Lecture-2
Course code- 520215
(Microprocessor and Assembly
Language Programming)
Introduction
to
Microcomputer
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 2
Definition
❑ A microcomputer is a complete computer on a smaller scale
and is generally a synonym for the more common term,
personal computer or PC , a computer designed for an
individual.
❑ A microcomputer contains
1. A microprocessor (a central processing unit on a microchip ),
2. Memory in the form of read-only memory and random access
memory ,
3. I /O ports and a bus or system of interconnecting wires,
4. Housed in a unit that is usually called a motherboard .
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 3
Block diagram of microcomputer
Data
bus
Co
Input ntr
ol Memor
Bu y
I/O s CPU (RAM
ports
&
ROM)
Output Addre
ss
Bus
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 4
Description
Memory
1.Consists of RAM and ROM besides this FD
HD and Optical disk
2.Store binary codes for instruction
3.Store binary data to run the computer
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 5
Description
Input/Output
1. I/O section take in or send data from or to outside
world.
2. Devices interface buses to external system called
ports.
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 6
Description
CPU
1. CPU means central processing
unit.
2. Controls the operation of the
computer
3. In microcomputer CPU is a
microprocessor
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 7
Description
BUS
1.Address bus sends address of the memory
location
2.Data bus bidirectional. it reads data and write
data.
3.Control bus are used to send control signal to
memory I/O
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 8
Types of microprocessor
1. Bit Slice Processor
2. General purpose CPUs
Depending on register
1. Accumulator based
2. Register based
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 9
Bit slicing concept
❑ Bit slicing is a technique for constructing a
processor from modules of smaller bit width.
❑ Each of these components processes one bit field or
"slice" of an operand.
❑ The grouped processing components would then
have the capability to process the chosen full word-
length of a particular software design.
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 10
Bit slice processor
❑ Bit slice micro processor divide the element of a central
processing unit among several ICs.
❑ Bit slice processors usually consist of an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) of 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits and control lines (including carry or
overflow signals that are internal to the processor in non-bit
sliced designs).
❑ For example, two 4-bit ALUs could be arranged side by side,
with control lines between them, to form an 8-bit CPU, with
four slices a 16-bit CPU can be built, and it takes 8 four bit
slices for a 32-bit word CPU (so the designer can add as many
slices as required to manipulate increasingly longer word
lengths).
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 11
Bit slice processor
❑ A micro sequencer or Control ROM would be used
to execute logic to provide data and control signals
to regulate function of the component ALUs.
❑ Examples of bit-slice microprocessor modules can
be seen in the Intel 3000 family, the AMD Am2900
family, the National Semiconductor IMP-16 and
IMP-8 family, and the 74181.
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 12
Block diagram
Register Register Register
file file file
Combinatio Combinatio Combinatio
nal nal nal
ALU ALU ALU
Control Control Control
circuits circuits circuits
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 13
Bit slice processor
❑ Data buses and register files of the individual slices
are effectively juxtaposed to increase their size.
❑ The control lines select and sequence the operation
to be performed.
❑ Each slice thus performed same operation on
different operand.
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 14
Accumulator based microprocessor
❑ an accumulator is a register in which intermediate arithmetic
and logic results are stored.
❑ Without a register like an accumulator, it would be necessary
to write the result of each calculation (addition, multiplication,
shift, etc.) to main memory perhaps only to be read right back
again for use in the next operation.
❑ Access to main memory is slower than access to a register like
the accumulator because the technology used for the large
main memory is slower (but cheaper) than that used for a
register.
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 15
Accumulator based microprocessor
❑ A kind of CPU where, although it may have several
registers, the CPU mostly stores all the operands
and the results of calculations in one special register,
typically called "the accumulator“.
❑ All the Data transfer are performed through
accumulator.
❑ It contains
1. ALU
2. Register unit
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 16
Accumulator based microprocessor
3. User visible register
4. Control and status register
5.Flag register.
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 17
Accumulator based microprocessor
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 18
Register based microprocessor
❑ The register are used to hold data and memory
address.
❑ Result after ALU operation stored in the register.
❑ Number size and types of register varies.
❑ 16 bit and 32 bit
❑ Higher speed
❑ Data transfer via the register
❑ Intel 8086 80386
❑ Motorola 68020 68030
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 19
Thank You
Case Study: Intel Processors CMOS VLSI Design Slide 20
