### Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. **Which of the following best describes data?**

- A. Processed information

- B. Raw facts and figures

- C. Graphical representation

- D. Algorithms and procedures

2. **What does DBMS stand for?**

- A. Database Management System

- B. Data Backup Management Software

- C. Digital Business Management System

- D. Database Backup and Management System

3. **Which of the following is NOT a key difference between a file system and a DBMS?**

- A. DBMS provides data integrity while file systems do not.

- B. DBMS supports complex queries; file systems do not.

- C. File systems support concurrent access; DBMS does not.

- D. DBMS offers better security features than file systems.

4. **Which of these is an application of DBMS?**

- A. Text editing

- B. Web browsing

- C. Airline reservations

- D. Image processing

5. **Data abstraction is the process of:**

 - A. Storing data in the cloud

- B. Hiding complex details of the database from users

- C. Encrypting data for security

- D. Converting data into a graphical format

6. **Data independence refers to the ability to:**

- A. Manage data without any software

- B. Change the database schema without affecting the application

- C. Store data without redundancy

- D. Access data from remote locations

7. **The structure of the database described in a formal language supported by the DBMS is
called:**

- A. Database Schema

- B. Data Independence

- C. Data Model

- D. Database Engine

8. **Which of the following is a rule proposed by Edgar F. Codd for relational databases?**

- A. Data Encryption Rule

- B. Systematic Treatment of Null Values

- C. Three-Tier Architecture Rule

- D. Query Optimization Rule

9. **In two-tier architecture, the two tiers are:**

- A. Client and Middleware

- B. Client and Server

- C. Application and Database

 - D. Presentation and Logic

10. **What is one advantage of three-tier architecture over two-tier architecture?**

- A. Simplicity in design

- B. Better scalability

- C. Faster development

- D. Less hardware requirement

11. **In the hierarchical data model, data is organized into:**

- A. Tables

- B. Graphs

- C. Tree-like structures

- D. Arrays

12. **The relational data model organizes data into:**

- A. Trees

- B. Graphs

- C. Tables

- D. Networks

13. **Which architecture is typically used in web applications?**

- A. One-tier architecture

- B. Two-tier architecture

- C. Three-tier architecture

- D. Four-tier architecture

14. **In a database, a single unit of data is called a:**

 - A. Attribute

- B. Schema

- C. Tuple

- D. Key

15. **Which data model uses nodes and edges to represent data and relationships?**

- A. Hierarchical data model

- B. Network data model

- C. Relational data model

- D. Object-oriented data model

16. **Data encapsulation and data independence are features of:**

- A. File Systems

- B. DBMS

- C. Data Warehouses

- D. Spreadsheets

17. **Which level of data abstraction deals with how data is stored?**

- A. Physical level

- B. Logical level

- C. View level

- D. Conceptual level

18. **What does SQL stand for in the context of databases?**

- A. Simple Query Language

- B. Structured Query Language

- C. Standard Query Language

 - D. Sequential Query Language

19. **The term used to describe the overall design of a database is:**

- A. Data Model

- B. Database Schema

- C. Database Instance

- D. Database Architecture

20. **Which type of data independence allows changes in the physical schema without affecting the
logical schema?**

- A. Logical Data Independence

- B. Physical Data Independence

- C. External Data Independence

- D. Conceptual Data Independence

These questions cover various aspects of the database concepts and architecture, ensuring a
comprehensive understanding of the subject.
### 2 Marks Questions

1. Define data and database.

2. What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?

3. List two key differences between a file system and a DBMS.

4. Mention two applications of DBMS.

5. What is data abstraction?

6. Define data independence.

7. What is a database schema?

8. Name any two of Codd’s rules.

9. What is two-tier architecture in DBMS?

10. What is the main advantage of three-tier architecture over two-tier architecture?

11. Briefly describe the hierarchical data model.

12. What is the relational data model?

### 4 Marks Questions

1. Explain the concept of data independence and its types.

2. Describe the three levels of data abstraction with examples.

3. Compare and contrast the file system with DBMS in terms of data management.

4. List and explain four applications of DBMS.

5. What are Codd’s rules? Discuss any four rules in detail.

6. Describe the overall structure of a DBMS.

7. Explain the two-tier architecture of a database system with a diagram.

8. Discuss the three-tier architecture of a database system with its advantages.

9. Compare and contrast the hierarchical and network data models.

10. Explain the relational data model and its importance in modern databases.

### Application Level Questions

1. **Scenario:** You are tasked with designing a database for a university to manage student
information, courses, and enrollments.
 - **Question:** Explain how you would use data abstraction to simplify the database design
process and what levels of abstraction you would implement.

2. **Scenario:** A bank needs to handle millions of transactions daily, ensuring data integrity and
security.

- **Question:** Describe the advantages of using a DBMS over a traditional file system for this
purpose.

3. **Scenario:** A retail company wants to analyze sales data to identify trends and improve
inventory management.

- **Question:** Discuss how the relational data model would be suitable for this requirement and
how it facilitates complex queries.

4. **Scenario:** You are developing a web application that requires efficient data retrieval and
storage.

- **Question:** Compare and contrast the two-tier and three-tier architectures for your
application. Which would you recommend and why?

5. **Scenario:** An airline reservation system needs to store and manage flight schedules, bookings,
and passenger information.

- **Question:** Explain how the hierarchical and network data models could be used to structure
this information. Which model would you choose and why?

6. **Scenario:** A hospital needs to maintain patient records, treatment history, and billing
information securely.

- **Question:** How would data independence benefit the hospital's database system? Provide
examples of logical and physical data independence.

7. **Scenario:** You are responsible for setting up a DBMS for a telecommunications company to
handle call records and billing.

- **Question:** Describe the overall structure of the DBMS you would implement, including key
components and their roles.
8. **Scenario:** A library wants to automate its operations, including book lending, member
management, and cataloging.

- **Question:** How would you use Codd’s rules to ensure the library’s database adheres to
relational database principles? Provide specific examples of rules applied.

9. **Scenario:** An online education platform needs to support thousands of users simultaneously

accessing course materials and submitting assignments.

- **Question:** Discuss the advantages of a three-tier architecture for this platform and how it
would enhance performance and scalability.

10. **Scenario:** A social networking site needs to store user profiles, connections, and posts.

- **Question:** Describe how you would design the database schema for this site, considering
data normalization and relationships between entities.

11. **Scenario:** A logistics company needs to track shipments, warehouse inventory, and delivery
routes.

- **Question:** Explain how the hierarchical data model could be used to manage this
information. What are the potential limitations of this model in this context?

12. **Scenario:** A healthcare research organization wants to store and analyze large datasets from
clinical trials.

- **Question:** How would the relational data model facilitate data analysis and reporting for this
organization? Provide examples of SQL queries that could be used.

13. **Scenario:** An e-commerce website needs to manage product listings, customer orders, and
reviews.

- **Question:** Discuss the importance of data abstraction in the design of this database system.
How would you implement the different levels of abstraction?

14. **Scenario:** A financial institution requires a robust system to manage customer accounts,
transactions, and loan applications.

- **Question:** Compare the use of the network data model versus the relational data model for
this application. Which would you prefer and why?
15. **Scenario:** A media streaming service needs to manage user subscriptions, watch history, and
content library.

- **Question:** How would you leverage data independence to ensure the system can easily
adapt to changes in storage technology or user requirements?

These application-level questions require practical understanding and the ability to apply theoretical
concepts to real-world scenarios, helping to reinforce the understanding of database systems and
their applications.