THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1760-1820/1840
Presented by:
Grade 9 D
What was the Industrial
Revolution?
⦿ The Industrial Revolution refers to the
greatly increased output of machine
made goods that began in England in
the 1700s
The Industrial Revolution
⦿ Machines were invented which replaced
human labor
⦿ New energy sources were developed to
power the new machinery – water,
steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
⦿ Increased use of metals and minerals
⚫ Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
The Industrial Revolution
⦿ Transportation improved
⚫ Ships
○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
⚫ Trains
⚫ Automobiles
⦿ Communication improved
⚫ Telegraph
⚫ Telephone
⚫ Radio
Historical Significance of the
Industrial Revolution
⦿ The Industrial Revolution changed human
life drastically
⦿ More was created in the last 250+ years than
in the previous 2500+ years of known
human history
Britain Takes
the Lead Great Britain’s
advantages:
⦿ Plentiful iron and coal
⦿ A navigable river system
⦿ Colonies that supplied
raw materials and bought
finished goods
⦿ A government that
encouraged
improvements in
transportation and used
its navy to protect British
trade
Background of the Industrial Revolution
⦿ Scientific Revolution
⦿ Intellectual Revolution
⚫ Encouraged learning and the search for better
and newer ways of doing things
⦿ Agricultural Revolution
⚫ Landowners experimented in their enclosures
⚫ Seed drill
⚫ Crop rotation
⚫ Livestock breeding
Factory System
⦿ Developed to replace the domestic system of
production
⦿ Faster method of production
⦿ Workers concentrated in a set location
⦿ Production anticipated demand
⚫ For example: Under the domestic system, a woman
might select fabric and have a businessperson give it
to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under
the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots
of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple
dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women
would buy them.
Why the Industrial Revolution
Started in England
England’s Resources: Capital
⦿ merchants had the capital to invest in the factory
system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and
raw materials
⦿ Its colonies gave England access to enormous
markets and vast amounts of raw materials
⦿ possessed the necessary raw materials to create
the means of production (coal, iron)
⦿ English people could freely travel from the
countryside to the cities
⦿ World’s largest merchant fleet
England’s Resources:
Geography
⦿ England is the political center of Great Britain,
an island
⦿ Great Britain did not suffer fighting on its land
during the wars of the 18th century
⦿ Island has excellent harbors and ports
⦿ Damp climate benefited the textile industry
(thread did not dry out)
⦿ Government stable
⦿ No internal trade barriers
“Necessity Is the Mother of
Invention”
• The process of inventing never ends
• One invention inevitably leads to
improvements upon it and to more inventions
The Birth and Growth of the
Textile Industry
These machines were so large. They were placed in
large buildings called factories
Inventions Spur
Industrialization
⦿ Weavers work faster-flying shuttles/
spinning jennies
⦿ Water frame uses H2O to drive spinning
wheels
⦿ Power loom- spinning mules speed up
production
⦿ Move machinery to factories
Transportation
Before the Industrial Revolution
• Canal barges pulled by mules
• Ships powered by sails
• Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages
After the Industrial Revolution
• Trains
• Steamships
• Trolleys
• Automobiles
Transportation Revolution
Communications Revolution
Class Tension
⦿ New money-factory owners, shippers,
and merchants became middle class
⚫ Upper-doctors, lawyers
⚫ Lower-factory overseers
⦿ Working class-machines replaced them
⚫ Luddites-destroyed machines in factories
and rioted
Europe Industrializes
⦿ William Cockerill made his way to
Belgium, his son built large industry
there
⦿ Germany had pockets of industry
⚫ Imported British engineers and build
railways
⦿ Regions in Europe began to
Industrialize (ex. Northern Italy-textile)
⦿ Social structure and geography halted it
elsewhere
Impact
⦿ Industrialized
countries exploited
overseas markets for resources
⦿ Imperialism was born
⦿ Gave Europe great power
⦿ Developed a middle class
⦿ Created a movement for social reform
Positive Impacts
⦿ Created jobs
⦿ Increased production of goods
⦿ Hope of improvement
⦿ Expanded educational opportunities
⦿ Took a while for everybody but eventually
conditions improved in the work place
⦿ Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock or rights of
ownership
⦿ These businesses became corporations
⦿ Gives the ability to raise large amounts of capital
⦿ Standard Oil
⦿ Carnegie Steel
Negative Impacts
⦿ European cities go through a
period of urbanization
because of the factory system
⦿ This caused living conditions
to be terrible
⦿ Sickness was widespread
(cholera)
⦿ Average worker spent
14hours, 6days
⦿ Dangerous industry-coal
mines
Reforms
⦿ Workers joined together to form unions
⦿ Engaged in bargaining with employers if
refused workers would strike
⦿ Britain-Combination Acts outlawed unions
but were repealed in 1824
⦿ 1886- U.S.- American Federation of Labor
led successful strikes
⦿ Factory Act of 1833-illegal to
hire children under 9
⦿ Could not work more than 8
hours a day
⦿ 1842- Mines Act prevented
women and children from
working underground
⦿ 1847- limited workday to 10
hours
Reform Movement
⦿ William Wilberforce was influential in getting
the slave to end in Britain in 1833
⦿ US-1865-Puerto Rico-1873-Brazil-1888
⦿ Women activists met at the International
Council for Women in 1888.
⦿ Horace Mann-advocated for free public
education
⦿ Alexis de Tocqueville sought to reform the
conditions in prison
