoothing, etc.

2. Data Integration and Transformation

- Combining data from multiple sources.

- Transformations: Normalization, attribute construction.

3. Data Reduction

- Methods:

- Dimensionality reduction (PCA, SVD).

 - Numerosity reduction (histograms, clustering).

- Goal: Reduce data size while retaining integrity.

4. Discretization and Concept Hierarchy Generation

- Reducing continuous attributes to discrete bins.

- Hierarchies: Grouping attributes (e.g., city -> state -> country).

5. Data Mining Primitives, Languages, and System Architectures

- Primitives: Tasks, patterns, and rules for mining.

- Languages: Interfaces for specifying mining tasks (e.g., SQL-like).

- System Architectures: Centralized, client-server, distributed.

6. Concept Description

- Characterization: Summarizing general characteristics.

- Comparison: Contrasting datasets using visual or statistical methods.

UNIT IV: Mining Association Rules in Large Databases

1. Association Rule Mining

- Market Basket Analysis: Finding frequent itemsets in transaction data.

- Basic Concepts: Support, confidence, lift.

2. Algorithms

- Apriori Algorithm:

- Iterative approach to find frequent itemsets.

- Steps: Candidate generation -> Support counting -> Pruning.

- Generating Association Rules: Based on frequent itemsets.

3. Efficiency Improvements

- Hash-based techniques, transaction reduction, partitioning.

4. Multilevel and Multidimensional Rules

- Multilevel: Hierarchical rules (e.g., beverages -> coffee -> espresso).

- Multidimensional: Rules involving multiple attributes (e.g., age, income).

5. Constraint-Based Mining

- Adding constraints to refine results (e.g., rules with specific items only).

UNIT V: Classification, Prediction, and Cluster Analysis

1. Classification and Prediction

- Issues: Overfitting, imbalanced data, feature selection.

- Classification Methods: Decision Trees, Naive Bayes, Neural Networks.

- Prediction: Regression, time-series forecasting.

2. Cluster Analysis

- Grouping data into clusters with high intra-cluster similarity.

- Methods:

- Partitioning (e.g., k-means).

- Hierarchical (e.g., agglomerative).

- Density-based (e.g., DBSCAN).

- Grid-based.

3. Applications and Trends in Data Mining

- Applications: Fraud detection, bioinformatics, web mining.

- Trends: AI integration, real-time analytics, big data mining.

4. Tools

- Examples: WEKA, RapidMiner, KNIME, Apache Mahout.

Recommended Books

1. J. Han and M. Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann.

2. Berson, Data Warehousing, Data Mining & OLAP, TMH.

3. W.H. Inmon, Building the Data Warehouse, Wiley India.

4. Anahory, Data Warehousing in Real World, Pearson Education.

5. Adriaans, Data Mining, Pearson Education.

6. S.K. Pujari, Data Mining Techniques, University Press.